Robert Francis
King's College London, Geography, Faculty Member
- I am an ecologist and geographer with research interests in urban ecology, river ecosystems and nature-society intera... moreI am an ecologist and geographer with research interests in urban ecology, river ecosystems and nature-society interactions. My most recent work has focused on the ecology and management of green infrastructure and urban rivers, and in particular the potential that may exist for ecological engineering to improve diversity and functioning of such systems. My other current focus is the environmental impact of warfare.edit
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Uptake and regeneration fluxes and concentrations of nutrients, i.e., nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), phosphate (PO43−) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), were evaluated upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in... more
Uptake and regeneration fluxes and concentrations of nutrients, i.e., nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), phosphate (PO43−) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), were evaluated upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the River Wandle, UK, from July to October 2019. Using chamber techniques, water-specific nutrient concentrations were measured at two exposures (3 and 10 min) to calculate fluxes. The WWTP effluent contributed to elevated concentrations and modified flux rates, resulting in significant differences at the study sites. Compared with summer, the concentrations of NO3− and DOC increased while NH4+ and PO43− decreased in autumn. Nutrient fluxes varied both temporally and spatially in uptake (i.e., storage in sediments) or regeneration (i.e., release into river water). Under the actions of physical and biological processes, the fluxes of NO3− and NH4+ showed opposite flux directions. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and bioabsorption mainly affected PO43− and DOC f...
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Raptors can be important components of urban ecosystems due to their role as apex predators, the presence of which may bring benefits to people. Urban environments may provide good quality habitats, and the raptors’ ability to utilize... more
Raptors can be important components of urban ecosystems due to their role as apex predators, the presence of which may bring benefits to people. Urban environments may provide good quality habitats, and the raptors’ ability to utilize resources found here can contribute to their success. However, urban environments are socio-ecological systems and such mechanisms shaping habitats and ecological resources therein are less understood. This paper explores how raptors utilize urban resources, and the socio-ecological processes influencing their quality and availability. It begins with a systematic mapping of the literature to summarize the utility of urban resources by raptors with European distributions. Eighteen species were documented in the literature successfully exploiting novel hunting and/or nesting opportunities in both green and built-up locations of urban areas. We discuss how these may be consequential of human activities, some of which intentionally provided as subsidies, a...
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This paper explores a new artificial political ecology through a novel digital methodology. The emotional impacts of the replacement of living turfgrass landscapes with synthetic simulacra are researched via a netnography of animated and... more
This paper explores a new artificial political ecology through a novel digital methodology. The emotional impacts of the replacement of living turfgrass landscapes with synthetic simulacra are researched via a netnography of animated and polarised online discussion. We investigate how the cultural use of domestic lawns has extended into the creation of non-living artificial lawns and how the environmental values of these new landscapes are debated. Synthetic polymer (plastic) grasses are increasingly being used as alternatives to turfgrass in domestic gardens, changing urban ecologies. We examine the emotional landscapes that are reproduced in online discourse. Paul Robbins showed that a certain suite of behaviours constitutes ‘Lawn People’. Here we demonstrate that ‘Artificial Lawn People’ act in reference to cultural expectations of a ‘good’ lawn to produce non-living, homogeneous, green and tidy gardens, yet their actions spark fierce criticism from others who do not value this n...
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This document is deliverable D 1.1 “Analysis of resilience in manmade and natural systems”, which is part of WP1, with 9.5 person-months involved in its completion. The following report delivery date is T0+10, which corresponds to the 1st... more
This document is deliverable D 1.1 “Analysis of resilience in manmade and natural systems”, which is part of WP1, with 9.5 person-months involved in its completion. The following report delivery date is T0+10, which corresponds to the 1st of March, 2013. The document is a review of the way the term ‘resilience’ is used as a concept within a selection of different systems, as well as what may characterise and drive resilience, so as to inform application of the term in the Resilience2050 project. It specifically considers the use of ‘resilience’ in ecological, socio-ecological and socio-economic systems, as comparisons for the way the term has developed in the context of Air Traffic Management (ATM) socio-technical systems.
