The aim of this paper was to study different theories about leadership, job satisfaction and trust in leadership. For this purpose an extensive literature review was conducted. It is believed that leadership plays an important role in... more
The aim of this paper was to study different theories about leadership, job satisfaction and trust in leadership. For this purpose an extensive literature review was conducted. It is believed that leadership plays an important role in organizations, and due to leadership, employees have high or low levels of job satisfaction and trust. Supportive managers may motivate and encourage employees to complete task on time and enhance their performance. For this purpose trait, behavioral, situational and full range leadership theories were studied for leadership while for job satisfaction process, and content theories were studied and for trust in leadership, trust processes, and five degrees of trust were taken into consideration. This paper will be significant for researchers, academicians who are going to study leadership in the future.
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In order to become a successful track and field athlete, an athlete must develop skills in flexibility, agility and speed. However, to date, all the research regarding flexibility, agility and speed have concentrated on normal athletes.... more
In order to become a successful track and field athlete, an athlete must develop skills in flexibility, agility and speed. However, to date, all the research regarding flexibility, agility and speed have concentrated on normal athletes. The present study extends this line of research to disabled track and field athletes in Malaysia. The aims of the present study were to achieve the set a benchmark for measuring level of flexibility, speed and agility among track and field athletes with disabilities; and to examine the influence of participation in either track or field events on the development of flexibility, agility and speed. Thirty-eight (n=38) track and field athletes with disabilities comprising of 27 males and 11 females participated in the study. Each participant completed six tests made up of sit and reach test, lateral change of direction test, hand grip strength test; back leg dynamometer test and sit-up test. A descriptive analysis was used to assess differences in perfo...
This study investigates intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence involvement of university students to participate in physical activity. 400 students comprising 200 men and 200 women were used as the main respondents were respond to... more
This study investigates intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence involvement of university students to participate in physical activity. 400 students comprising 200 men and 200 women were used as the main respondents were respond to the adapted Exercise Motivations Inventory questionnaire. It revealed that highest mean value of the intrinsiic factors are health and fitness (M = 4.37), while for extrinsic factors are factors peers and friends (M = 3.97). There is significant differences in the involvement of intrinsic motivation factors motivated health and fitness (t = -5.05, p < 0.05) and body-related factors (t = -6.51, p < 0.05) by gender. As for the extrinsic motivation that only the family (t = -6.98, p < 0.05) showed significant differences by gender.Lastly, intrinsic motivation body related and extrinsic motivation factors (role of university) are the most contributing factors to the physical activity.Keywords: physical activities; students; involvement; motivatio
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School teachers need organizational commitment so that they can contribute their services, efforts, and energy to the organization. This study aimed to examine the relationship between job satisfaction, emotional intelligence, motivation,... more
School teachers need organizational commitment so that they can contribute their services, efforts, and energy to the organization. This study aimed to examine the relationship between job satisfaction, emotional intelligence, motivation, and organizational commitment among secondary school teachers in Tambunan District. A total of 175 teachers from four secondary schools were involved in this study. The questionnaire containing 97 items of five Likert scales was used to measure respondents' responses. Statistical methods Pearson correlation, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The results showed that a) there was no difference in job satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and gender-based motivation, b) there was no difference in job satisfaction based on the duration of service and there were differences in emotional and motivational intelligence based on service duration and c) there was a significant relationship between job satisfaction, intelligence ...
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Cycling has been shown to have positive benefits on social interaction, mood and self-esteem, and levels of depression and stress. The purpose of this study was to measure competitive cyclist’s motivation. Fifty-nine cyclists (29 males... more
Cycling has been shown to have positive benefits on social interaction, mood and self-esteem, and levels of depression and stress. The purpose of this study was to measure competitive cyclist’s motivation. Fifty-nine cyclists (29 males and 30 females) who were registered participant in UMS Fun Ride completed a Cyclists’ Motivation Instrument (Brown, O’Connor & Barkatsas, 2009). Participants ranged in age from 19 to 32 years (21.73± 2.30). Descriptive and Inferential statistics (t-test and one-way ANOVA) were employed to analyse the data. Social, embodiment, selfpresentation, exploring environments, and physical health outcomes are at the high level. An embodiment is the highest meanwhile self-presentation is the lowest motivation motive. No significant differences were observed between genders, ages, cycling speed and BMI for any of the Cyclists’ Motivation component. Understanding cultural, subcultural and ecological factors of participation in cycling are by a deeper understanding...
