Dr. ADEDAYO OLATUNDE

This article traces an African Housing Renaissance through the Trabantenstadt (Satellite City) vision for Kigali embedded in the Gacuriro Valley Satellite, which is composed of two settlements (or umudugudu, in Kinyarwanda): Kigali 2020 (2001-2005) and Kigali Vision (2013-2016). While the Kigali 2020 is an integrated Trabant (Satellite) which is able to interact with the existing context and trace the future built and unbuilt developments, the Kigali Vision adopts the idea of a protected compound, morphologically connected with the older settlements, but unable to tackle and solve spatial and social issues due to its 'defensive' character. The particular topography of the hillside receives an ambivalent interpretation: in the first umudugudu, the slope inspires the whole project, an organic raumplan, and in the second it has been denied, having been leveled for flat houses' foundations and consequently a flat spatial indoor distribution. Nevertheless, this article argues that despite the evident architectural differences between the two settlements, they remain in the tradition of the Neues Bauen, in which mass housing represents the physical way of accommodating different social classes, granting equal and favorable living conditions. The typological variety demonstrates the aim to inclusively target distinct segments of the population. Apartment buildings (condominiums), row houses, twin houses and single houses mixed with public facilities, schools, a church, and sports structures, make up the settlements as unique pieces of a system and, at the same time, a singular whole.

The paper examined selected data requirements for housing provision in selected housing estates as applicable to house owners with the view of determining the degree of relevance to mass housing provision. The research employed a mixed method approach by collecting both quantitative and qualitative data which were analysed using descriptive analysis in SPSS. The results are presented in tables, charts and figures to illustrate the data developed. The result showed that a significant percentage of the people living in these estates are tenants and cannot afford to pay for the ownership of the houses. It also showed that the houses were not built based on any data obtained from prospective house owners hence the constant desire to make changes. The paper concludes that the housing provision as currently practised is not socially sustainable as it does not rely on data from the prospective house owners. It therefore recommends that for future housing estate developments, prospective house occupiers should be determined first in order to obtain relevant data considered necessary to be infused in the design.

There has been significant proliferation of churches in North-Central Nigeria between 1984 and 2014 with the growth of the proliferation of Pentecostal denominations. There have also been significant security threats such as bomb attacks and gun attacks on public buildings and places with high population gatherings such as motor parks, markets and churches in Northern Nigeria between 2010 and 2015, when the terrorist attacks took a religious dimension. It is gradually becoming a norm to find churches taking different active security measures to protect their members and properties during church programmes. The debate amongst architects involved in church designs is how to provide passive security in church designs, thereby making the building secured and provide a sense of security to its users. The introduction of different security measures within and around the building and premises is an attempt at passive security in existing churches. The aim of this paper is to examine the perception of the church users with the type of security system in place in their church so as to determine opportunities for architects to improve the security of the church. The research made use of both observation schedule and questionnaire to obtain data from the field. The data was analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel packages. The results showed that church users are not satisfied with the current security measures in their churches. The paper concluded that a passive security approach method be adopted to church designs and retrofitting. INTRODUCTION The church has undergone several definitions and interpretations often based on the denomination or the person in charge of the worshipers, that is, either by the Pastor, Bishop or Reverend. A common factor with the Christian worshipers is that they require a place to gather and worship God based on their faith. There are cases in northern part of Nigeria where the church denominations had to rent buildings for their place of worship; usually they rent large halls in hotels, civic centres and warehouses. These buildings are simply remodelled or decorated to serve the purpose of worship during the church service; the buildings cannot be tempered with structurally to provide passive security. The Christian denominations with its purpose built church usually have total control over what happens on the buildings, the church designs have been used to create some form of identity and to serve as an icon representing their believe. According to Marsh & Walter (n.d), the church should be about the people however, the building has impact on the worshiper and the owner of the ministry. This could be viewed as a reason why many churches pay significant attention on the building, be it interior or exterior. The challenge for many architects who are involved in the design of churches is that of meeting the demand of space and identity creation. In the creation of identity for a church the architects usually compete with other churches in creating a design that stands outs. The church members usually feel attached to the building hence they feel it should be grandiose, according to Christ Church Central (2013) the church building is usually considered as an asset to the church members.