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s or summaries at the start of each chapter. Overall, although the material and conclusions— that socioecological transitions can be classified based on several key factors, and that the emergence of sustainability will take a long time... more
s or summaries at the start of each chapter. Overall, although the material and conclusions— that socioecological transitions can be classified based on several key factors, and that the emergence of sustainability will take a long time and a concerted effort to reduce energy and resources while developing 1004 Landscape Ecol (2008) 23:1003–1005
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Urban riverscapes represent some of the most heavily engineered and degraded freshwater ecosystems in the world, and offer limited opportunities for restoration or rehabilitation because of continued anthropogenic use. The future of... more
Urban riverscapes represent some of the most heavily engineered and degraded freshwater ecosystems in the world, and offer limited opportunities for restoration or rehabilitation because of continued anthropogenic use. The future of maintaining biodiversity and ecological quality in anthropogenic ecosystems may rest with the incorporation of novel techniques for habitat creation and improvement into the management of such systems, to reconcile the ecological requirements of the ecosystem with anthropogenic resource use. This emerging field is termed 'reconciliation ecology' and its principles may be particularly relevant to urban riverscapes. This review firstly draws a distinction between river restoration and rehabilitation on the one hand and reconciliation ecology on the other, before reviewing key factors relating to possible habitat creation and improvement methods for heavily engineered urban riverscapes, within the context of reconciliation ecology. Examples are main...
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ABSTRACT This article considers the utility of DNA barcodes for conservation. DNA barcoding is a molecular tool that uses standardised genetic primers, traditionally the 600- to 800-segments of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase... more
ABSTRACT This article considers the utility of DNA barcodes for conservation. DNA barcoding is a molecular tool that uses standardised genetic primers, traditionally the 600- to 800-segments of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I, to classify species. It has become increasingly popular as an efficient way of studying and categorising species to prioritise conservation efforts. A challenge remains, however, in using this information to provide a universally acceptable species concept. Genetic barcoding may focus conservation strategies on populations that have differences in mitochondrial DNA rather than on species. DNA barcodes might also provide potentially useful information about taxa that are relatively well studied—rather than those that require more research. The argument is made that DNA barcoding can provide useful taxonomic data, but should be used with caution to prevent it from being used out of context. DNA barcoding is an increasingly fashionable and novel concept that has generated optimism in enhancing biodiversity assessments—however, this approach should be used in conjunction with other methods for effective conservation efforts.
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... self-organisation in island-braided fluvial ecosystems Robert A. Francis1,*, Dov Corenblit1,2 and Peter J. Edwards3 ... Aquat. Sci. 71 (2009) 290 304 1015-1621/09/030290-15 DOI 10.1007/s00027-009-9182-6 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel,... more
... self-organisation in island-braided fluvial ecosystems Robert A. Francis1,*, Dov Corenblit1,2 and Peter J. Edwards3 ... Aquat. Sci. 71 (2009) 290 304 1015-1621/09/030290-15 DOI 10.1007/s00027-009-9182-6 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2009 Aquatic Sciences Page 2. ...
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. In this technical note we compare silica gel grains and quartz sand as sediment media for vegetation root growth in laboratory experiments for ecohydrology and ecohydraulics. Silica gel grains become quite transparent when saturated... more
. In this technical note we compare silica gel grains and quartz sand as sediment media for vegetation root growth in laboratory experiments for ecohydrology and ecohydraulics. Silica gel grains become quite transparent when saturated with water. This would be useful in order to non-invasively observe the rate of growth of plant roots and plan parallel laboratory experiments made in more
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This document is deliverable D 1.1 “Analysis of resilience in manmade and natural systems”, which is part of WP1, with 9.5 person-months involved in its completion. The following report delivery date is T0+10, which corresponds to the 1st... more
This document is deliverable D 1.1 “Analysis of resilience in manmade and natural systems”, which is part of WP1, with 9.5 person-months involved in its completion. The following report delivery date is T0+10, which corresponds to the 1st of March, 2013. The document is a review of the way the term ‘resilience’ is used as a concept within a selection of different systems, as well as what may characterise and drive resilience, so as to inform application of the term in the Resilience2050 project. It specifically considers the use of ‘resilience’ in ecological, socio-ecological and socio-economic systems, as comparisons for the way the term has developed in the context of Air Traffic Management (ATM) socio-technical systems.
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The Salicaceae and Betulaceae are important plant families within riparian ecosystems throughout the Northern hemisphere, and cuttings of species within these families are often used in riparian restoration projects due to their capacity... more
The Salicaceae and Betulaceae are important plant families within riparian ecosystems throughout the Northern hemisphere, and cuttings of species within these families are often used in riparian restoration projects due to their capacity for vegetative (asexual) propagation and rapid growth. Riparian zones can experience a wide range of hydrological conditions and establishing cuttings may be subjected to substantially varying levels of hydric stress from inundation and drought. Tolerance to such stress can vary notably between species, and the absence of knowledge of species-specific responses to inundation and drought has resulted in high mortality in many riparian restoration projects. In this paper, the survival and growth responses of Salix elaeagnos (Salicaceae), Populus nigra (Salicaceae) and Alnus incana (Betulaceae) cuttings in relation to varying rates of water table decline and periods of inundation were investigated using rhizopods during a 69-day greenhouse experiment, in substrates of contrasting sediments (sand versus gravel).