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A regular physical activity has benefits on motor performance among student with cerebral palsy. In this study were investigating the assessment of motor performance on eye-hand coordination and lower-body coordination between cerebral... more
A regular physical activity has benefits on motor performance among student with cerebral palsy. In this study were investigating the assessment of motor performance on eye-hand coordination and lower-body coordination between cerebral palsy. A total of 21 male and female students (n = 21) were involved from Penang Spastic Center. The anthropometrics were measured height and weight and two motor performance test were conducted namely target Throwing with Ball in Basket and AAHPERD ball-changing Zigzag Run Test. All the data were analyzed using SPSS and presented as mean of (± SEM). The mean age of all subjects were 18.00 ± 3.61 years old ranging from 12 – 24 years old. The majority of the subjects were Chinese 53%, followed by Malays 33.3% and 14% Indian. The mean value height and weight of all subjects were 150.1± 32.4 m and 59.9 ± 15.51 kg. The mean value for Target Throwing with Ball in Basket 0.90 ± 0.436 and AAHPERD Ball-changing Zigzag Run Test 0:01:22.19 ± 0:00:24.836 minutes...
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The involvement among person with disabilities (PWD) in physical activity related to the health and social benefits. The benefits are such as to develop some new skills, the opportunity to meet new friends and also to increase the... more
The involvement among person with disabilities (PWD) in physical activity related to the health and social benefits. The benefits are such as to develop some new skills, the opportunity to meet new friends and also to increase the confidence level among them. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the motivation factors to participate in physical activity among persons with hearing impaired ability. A total of 100 (n=100) persons with hearing impaired (male N=50, female N=50) aged range from 13 to 25 participated in the study. Motivation for physical activity was assessed by 40-items of Physical Leisure and Motivation Scale (PALMS) which measured eight motives developed by Molanourouzi, Khoo and Morris (2014). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyze the descriptive and inferential data. The Independent T-test was used to measure the motivation level and difference motivation factor between the male and the female participants. The C...
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The main aim of this research was to develop a decision making test for rugby referees (REF-DM). REF-DM can used to evaluate infraction detection and correct calls. REF-DM also stimulates referee communication and visual search ability.... more
The main aim of this research was to develop a decision making test for rugby referees (REF-DM). REF-DM can used to evaluate infraction detection and correct calls. REF-DM also stimulates referee communication and visual search ability. Each video clip wasfilmed from the referee’s perspective and taken from real game situations in order to maintain high ecological validity in accordance with naturalistic decision-making theory. REF-DM has high reliability (Internal Consistency = 0.74). REF-DM was tested during rugby sevens tournament in Malaysia (n=132) and the result showed the potential of this instrument in assessing the referees’ ability infraction detection and making the right calls. This developed instrument has been recommended to the Malaysian Rugby Union for nationwide implementation (for rugby referee professional and decision making skills development). It is also suggested that video-based training program are designed to improve referee performance.
