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Control of free or unentrapped drug is one of the key quality attributes for liposomal drug delivery systems. Conventional methodologies for estimating unentrapped drug in liposomal formulations require prior separation, which are... more
Control of free or unentrapped drug is one of the key quality attributes for liposomal drug delivery systems. Conventional methodologies for estimating unentrapped drug in liposomal formulations require prior separation, which are time-consuming and complex. There is a need for a quick in-process analytical technique, which can enable monitoring of drug loading during various stages of product development and manufacturing. A novel simple and rapid TLC procedure was developed for evaluating entrapment efficiency in liposomal formulations. The method is based on differential radial migration of free and entrapped drug on silica gel TLC plates. The method can be employed either as a simple visual qualitative tool in the early screening studies or in a semi-quantitative mode for detection of free and unentrapped drugs. In case of doxorubicin hydrochloride, a deep-red coloured molecule, the method enabled free drug detection up to the levels as low as 2.5%. This method precluded the nee...
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Chlorophyll extracted from Mangifera indica leaves in acetone (80%) has been explored for its feasibility as a radiation dosimeter in therapeutic X-rays. The UV−VIS spectroscopic analysis of the irradiated samples shows a decrease in... more
Chlorophyll extracted from Mangifera indica leaves in acetone (80%) has been explored for its feasibility as a radiation dosimeter in therapeutic X-rays. The UV−VIS spectroscopic analysis of the irradiated samples shows a decrease in optical density at 664 nm with an increase in the X-ray dose. A linear response has been observed up to 2 Gy (Pearson’s correlation coefficient is 0.90), and a supralinear trend thereafter. The dosimeter has been found to be energy dependent and dose rate independent. The chlorophyll molecule has shown the potential to be used as a radiation dosimeter.
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The purpose of the study is to examine the performance of Indian banking sector in terms of efficiency, returns to scale, and total factor productivity change. The technique of data envelopment analysis is applied due to its flexibility... more
The purpose of the study is to examine the performance of Indian banking sector in terms of efficiency, returns to scale, and total factor productivity change. The technique of data envelopment analysis is applied due to its flexibility to incorporate multiple inputs and multiple outputs without any underlying assumption on the functional form. There is growing tendency of public sector banks operating under increasing returns to scale, implying that substantial gains could be obtained from altering scale via either internal growth or consolidation in the sector. In terms of productivity, the results show a positive change in both the sectors due to technological change, possibly as a result of adoption of latest technology and new business practices in post reform period. However, there is an evidence of shrink in the market and negative growth in productivity in both the sectors during the period of global financial crisis. The main contribution of the paper is to empirically prov...
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ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print) w w w. i j e c t . o r g 384 InternatIonal Journal of electronIcs & communIcatIon technology Abstract The outside world is of analog nature and to interact with computerized devices, we... more
ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print) w w w. i j e c t . o r g 384 InternatIonal Journal of electronIcs & communIcatIon technology Abstract The outside world is of analog nature and to interact with computerized devices, we need analog and mixed signals along with Analog to Digital (A/D) circuits. Among various analog circuits, Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) plays a very dominant role. OTA is an amplifier whose differential input voltage produces an output current. Its main characteristics are Gain, Unity Gain Bandwidth, Phase margin, Output swing, Slew rate, CMRR, PSRR and Offset etc. It is widely used in Voltage Controlled Amplifiers, A/D converters and filter applications. In this paper we discussed different architectures of the OTA and the Trade-offs among its characteristics made evident. Designing a high gain, high speed and low power consuming OTA is real challenge for the analog designers. As increasing or decreasing in one parameter will result...
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We consider a coupled system of first-order singularly perturbed quasilinear differential equations with given initial conditions. The leading term of each equation is multiplied by a distinct small positive parameter, which induces... more
We consider a coupled system of first-order singularly perturbed quasilinear differential equations with given initial conditions. The leading term of each equation is multiplied by a distinct small positive parameter, which induces overlapping layers. The quasilinear system is discretized by using first and second order accurate finite difference schemes for which we derive general error estimates in the discrete maximum norm. As consequences of these error estimates we establish nodal convergence of O((N−1 lnN)p),p=1,2, on the Shishkin mesh and O(N−p),p=1,2, on the Bakhvalov mesh, where N is the number of mesh intervals and the convergence is robust in all of the parameters. Numerical computations are included which confirm the theoretical results.