Each species responded differently to the experimental treatments. S. elaeagnos demonstrated an ability to establish in stable, declining and inundated conditions by the production of relatively substantial root and shoot biomass in all treatments, along with elongated roots when experiencing water table decline. P. nigra showed high mortality and poor root and shoot production in inundation treatments, suggesting that this species is intolerant to reduced oxygen conditions. A. incana displayed complete mortality in all gravel-based treatments and high mortality or poor growth in the sand-based inundation treatments. All species showed preferences for stable conditions without inundation, along with slow water table decline for S. elaeagnos. Fast rates of water table decline were detrimental to all species. Overall, sand was a much more effective substrate than gravel for supporting cutting establishment. These results suggest that riparian restoration schemes utilizing S. elaeagnos cuttings may experience greater success than those using the other species investigated. P. nigra cuttings may establish more easily if situated where inundation does not occur often or for prolonged periods, and A. incana cuttings should be planted only where very stable conditions dominate. The study highlights the inter-species variability in the survival and growth response of riparian trees to differing hydrological conditions.
Each species responded differently to the experimental treatments. S. elaeagnos demonstrated an ability to establish in stable, declining and inundated conditions by the production of relatively substantial root and shoot biomass in all treatments, along with elongated roots when experiencing water table decline. P. nigra showed high mortality and poor root and shoot production in inundation treatments, suggesting that this species is intolerant to reduced oxygen conditions. A. incana displayed complete mortality in all gravel-based treatments and high mortality or poor growth in the sand-based inundation treatments. All species showed preferences for stable conditions without inundation, along with slow water table decline for S. elaeagnos. Fast rates of water table decline were detrimental to all species. Overall, sand was a much more effective substrate than gravel for supporting cutting establishment. These results suggest that riparian restoration schemes utilizing S. elaeagnos cuttings may experience greater success than those using the other species investigated. P. nigra cuttings may establish more easily if situated where inundation does not occur often or for prolonged periods, and A. incana cuttings should be planted only where very stable conditions dominate. The study highlights the inter-species variability in the survival and growth response of riparian trees to differing hydrological conditions.
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Using the River Tagliamento, Italy, as an example, we examine the role of self-organisation in the formation and dynamics of vegetated islands in fluvial ecosystems. We consider how various biogeomorphic processes, such as feedbacks... more
Using the River Tagliamento, Italy, as an example, we examine the role of self-organisation in the formation and dynamics of vegetated islands in fluvial ecosystems. We consider how various biogeomorphic processes, such as feedbacks between tree growth and sedimentation, influence island self-assembly, as well as the potential influences of island landforms on resource distribution and shifts in ecosystem state. Despite the abundance of island landforms of different sizes and ages in island-braided reaches along the River Tagliamento, island formation is only found within a specific hydrological and sedimentary envelope, and depends upon a delicate balance of biotic-abiotic feedbacks. As a result, island landforms tend to be lost when river functioning is altered by human interventions. We argue that the specific biogeomorphic processes and self-organisation associated with river island dynamics offer an example of biogeomorphic inheritance, in which reciprocal feedbacks between species and geomorphic processes favour engineer species and promote the future development of the landforms. Thus, islands represent extended phenotypes – or external expressions of genetic traits – of key riparian ecosystem engineers. This capacity to modify the physical environment has important implications for landform evolution and riparian biodiversity. In conclusion, we propose several topics that merit investigation to improve our understanding of the biogeomorphology and self-organisation of river island systems.