The increase in globalization of the marketplace, rising economic competition, population growth and environmental challenges ranging from climate change to air pollution and flooding to rising energy costs, sustainability has become a key requirement in the design of office buildings regardless of their location. The demand for office buildings is high in many tertiary institutions and the use of open spaces have not been fully utilised in the design of building in them. The challenges of climate change have made it evident that courtyards alone should not be seen as the only open space in office buildings for responding to climate issues. The growing demand for energy efficient buildings requires a greater responsibility of architects today and in the future to rise up to the call. The aim of the study is to examine the utilization of open spaces in office building of tertiary institutions with the view to determine how they can be used to improve the sustainability of office buildings. The research methodology adopted for the study was mixed method. Data was obtained using an observation schedule and a questionnaire. The data was cross tabulated with SPSS 17 and using descriptive statistic. The research was able to determine the relationship among variable and the frequency of occurrence of others. Result obtained presented in charts and plate. The study reveals that the traditional open spaces in tertiary institution buildings are courtyards and they are not designed to counter the effect of climate change. The paper concludes by recommending that smaller open spaces can be fused into office designs to improve utilization and cater for climate change problems. INTRODUCTION Man has continuous interacted with his environment and as technology improved, the mode of interaction with the environment has changed over time with its attendant effects of the built environment. The quest for formal education has affected the number of tertiary institutions provided in Nigeria, the buildings are gradually becoming less sustainable because of the changing climate man is experiencing. According to Obabori, Ekpu and Ojealaro (2009), the developing processes developed by man that cut across all spheres of human endeavour has had significant impact on the environment and that all activities undertaken by man regardless of the sector, there is an accompanying negative effect on the environment. It further stated that the construction industry has had high significant impact on the environment and that these effects are felt from the moment the construction begins and throughout the life time of the building as long as it is put to use. The unpleasant impact could be traced to the lack of adequate and proper control measures put in places to control and ameliorate the impacts that negatively affected the environment. In Nigeria, whose climate is characterised by sharp difference between temperature and humidity during the day and night times and even through the year, the need for sustainable buildings is most significant in order to ensure building users comfort. The interior temperature of buildings at certain periods during the year in some parts of Nigeria is believed to be above the level that many users of public buildings considered as favourable for them while inside the building which therefore, affects the time they would spend within it (Akande, Fabiyi, & Mark, 2015). In order to meet the demand for thermal comfort as it affects the users of building interiors, there is need to create avenues for natural form of cooling large spaces such as the office buildings where they depend on mechanical cooling system (Charles, Reardon, & Magee, 2005). This need is even required more in faculty buildings offices that provide pedagogy services to students in order to acquire knowledge in various fields. It is common to find most

Some individuals are born with a deformity also known as disability whereas others may  become permanently or temporarily disabled over the course of their lives. Buildings should not be made to  judge who comes in and goes out of its spaces.  A good design must be accessible to all individuals, especially  when discussing public buildings.  An educational building is a public building and “education for all” is a  common dictum that refers to all individuals irrespective of current status.  Disabled individuals especially those  in wheelchairs have special needs and requirements however, most Institutional buildings do not portray this  equality with regards to their design; instead these designs ostracize individuals with disabilities.  A survey was  carried out on the existing special educational facility and forty four (44) randomly selected institutions of  learning located in Minna, the capital of Niger State.  They were further categorised based on funding; Federal,  state or privately funded institutions. The survey showed that individuals with physical disabilities in Minna  were not attending the special educational school and even if they were, facilities were not put in place to  accommodate them also, despite the support by the Nigerian government on the equalisation of opportunities for  people with disabilities, the public educational system have yet to factor in or retrofit designs to suit disabled  individuals in their designs.  This paper further highlighted these abnormalities in design and probable causes  and concluded by recommending possible solutions.

Abstract  Natural ventilation provides the needed amount of good air quality through a natural process of allowing air in and out of buildings through the windows in order to achieve thermal comfort. There has been poor ventilation problem in hotels due to choice of windows which causes sick building syndrome. This research is aimed at specifying window types for effective ventilation in hotels. This is to be achieved through ascertaining of the window types used in hotels, ascertaining the window sizes used in hotels and to analyse the various window types in order to specify the effective types for hotels. In carrying out the objectives, two hotels were selected from each of the three senatorial zones in Taraba State where primary data were collected from a total of six selected hotels through direct observation. Secondary data in relation to natural ventilation and window types were gotten through review of literature. The data collected were analysed, using descriptive statistics. Findings and deduction were made. The concluding part of this research highlights the need and importance of using window types that provide the maximum ventilation in hotel rooms and other spaces. Recommendations were made for windows with high ventilation percentage to be used in hotels for effective ventilation. Keywords: Hotel, Natural Ventilation, Sick building syndrome, thermal comfort, window

Abstract Man has been a wanderer right from time inception, moving about in search of food and shelter. Building as a shelter is as old as man, also different buildings perform different functions or uses to man. Some buildings have only one function, while some have multiple functions and they are known as ‘Mixed-use building’. One major problem encountered with these type of structures is the issue of parking, caused as a result of either; the design, the building occupying the whole site, the residents/users of the building, or standard laws (rules and regulation) guarding the area. This paper aims at assessing the efficiency parking space in mixed-use buildings, which can be achieved through analysing the quantity and sizes of the parking spaces provided, estimating the number of car users’, and ascertaining the perception of users’ on the available parking space. The methodology employed involves a purpotive sampling method, where the sample population to be studied were selected due to the mixed-use criteria met by the selected buildings. Data was collected through questionnaires and personal observation. Recommendations were made that various means of achieving an efficient parking space in a mixed-use building or development, such as; the provision of the right parking spaces to the functions performed ratio, during the design stage, also, the issue of shared parking in order to reduce too much usage of scarce land for parking lots should be well planned.    Keywords: building, design, mixed-use, parking facility, shared parking