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The assessment of education in Malaysia aims to obtain information on student performance to fully develop the potential of individuals as harmonious and balanced human capital in line with the National Philosophy of Education. The... more
The assessment of education in Malaysia aims to obtain information on student performance to fully develop the potential of individuals as harmonious and balanced human capital in line with the National Philosophy of Education. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between teacher attitude, readiness, integrity, and the implementation of School-Based Assessment (SBA) based on the Primary School Curriculum (PSC). A total of 297 primary school teachers in the Ranau district were selected as respondents in this study to answer the questionnaire. Data were processed and analyzed using Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 26.0. The findings show that the level of teacher attitude is intermediate but that teachers' readiness and integrity towards the implementation of school-based assessments are high. There is a positive and high relationship between teacher attitude, readiness, integrity, and School-Based Assessment. In addition to teachers needing...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between headmaster instructional leadership, headmaster transformational leadership, self-efficacy, and trust among primary school teachers. Furthermore, the study aims to... more
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between headmaster instructional leadership, headmaster transformational leadership, self-efficacy, and trust among primary school teachers. Furthermore, the study aims to examine the role of gender, age, and teaching experience in headmaster instructional leadership, headmaster transformational leadership, and self-efficacy. The participants were selected by proportional stratified sampling and simple random selection. This study adopted a survey research design that utilized an ex-post facto research type in which the researcher used questionnaires to collect data from the respondents. The instruments used are the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS), Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), and Trust Scale - Trust in Principal. A total of 297 respondents (mean age 37.4 + 1.5 years) from 71 schools were involved in this study. The data gathered from the...
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The purpose of this paper is to critically analysing the mental toughness concept among athletes, especially in South East Asia. Some of what athletes thought were good, but would be best if we could re-analyzed again for improvement.... more
The purpose of this paper is to critically analysing the mental toughness concept among athletes, especially in South East Asia. Some of what athletes thought were good, but would be best if we could re-analyzed again for improvement. Thus, this paper suggested four mental toughness issues need to be re-structured which seldom realized by coaches and athletes. The four are: 1) To improve mental toughness, one should improve their self-awareness, 2) To improve mental toughness, one should incorporate psychological skills together with physical and tactical skills, 3) To improve mental toughness, one should remained positive, 4) To improve mental toughness, research and development (R & D) consortium of South East Asia should be formed. Recommendations are also suggested in this paper.
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Purposes of this study were to identify the leadership style of coaches, player satisfaction and relationship between leadership style of the coaches and player satisfaction. This study comprises of 101 basketball players in Malaysian... more
Purposes of this study were to identify the leadership style of coaches, player satisfaction and relationship between leadership style of the coaches and player satisfaction. This study comprises of 101 basketball players in Malaysian Intervarsity Championship. This study was ...
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The uses of sepak takraw’s ball for daily training for children might cause injury, while contact between the foot and ball due to hard and heavy structure. This study aims to examine the differences of kinematic juggling between sepak... more
The uses of sepak takraw’s ball for daily training for children might cause injury, while contact between the foot and ball due to hard and heavy structure. This study aims to examine the differences of kinematic juggling between sepak raga and bulu ayam. Eight participants within the age 13.63 (±0.52) years old were asked to perform 20 trials of sepak sila and sepak kuda juggling using raga ball and bulu ayam. Digital Motion Analysis software was used to analyze the kinematics parameters. One-way repeated measure ANOVA was implemented to examine the differences between the sepak raga and bulu ayam. The finding shows that there are no significant differences of kinematic juggling between sepak raga and bulu ayam in sepak sila juggling skills as well as sepak kuda juggling skills (p > 0.05). The young athlete could choose either raga ball or bulu ayam for skill acquisition depending on their comfort
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This study aims to examine the perceptions of benefits and barriers to physical activity, especially workouts among Malaysian University Technical Network students (MTUN). In order to be educated and trained to become a highly skilled... more
This study aims to examine the perceptions of benefits and barriers to physical activity, especially workouts among Malaysian University Technical Network students (MTUN). In order to be educated and trained to become a highly skilled human resource that is able to contribute towards the vision of a world-class industrial nation, these students must be ensured to be physically fit and smart. Objectives: To examined perceived benefits and barriers of physical activities among Technical University students. Method: A total of 355 college students from each faculty in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) completed the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale. Findings: The greatest perceived benefit from exercise was physical performance followed by the benefits of psychological outlook, preventive health, life enhancement, and then social interaction. Physical performance was rated significantly higher than all other benefits. Psychological outlook and preventive health were not rated s...