Urban riverscapes represent some of the most heavily engineered and degraded freshwater ecosystems in the world, and offer limited opportunities for restoration or rehabilitation because of continued anthropogenic use. The future of... more
Urban riverscapes represent some of the most heavily engineered and degraded freshwater ecosystems in the world, and offer limited opportunities for restoration or rehabilitation because of continued anthropogenic use. The future of maintaining biodiversity and ecological quality in anthropogenic ecosystems may rest with the incorporation of novel techniques for habitat creation and improvement into the management of such systems, to reconcile the ecological requirements of the ecosystem with anthropogenic resource use. This emerging field is termed 'reconciliation ecology' and its principles may be particularly relevant to urban riverscapes. This review firstly draws a distinction between river restoration and rehabilitation on the one hand and reconciliation ecology on the other, before reviewing key factors relating to possible habitat creation and improvement methods for heavily engineered urban riverscapes, within the context of reconciliation ecology. Examples are mainly drawn from the UK, but can have international applications. Although such methods are relatively unexplored at the present time, this represents a useful research area that may engender collaborations between restoration researchers and practitioners in urban regions.
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There is increasing recognition and concern regarding the impacts of modern industrial warfare on the environment. Freshwater ecosystems are perhaps the most vulnerable to warfare-related impacts, which is of concern given that they... more
There is increasing recognition and concern regarding the impacts of modern industrial warfare on the environment. Freshwater ecosystems are perhaps the most vulnerable to warfare-related impacts, which is of concern given that they provide so many essential environmental resources and services to society. Despite this, there has been little work to establish and quantify the types of impacts (both negative and positive) that warfare may have on such systems. This paper firstly highlights why rivers and lakes may be susceptible to warfare-related impacts, before synthesizing the available literature to explore the following main themes: intensification of wartime resource acquisition, use of water as an offensive or defensive weapon, direct and indirect effects of explosive ordnance, increased pollution, introduction of invasive alien species, and positive ecological impacts. This is then followed by a discussion of the implications of such impacts in relation to future warfare, including a consideration of the efficacy of existing legal instruments to protect the environment during conflict, and the trend for war to become more localized and ‘informal’, and therefore less regulated. Finally, the paper identifies key research foci for understanding and mitigating the effects of warfare on freshwater ecosystems.
The term ‘synurbic’ is sometimes used within the more recent urban ecology literature to refer to a species that colonises or is found within urban ecosystems, but this is too simplistic an interpretation. We consider that the term should... more
The term ‘synurbic’ is sometimes used within the more recent urban ecology literature to refer to a species that colonises or is found within urban ecosystems, but this is too simplistic an interpretation. We consider that the term should be reserved for species populations that have higher densities in urban compared to rural areas, as a quantifiable measure of preferential urban association. This paper clarifies the terms ‘synurbic’ and ‘synurbization’ and considers some of the problems of defining ‘urban’, before detailing some of the positive responses exhibited by urban species that may lead to synurbic populations. It may be particularly important to determine whether responses drive directional selection leading to adaptation and genetic differentiation, or are within the range of expected phenotypic plasticity, and observed responses are discussed within this context. Further investigation of species response to urban environments, including the frequency and significance of adaptation, will be important for understanding the emergence of synurbic populations and their implications for urban biodiversity and management. We hope that the terms defined here will form the basis for comparative studies of urban species.
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Urban river walls represent some of the most common habitat available to riparian species within heavily engineered urban river corridors, but research into the characteristics and diversity of river walls is very rare. In this study, the... more
Urban river walls represent some of the most common habitat available to riparian species within heavily engineered urban river corridors, but research into the characteristics and diversity of river walls is very rare. In this study, the flora of urban river walls was surveyed at 16 sites (92 walls) along 32 km of the river Thames through central London to determine the characteristics and habitat origins of species found on these walls, whether these species indicated ‘an urban cliff effect’ occurring on wall habitats and whether plant species richness varied between different wall types. A total of 90 species were found on the walls, with the majority of species associated with disturbed areas and riparian habitats, supporting the idea of a ‘mass effect’ occurring, whereby the flora is maintained by propagule pressure from remnant or introduced habitats within urban or peri-urban areas, rather than walls selecting for cliff/rock species. There was an increased incidence of plants from cliff/rock habitats found in the flora however, suggesting that an urban cliff effect does still occur. Species were organized along the river walls based on riparian/terrestrial gradients and stress tolerance, probably reflecting a gradient of wall height above river flows. Plant species richness was significantly higher on brick walls than that on sheet piling, indicating key differences between materials probably based on surface integrity. Large areas of connected river walls (‘wallscapes’) through heavily engineered urban rivers represent potential sites for the enactment of reconciliation ecology via habitat improvement in urban ecosystems.
