Kenneth York
Oakland University, Management and Marketing, Faculty Member
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of the National Hockey League (NHL) collective bargaining agreement (CBA) of 2005 between the NHL owners and the NHL Players Association, to determine whether competitive balance... more
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of the National Hockey League (NHL) collective bargaining agreement (CBA) of 2005 between the NHL owners and the NHL Players Association, to determine whether competitive balance in the NHL increased after the CBA. Design/methodology/approach Competitive balance in the NHL was compared between 11 seasons before the NHL Lockout Season in 2004-2005 and 11 seasons after, with a new CBA and a new revenue sharing plan. Competitive balance was measured in multiple ways, within seasons, across multiple seasons, by the margin of victory in individual games, by the concentration of teams winning and playing in the NHL championship, in the correlation of winning percentage of a season with subsequent seasons, and the number of consecutive winning or losing seasons. Findings There was greater competitive balance after the Lockout Season and the new CBA than before on all of the measures of competitive balance. The NHL has found a management solution to the effective management of a common pool resource and avoided a tragedy of the commons. Practical implications While this research builds on previous work which examines the presence of competitive balance in the NHL, it encourages those engaged in labor policy to consider not only the merit of design when negotiating labor policy, but also to explore the impact of policy on organizational outcomes over time. Originality/value This paper combines perspectives and insights from multiple disciplines including economists’ ideas about competitive balance in a sports league, ecologists’ ideas about effective management of a common pool resource, and strategic management ideas about management solutions to a sustainability problem.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Page 1. Kenneth M.York Annlied PD ic Issues and Exercises * ii Page 2. Applied Human Resource Management Page 3. To Josée an inspiration at every turn Page 4. Applied Human Resource Management Strategic Issues and ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
seen leadership behaviors or the exercise of organizational power or they have been a part of a group problem solving effort. But few students have ever been asked to evaluate the reasonableness of the conclusions of a research report.... more
seen leadership behaviors or the exercise of organizational power or they have been a part of a group problem solving effort. But few students have ever been asked to evaluate the reasonableness of the conclusions of a research report. Experimental design and statistical inference are topics that are difficult for students to learn because they have had so little experience with them-both the tools and the methods are unfamiliar. The following exercise can be used to illustrate the concepts of experimental design and confounding. The essence of good experimental design is control. In traditional experimental design terms, the independent variable is manipulated and the effect of this manipulation is measured by the dependent variable. Because nothing else is allowed to vary except the independent variable, any change in the dependent variable must be due to the independent variable. In real life, however, we almost never have perfect experimental control, and the other things that vary at the same time as the independent variable prevent clear-cut conclusions. These other variables are called confounds. The exercise below demonstrates confounding by showing how an experiment should NOT be done.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
A policy capturing analysis of 206 federal district and appellate sexual harassment cases showed that federal judges were moderately consistent in their judgments, with 29% of the variance in case outcomes accounted for by the regression... more
A policy capturing analysis of 206 federal district and appellate sexual harassment cases showed that federal judges were moderately consistent in their judgments, with 29% of the variance in case outcomes accounted for by the regression model. Judges used Victim's Reaction, Form of Harassment, and Coercion, to make their ruling, and these three cues accounted for 20% of the variance
Research Interests:
Policy capturing was used to determine cue weights when a merit raise committee implemented an imprecise directive. Evaluations by three raters of 36 faculty were regressed on actual raises. The committee was consistent in their... more
Policy capturing was used to determine cue weights when a merit raise committee implemented an imprecise directive. Evaluations by three raters of 36 faculty were regressed on actual raises. The committee was consistent in their evaluations, but the policy was similar to that obtained by counting activities in faculty annual reports. This study has implications for organizations that motivate employees through merit pay decisions in ways that are inconsistent with their mission and business objectives.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
A firefighter for the City of Salem, Ohio, sued the fire department and the city for discrimination. The case was based on discrimination related to Smith's (the firefighter's) status as a transsexual. The U.S. Court of... more
A firefighter for the City of Salem, Ohio, sued the fire department and the city for discrimination. The case was based on discrimination related to Smith's (the firefighter's) status as a transsexual. The U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 includes sex discrimination based on sex stereotyping. The Smith case calls attention to the ever-changing face of sex discrimination in the workplace. This article suggests reasons for organizational difficulties in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It also discusses issues related to sex stereotyping, and it identifies possible proactive organizational responses.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures suggests the “4/5ths rule” for testing the outcome of selection procedures for adverse impact. The appropriate statistical test is a Chi Square testing for a significant difference... more
The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures suggests the “4/5ths rule” for testing the outcome of selection procedures for adverse impact. The appropriate statistical test is a Chi Square testing for a significant difference between the selection ratios of the minority and majority applicants. However, the 4/5ths rule and Chi Square test do not agree 10–40% of the time depending on sample size, making it difficult for personnel managers to monitor their organization's Equal Employment Opportunity compliance. The extent of disagreement between the two tests is described, and recommendations are given for how personnel managers should use the 4/5ths rule and the Chi Square test to determine whether a selection procedure has adverse impact.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
sued the fire department and the city for discrimination. The case was based on discrimination related to Smith’s (the firefighter’s) status as a transsexual. The U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) ruled that the Civil Rights Act of... more
sued the fire department and the city for discrimination. The case was based on discrimination related to Smith’s (the firefighter’s) status as a transsexual. The U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 includes sex discrimination based on sex stereotyping. The Smith case calls attention to the ever-changing face of sex discrimination in the workplace. This article suggests reasons for organizational difficulties in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It also discusses issues related to sex stereotyping, and it identifies possible proactive organizational responses.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The Applied Technology in Business program at Oakland University is an innovative program using a client/consultant relationship between academia and industry. The program creates a student-centered environment where student teams apply... more
The Applied Technology in Business program at Oakland University is an innovative program using a client/consultant relationship between academia and industry. The program creates a student-centered environment where student teams apply technology learned in class to business problems in partnership with corporate sponsors. Program design characteristics and a model for ongoing program evaluation and review are discussed. The model is used to help insure that the program is meeting its design characteristics and educational objectives. Business schools commonly offer internship or co-op programs to give students a way to relate what they have learned in class to practical real-world problems. A common problem with many of these experiential learning programs is that they are predominately managed by outside interests (i.e., a manager within some company), with little regard for integration with an academic curriculum or focus on specific learning outcomes. They are often characteriz...