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Children with disabilities such as hearing impairment normally indicate lower physical fitness than their hearing peers and place them at risk for secondary health problems. About 70% of hearing impaired children were not involve in... more
Children with disabilities such as hearing impairment normally indicate lower physical fitness than their hearing peers and place them at risk for secondary health problems. About 70% of hearing impaired children were not involve in physical activity and have lower physical fitness levels than students without disabilities . Deafness or hearing impairment is referred as sensory disability with hearing loss exceeding than 55dB. Almost children indicated hearing impairment have demonstrated lower physical fitness levels than their hearing peers. Hearing impaired children need a healthy lifestyles behaviour, which the general consensus in this group has demonstrated lower physical fitness levels than their hearing peers. Therefore, the reasons why populations of this group have showed lower physical fitness still have limited of studies. The objective of the study is to determine the physical fitness levels and between genders among hearing-impaired students on selected fitness compone...
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In order to become a successful track and field athlete, an athlete must develop skills in flexibility, agility and speed. However, to date, all the research regarding flexibility, agility and speed have concentrated on normal athletes.... more
In order to become a successful track and field athlete, an athlete must develop skills in flexibility, agility and speed. However, to date, all the research regarding flexibility, agility and speed have concentrated on normal athletes. The present study extends this line of research to disabled track and field athletes in Malaysia. The aims of the present study were to achieve the set a benchmark for measuring level of flexibility, speed and agility among track and field athletes with disabilities; and to examine the influence of participation in either track or field events on the development of flexibility, agility and speed. Thirty-eight (n=38) track and field athletes with disabilities comprising of 27 males and 11 females participated in the study. Each participant completed six tests made up of sit and reach test, lateral change of direction test, hand grip strength test; back leg dynamometer test and sit-up test. A descriptive analysis was used to assess differences in perfo...
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The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and internal service quality among the staff in Majlis Sukan Negeri-negeri in Malaysia. The respondents of this study were selected using... more
The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and internal service quality among the staff in Majlis Sukan Negeri-negeri in Malaysia. The respondents of this study were selected using multi-stage sampling method. 155 staff in Majlis Sukan Negeri-negeri in Malaysia were selected for this research purpose. This study is a non-experimental research using questionnaire as the instrument. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively (mean, standard deviation, and percentage). While for inferential analysis, parametric statistic tests were used (t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple regression). The study found that the mean score for organizational commitment and internal service quality were at a high level. The result also showed that organizational commitment was not found to have significant positive relationship with internal s...
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This study aims to determine the elements of readiness among the university athletes in venturing into the sports industry entrepreneurship as a career option. The aspects of study include elements of attitude, knowledge and skills... more
This study aims to determine the elements of readiness among the university athletes in venturing into the sports industry entrepreneurship as a career option. The aspects of study include elements of attitude, knowledge and skills related to the sports industry entrepreneurship. This descriptive study encompasses a case study which engages the university athletes of the sports excellence program and focused sports in higher learning institutions. The instrument of the study is a set of questionnaires with Likert scale. The reliability of the questionnaires were verified in a pilot study with university athletes. The analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS software. The findings from the study reveal that the university athletes demonstrate the elements of readiness towards sports industry entrepreneurship. This study also highlights the demography of the university athletes who display readiness to adopt the entrepreneurship in the sports industry as a career path. In a...
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The purpose of the study is to verify and detect the level of physical fitness among the blind and the visually-impaired Malaysian Paralympics goalball players using a battery of field tests. Nine national goalball players with varying... more
The purpose of the study is to verify and detect the level of physical fitness among the blind and the visually-impaired Malaysian Paralympics goalball players using a battery of field tests. Nine national goalball players with varying degrees of blindness were assessed for physical fitness. All participants were male. The participants were representing Malaysia for an international tournament this year. The participants underwent physical fitness (handgrip strength test, sit and reach, vertical jump test, push up test and Astrand-Rhyming test to test their submaximal aerobic capacity). The study revealed that the individual with visually impaired had an average physical fitness level based on their age which is the athlete’s age between 21 to 24 is much better than athlete’s age between 25 to 36 that used in this study, but there is no significant difference in terms of the disability groups. Goalball is designed specifically for the blind and the results of this study are stro...