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Several research investigations have explored the interaction between morphodynamic and vegetation growth processes from both the modelling and the experimental viewpoints. Results have mainly been concerned with morphologic analyses of... more
Several research investigations have explored the interaction between morphodynamic and vegetation growth processes from both the modelling and the experimental viewpoints. Results have mainly been concerned with morphologic analyses of the effects of vegetation on long term riverbed evolution without addressing the relative role of the timescales between such processes. This paper presents for the first time the statistics of uprooted biomass obtained while perturbing the vegetation growing in the river bed with periodic disturbances of constant magnitude. That is, we force the biological and hydrological processes to interact and study the related timescales in order to shed light on the role of flood disturbances in selecting the component of the biomass that has a higher chance of survival in relation to its growth stage. A simple interpretative stochastic model is then presented and thoroughly discussed in a companion paper (Biomass selection by floods and related timescales: Part 2. Stochastic modelling.
The River Thames through central London has seen significant environmental recovery, particularly in regard to water quality, but a substantial barrier to further ecological improvement is the spatial restriction of riparian areas. Flood... more
The River Thames through central London has seen significant environmental recovery, particularly in regard to water quality, but a substantial barrier to further ecological improvement is the spatial restriction of riparian areas. Flood defence walls represent a potential habitat for ecological improvements to benefit biodiversity. However before restoration actions are considered, an understanding of the current biodiversity and ecological status of these structures is necessary. Physical habitat and macroinvertebrate richness of flood defence walls at 15, evenly spaced sites along a 32 Km reach in central London were evaluated. We found no longitudinal patterns in total macroinvertebrate richness among our 15 sites, but did find that richness was influenced by wall type. Specifically, we found the highest richness on brick walls and lowest richness on concrete walls. Further, wall sections with algal cover supported significantly higher numbers of macroinvertebrates than sections lacking algal cover. However, reaches of the river where the channel was constricted had fewer macroinvertebrates likely due to scouring flows. These results show that macroinvertebrates of the river walls are influenced by habitat availability (i.e., wall type) and localised river flows. This work suggests that appropriate management of river wall habitats has the potential to enhance the biodiversity of highly modified, urban rivers.
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The production of the special issue Utopia and Fashion, at a time when the future of our relationship with fashion is being so widely discussed, aims to be an initial contribution to what we hope will become a long-term dialogue regarding... more
The production of the special issue Utopia and Fashion, at a time when the future of our relationship with fashion is being so widely discussed, aims to be an initial contribution to what we hope will become a long-term dialogue regarding both the role of fashion in utopian thinking and the potential of utopian thinking to reimagine and inspire better futures for fashion. The issue embraces Ruth Levitas’s conceptualization of utopia as a method of exploring alternative scenarios for the future and it combines perspectives from academics and practitioners across multiple disciplines.
There is no arguing with the fact that the history of fashion, like the history of utopian thought, has been stained by suffering, exploitation, and even totalitarianism, but despite their deficiencies and faults, both have also fuelled human imagination, encouraged aspiration and innovation, and provided hope for a better sense of self and an improved, more inclusive society. A world without fashion, like a world without utopia, would be a very sad one. Through this special issue we propose a dialogue that embraces the significance of fashion in utopian visions and one that exploits the potential of utopian imagination to inspire better and more sustainable fashion futures. A dialogue that is fuelled by the belief that positive social change is both possible and desirable.
Guest editor: Mila Burcikova
Contributors: Jane MacRae Campbell, Justyna Galant, Annebella Pollen, Andrew Brookes, Kate Fletcher, Robert A. Francis, Emma Dulcie Rigby, Thomas Roberts, Otto von Busch, Timo Rissanen, Vidmina Stasiulyte, Celia Pym, Ryan Yasin
There is no arguing with the fact that the history of fashion, like the history of utopian thought, has been stained by suffering, exploitation, and even totalitarianism, but despite their deficiencies and faults, both have also fuelled human imagination, encouraged aspiration and innovation, and provided hope for a better sense of self and an improved, more inclusive society. A world without fashion, like a world without utopia, would be a very sad one. Through this special issue we propose a dialogue that embraces the significance of fashion in utopian visions and one that exploits the potential of utopian imagination to inspire better and more sustainable fashion futures. A dialogue that is fuelled by the belief that positive social change is both possible and desirable.
Guest editor: Mila Burcikova
Contributors: Jane MacRae Campbell, Justyna Galant, Annebella Pollen, Andrew Brookes, Kate Fletcher, Robert A. Francis, Emma Dulcie Rigby, Thomas Roberts, Otto von Busch, Timo Rissanen, Vidmina Stasiulyte, Celia Pym, Ryan Yasin