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Research Interests: Biology, Medicine, Biological Sciences, Animals, Molecular cloning, and 11 moreGenome Organization, Spodoptera Frugiperda, Amino Acid Profile, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Open Reading Frame, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleotide sequence, and Medical and Health Sciences
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants and children, which can be fatal, especially in immunocompromised patients. The BALB/c mouse, currently used as a model for studying RSV immunopathology, is... more
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants and children, which can be fatal, especially in immunocompromised patients. The BALB/c mouse, currently used as a model for studying RSV immunopathology, is semi-permissive to the virus. A mouse model that more closely mimics human RSV infection is needed. Since immunocompromised conditions increase risk of RSV infection, the possibility of enhancing RSV infection in the BALB/c mouse by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide was examined in this study. BALB/c mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (CYP) and five days later, they were infected with RSV intranasally. Pulmonary RSV titers, inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness were measured five days after infection. CYP-treated mice show higher RSV titers in their lungs of than the untreated mice. Also, a decreased percentage of macrophages and an increased number of lymphocytes and neutrophils were present in the BAL of CYP-treated mice compared to control...
Research Interests: Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Biology, Medicine, Mice, and 15 moreFemale, Animals, Lung, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Mouse Model, Immunocompromised host, Body Weight, Cyclophosphamide, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Industry, Gene Expression Regulation, AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS, Interleukin, Interferon gamma, and Immunosuppressive Agents
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ABSTRACT The present work analyzes theoretically the formation energy of the cation vacancies VCu, VIn, VZn, and VSn in Cu2ZnSn(S1 − xSex)4 and CuIn(S1 − xSex)2 alloy compounds. An atomistic first-principles study is carried out by... more
ABSTRACT The present work analyzes theoretically the formation energy of the cation vacancies VCu, VIn, VZn, and VSn in Cu2ZnSn(S1 − xSex)4 and CuIn(S1 − xSex)2 alloy compounds. An atomistic first-principles study is carried out by employing a generalized gradient approximation and a hybrid functional approach within the density functional theory, using the supercell approach to model the alloy compositions x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00. We find that the Cu vacancy is the most dominant cation vacancy with the lowest formation energy ΔHf. The formation energy of VCu is very similar in both types of alloy compounds, while the formation energy of VIn in CuIn(S1 − xSex)2 is roughly the average value of the formation energies of VZn and VSn in Cu2ZnSn(S1 − xSex)4. Moreover, we find that the vacancy formation energies are larger in the S-rich compounds compared with the corresponding vacancies in the Se-rich compounds. The results suggest that the concentration of especially VCu can, to some extent, be controlled by anion alloying.
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Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is a commercially important enzyme which catalyses the formation of cyclodextrins (CDs) from starch. A CGTase producing bacterium was isolated from soil which gave a fairly high enzyme activity of... more
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is a commercially important enzyme which catalyses the formation of cyclodextrins (CDs) from starch. A CGTase producing bacterium was isolated from soil which gave a fairly high enzyme activity of 7.5 U mL(-1) after 24 h of growth which was further increased to 22 U mL(-1) by proper media design. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a novel single affinity precipitation step which resulted in a very high recovery of more than 90%. The molecular weight, as determined by SDS-PAGE, was found to be 68 kDa. The pH optimum was found to be 6.6 while a temperature optimum of 65 degrees C was observed. The enzyme exhibited a fairly high degree of functional stability with little loss of activity, even after 8 h of incubation at 65 degrees C. Ca++ had little effect on the activity of the enzyme while urea at 10 mM concentration increased the activity of the enzyme by more than 200%, suggesting that it is a unique enzyme.
Research Interests: Chemistry, Technology, Medicine, Biological Sciences, Bacillus, and 15 moreTemperature, Urea, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Soil Microbiology, Enzyme, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Time Factors, Enzyme activity, Molecular weight, Zinc Compounds, Calcium Chloride, Culture Media, Bacillus Sp, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, and Chlorides
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Research Interests: Plant Biology, Biology, Plant Molecular Biology, Medicine, Molecular, and 14 moreDefensins, Disease resistance, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Arabidopsis, Transcription Factor, Heat stress, Environmental Stress, Heat Shock Proteins, Heat Shock Protein, Transcriptome Analysis, Base Sequence, Gene expression profiling, Jasmonic Acid, and heat shock factor
... The high value of leakage current and interface trap density requires further improvements in the deposition process to make these films useful for MOs device applications. References. [1] NSP Bhuvanesh and J. Gopalkrishnan, J. Mater.... more
... The high value of leakage current and interface trap density requires further improvements in the deposition process to make these films useful for MOs device applications. References. [1] NSP Bhuvanesh and J. Gopalkrishnan, J. Mater. Chem. 7 (1997), p. 2297. ...