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Kajian ini membincangkan konsep cabaran status sosioekonomi dengan penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum sekolah menengah. Sosioekonomi ini merujuk kepada profil ibu bapa yang merangkumi tahap pendidikan, pekerjaan dan... more
Kajian ini membincangkan konsep cabaran status sosioekonomi dengan penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum sekolah menengah. Sosioekonomi ini merujuk kepada profil ibu bapa yang merangkumi tahap pendidikan, pekerjaan dan pendapatan. Sehubungan itu, kedudukan sosioekonomi merupakan salah satu konstruk yang mempunyai hubung kait dengan penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum. Penglibatan pelajar merangkumi tiga aktiviti utama kokurikulum iaitu unit beruniform, kelab dan persatuan, serta sukan dan permainan. Sekolah memainkan peranan utama dalam menggalakkan pelajar menyertai aktiviti kokurikulum. Maka, pelbagai langkah perlu dibuat bagi mengenal pasti permasalahan yang mungkin timbul disebabkan kurangnya penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti tersebut. Maka, status sosioekonomi dilihat mempunyai cabaran dengan penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti kokurikulum sekolah menengah.
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This research focuses on determining the efficacy of sports massage (SM) and foam rolling (FR) to decrease Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) among users of recreational gyms. The goal of this study is to fit the physiotherapist's... more
This research focuses on determining the efficacy of sports massage (SM) and foam rolling (FR) to decrease Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) among users of recreational gyms. The goal of this study is to fit the physiotherapist's more efficient technique or techniques to scale back DOMS. SM and FR are two factors that help to illustrate the efficacy of DOMS scale back. Both therapies, SM and FR party, were handled with the selected samples for this analysis. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for testing results on the impact of SM on the range of motion (ROM). Results showed the effect of SM on pain meter supported on three occasions, and the effect of froth rolling on the pain meter on three times. Results suggest that there are not substantially different effects between therapies for all elbow flexion ranges of motion. Both therapies are often used to minimize DOMS due to growth over a 3-fold duration. The researcher has dressed up a couple of the guidelines and ideas requir...
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The purpose of the study is to identify motives for athletes who are disabled to participate in sports. Hundred (n=100) respondents (60 male; 40 female), aged between 16 and 55 and who are wheelchair bound participated in this study.... more
The purpose of the study is to identify motives for athletes who are disabled to participate in sports. Hundred (n=100) respondents (60 male; 40 female), aged between 16 and 55 and who are wheelchair bound participated in this study. Close-ended questionnaire that tested five motives were distributed to the participants. They were: ask-oriented motives, socialintegration motives, fitness-oriented motives, ego-oriented motives and social-affective motives. The SPSS version 5 was used to analyse data. Descriptive statistical method to obtain mean and the standard deviation and independent T-test showed no significant difference in motives factors among the male and the female athletes (p =.091; p˃0.05). There were no significant differences on both gender perceived fitness-oriented motives (p =.697; p>0.05) and social-affective motives (p=.124; p>0.05) and task-oriented motives (p=.895; p>0.05) as the main factors for participation. However, there were significant differences...
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Several factors influence the employee's personality including psycho-social factors. Previously studies have conducted to investigate the influence of Big-5 traits which impact employee’s performance. This study investigated the... more
Several factors influence the employee's personality including psycho-social factors. Previously studies have conducted to investigate the influence of Big-5 traits which impact employee’s performance. This study investigated the influence of Big-5 on the employee’s performance. The study used a cross-sectional survey a 5-point Likert scale was distributed among 163 samples selected randomly. The findings report a significant relationship between the predictors and a criterion variable. The study points those two predictors i.e., openness to experience and emotional control predict 57% variance in criterion variable as compared to the extravert, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. This study concludes that teacher’s centric policies & mechanisms enhance employee trust and confidence and it overcomes the apprehensions, as result, they perform better and contribute more towards the promotion of education and research in higher educational institutions.