Research Interests: Materials Science, Titanium, Thin Films, Nanocrystalline Material, Sol Gel Process, and 15 moreAnnealing, Thin Film, Refractive Index, XRD, Grain size, X ray diffraction, Dielectric Constant, Titanium oxide, Spin Coating, Raman Spectra, Sol gel, Capacitance voltage, Electrical And Electronic Engineering, Nanocrystal, and Permittivity
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Research Interests: Information Systems, Computer Science, Data Management, Hydrologic Modeling, Distributed Data Mining, and 15 moreData Structure, Geographical Information Science, Geomatic Engineering, Data representation, Data Model, Data Flow Diagram, Data Preprocessing, Data Model for Distributed Hydrologic Models, Physical Model, Object Oriented, Domain Decomposition, Geographic Information System, Distributed Hydrological Model, Data Type, and hydrologic model
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Because of their ability to transduce nondividing cells, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-based vectors have great potential for the therapeutic delivery of genes to cells. We describe here a systematic study of the packaging... more
Because of their ability to transduce nondividing cells, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-based vectors have great potential for the therapeutic delivery of genes to cells. We describe here a systematic study of the packaging limit of HIV-based vectors. Restriction endonuclease-generated bacterial chromosomal DNA fragments of different lengths were cloned at three different positions within a lentiviral vector. Vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV G) pseudotyped lentiviral particles were prepared and the different clones were titered on mammalian cells. We observed that the restriction endonuclease site positions at the 5' and 3' ends of the genome were superior with regard to insertional capacity of foreign DNA. In all cases, viral titers decreased semi-logarithmically with increasing vector length. There appears to be no absolute packaging limit because measurable titers were obtained even when the proviral length was in excess of 18 kb. The reduction in titer appears to occur at the level of viral encapsidation, although we cannot exclude limitations in nuclear export of proviral RNA. These results suggest that HIV-based vectors may have a secondary advantage over oncoretroviral vectors because of their greater packaging limit, although the very low titers of the larger vectors will be of limited utility.
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The study was carried out to access the fluoride, boron, and nitrate concentrations in ground water samples of different villages in Indira Gandhi, Bhakra, and Gang canal catchment area of northwest Rajasthan, India. Rural population, in... more
The study was carried out to access the fluoride, boron, and nitrate concentrations in ground water samples of different villages in Indira Gandhi, Bhakra, and Gang canal catchment area of northwest Rajasthan, India. Rural population, in the study site, is using groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes, without any quality test of water. All water samples (including canal water) were contaminated with fluoride. Fluoride, boron, and nitrate were observed in the ranges of 0.50-8.50, 0.0-7.73, and 0.0-278.68 mg/l, respectively. Most of the water samples were in the categories of fluoride 1.50 mg/l, of boron 2.0-4.0 mg/l, and of nitrate < 45 mg/l. There was no industrial pollution in the study site; hence, availability of these compounds in groundwater was due to natural reasons and by the use of chemical fertilizers.
Research Interests: Irrigation, Fluoride, Agriculture, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Chemistry, and 15 moreWater Pollution, Multidisciplinary, India, Toxicity, Ground Water, Nitrates, Nitrate, Fluorides, Boron, Environmental monitoring and assessment, Fertilization, Rural Area, Environmental Pollution Assessment and Monitoring, Fertilisation, and Rural Population
A number of carriers have been developed for the delivery of genes, but the search for a clinically successful ideal carrier is ongoing. Nonviral carriers, especially cationic liposomes, were developed to resolve issues related to the... more
A number of carriers have been developed for the delivery of genes, but the search for a clinically successful ideal carrier is ongoing. Nonviral carriers, especially cationic liposomes, were developed to resolve issues related to the immunogenicity and oncogenicity of viral carriers. Many synthetic cationic amphiphiles have been synthesized and structurally modified to incorporate genes into vesicular carriers to enhance DNA transfection efficiency and to reduce carrier toxicity. Of these carriers, gemini amphiphiles have demonstrated the suitable physiochemical properties needed for promising and novel gene carriers. Moreover, three basic parts (head, spacer, and chain) in the structure of gemini amphiphiles provide ample opportunities to tailor them according to the needs of specific gene delivery. Initial studies have demonstrated the superiority of gemini amphiphiles in gene delivery efficiency over currently used carriers for gene delivery. This article critically reviews these studies and provides a balanced view to fellow scientists to carry out their efforts in filling in the technological gaps.