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There is evidence indicating that most teachers in most school systems are not satisfied with their jobs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Islamic education teacher motivation, emotional intelligence work... more
There is evidence indicating that most teachers in most school systems are not satisfied with their jobs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Islamic education teacher motivation, emotional intelligence work satisfaction, and organizational commitment in Ranau district primary schools. Furthermore, the study aims to examine the role of gender and age in motivation, emotional intelligence, and work satisfaction. The participants were selected by proportional stratified sampling and simple random selection. This study adopted a survey research design that utilized an ex-post facto research type in which the researcher used questionnaires to collect data from the respondents. The instruments used are the A Questionnaire Measure of Individual Difference in Achieving Tendency (QMAT), Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MIES), Job in General’ (JIG) & Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Organization Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). A total of 108 Islamic Education tea...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of net height scaling on badminton stroke opportunity performance among children. The study employed the experimental design with repeated measures. Randomly, 48 (n=48) children aged... more
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of net height scaling on badminton stroke opportunity performance among children. The study employed the experimental design with repeated measures. Randomly, 48 (n=48) children aged seven to nine years old have been selected to participate in the study. The participants were divided into 24 pairs (boys, n=12, girls, n=12) base on gender and skill level. Participants played four matches in paired with different net height situation, namely situation A (155 cm), situation B (127.66 cm), situation C (117.44 cm), and situation D (104.68 cm). The order of the four conditions counterbalances across the group of participants. All matches played using 11 points of a single game with two sets for every situation. Games performance data was collected via video recording. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity showed that there are significant differences in terms of stroke opportuni...
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Kajian ini bertujuan bagi menentukan hubungan dan pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap efikasi guru-guru tingkatan enam di Pantai Barat Sabah. Kajian kuantitatif ini adalah bagi turut meninjau interaksi antara dimensi-dimensi dalam kepuasan... more
Kajian ini bertujuan bagi menentukan hubungan dan pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap efikasi guru-guru tingkatan enam di Pantai Barat Sabah. Kajian kuantitatif ini adalah bagi turut meninjau interaksi antara dimensi-dimensi dalam kepuasan kerja dan efikasi guru. Instrumen yang terlibat dalam kajian ini adalah Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) dan Teachers’s Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) bagi mengumpul data daripada 180 responden daripada 16 buah pusat tingkatan enam di tiga daeah di Pantai Barat Sabah. Persampelan rawak berlapis bertujuan digunakan dalam pemilihan responden dalam kalangan guru akademik tingkatan enam berdasarkan mod. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu hala, korelasi Pearson dan regresi berganda. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan kepuasan kerja dan efikasi guru dalam ketiga-ketiga mod pusat tingkatan enam. Analisis korelasi Pearson mendapati terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara kepuasan kerja dengan efikasi guru (r =.832**, p < .01)....
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Anthropometric and Physical Performance Profiles of Elite Karate Kumite and Kata Competitors Karate tournaments consist of two equally important karate disciplines: the kumite and kata competitions. Due to being based both on the... more
Anthropometric and Physical Performance Profiles of Elite Karate Kumite and Kata Competitors Karate tournaments consist of two equally important karate disciplines: the kumite and kata competitions. Due to being based both on the distinctive selection of movement techniques and their kinematic and kinetic patterns, we hypothesized that the elite kumite and kata competitors could differ regarding their anthropometric and physical performance profiles. Thirty-one senior male karate competitors of the national karate team (kumite n = 19; kata n = 12) participated in this study. The tests applied included both the assessment of anthropometric (body height, mass and body mass index) and the following physical performance measurements: the adductor and hamstring flexibility (sideward leg splits test), speed and acceleration (20-m sprint test with 10-m acceleration time), explosive power (countermovement and standing triple jump), agility ("T"- test) and aerobic endurance (20-m m...
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Page 1. European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 7, Number 4 (2009) 102 Malaysian Rugby Referees Perception on the Athletes, Coaches, and Spectators Misconduct: A Case Study Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin Universiti ...
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This research paper is to investigate the structure of the transtheoretical model in the transaction of physical activity for women between the age of 16 - 60 years old in the surrounding area of Klang Valley (n=105), Malaysia. The... more
This research paper is to investigate the structure of the transtheoretical model in the transaction of physical activity for women between the age of 16 - 60 years old in the surrounding area of Klang Valley (n=105), Malaysia. The objective of the research is to investigate the ...