Across three studies, conditions were varied under which children aged 4-5 years matched the area of a rectangle with a given width (or height) to that of a square. In the first study, subjects observed the rectangle being changed in... more
Across three studies, conditions were varied under which children aged 4-5 years matched the area of a rectangle with a given width (or height) to that of a square. In the first study, subjects observed the rectangle being changed in height from trial to trial and had access to their immediately preceding response. Under these conditions, rectangle width (the dimension under subject control) was a linear decreasing function of rectangle height. This function was interpreted as evidence for a hypothetical addition/subtraction strategy for maintaining equality in area between the comparison rectangle and the standard square. As a test of this hypothesis, in a second experiment the subjects were denied access to their immediately previous response, and in a third study they were also unable to observe the rectangle as it was altered by the experimenter between trials. The purpose of these changes was to remove the information necessary for readily implementing an addition/subtraction strategy. In both studies, area matches seemed to be based on a side-matching strategy, such that subjects matched one dimension of the rectangle to one side of the standard square. It was suggested that young children use different cues or strategies with different variants of the matching task because they do not possess a fixed, specific concept of area.
Research Interests:
Statistical literacy is important for all citizens. As part of the curriculum of any business school, students need to learn how to use data, calculate appropriate statistics, and draw correct conclusions from the data. This is an... more
Statistical literacy is important for all citizens. As part of the curriculum of any business school, students need to learn how to use data, calculate appropriate statistics, and draw correct conclusions from the data. This is an iterative process and introducing students to data analysis and research in a structured manner can be a foundational step. In this exercise, HRM students are given a set of surveys with known statistical properties and must answer a set of questions about the data. Instructors can evaluate whether students picked the right statistic to answer the question, produced the correct statistical output, and made the correct interpretation of the statistical test. After completing this project, students are in a better position to create surveys, as well as analyze and interpret data.
Research Interests:
The law that governs whether a job in the private sector or Federal, State, or local governments is required to be paid overtime is the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). A key task for organizations is to determine and then document... more
The law that governs whether a job in the private sector or Federal, State, or local governments is required to be paid overtime is the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). A key task for organizations is to determine and then document whether a job is non-exempt (i.e., the employee is entitled to overtime) or exempt (i.e., the employee is not entitled to overtime). This experiential exercise is designed to help students learn what defines an exempt job by reviewing the detailed job descriptions and median national wages for a set of jobs taken from O*NET On-Line, and then classifying each job as exempt or non-exempt.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of the National Hockey League (NHL) collective bargaining agreement (CBA) of 2005 between the NHL owners and the NHL Players Association, to determine whether competitive balance... more
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of the National Hockey League (NHL) collective bargaining agreement (CBA) of 2005 between the NHL owners and the NHL Players Association, to determine whether competitive balance in the NHL increased after the CBA. Design/methodology/approach Competitive balance in the NHL was compared between 11 seasons before the NHL Lockout Season in 2004-2005 and 11 seasons after, with a new CBA and a new revenue sharing plan. Competitive balance was measured in multiple ways, within seasons, across multiple seasons, by the margin of victory in individual games, by the concentration of teams winning and playing in the NHL championship, in the correlation of winning percentage of a season with subsequent seasons, and the number of consecutive winning or losing seasons. Findings There was greater competitive balance after the Lockout Season and the new CBA than before on all of the measures of competitive balance. The NHL has found a manag...
Research Interests:
Since the Supreme Court's decision in Harris v. Forklift Systems, the "reasonable woman standard" favored by several appellate courts in sexual harassment cases has been replaced by the "reasonable...
Page 1. Kenneth M.York Annlied PD ic Issues and Exercises * ii Page 2. Applied Human Resource Management Page 3. To Josée an inspiration at every turn Page 4. Applied Human Resource Management Strategic Issues and ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Policy capturing was used to determine cue weights when a merit raise committee implemented an imprecise directive. Evaluations by three raters of 36 faculty were regressed on actual raises. The committee was consistent in their... more
Policy capturing was used to determine cue weights when a merit raise committee implemented an imprecise directive. Evaluations by three raters of 36 faculty were regressed on actual raises. The committee was consistent in their evaluations, but the policy was similar to that obtained by counting activities in faculty annual reports. This study has implications for organizations that motivate employees through merit pay decisions in ways that are inconsistent with their mission and business objectives.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures suggests the “4/5ths rule” for testing the outcome of selection procedures for adverse impact. The appropriate statistical test is a Chi Square testing for a significant difference... more
The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures suggests the “4/5ths rule” for testing the outcome of selection procedures for adverse impact. The appropriate statistical test is a Chi Square testing for a significant difference between the selection ratios of the minority and majority applicants. However, the 4/5ths rule and Chi Square test do not agree 10–40% of the time depending on sample size, making it difficult for personnel managers to monitor their organization's Equal Employment Opportunity compliance. The extent of disagreement between the two tests is described, and recommendations are given for how personnel managers should use the 4/5ths rule and the Chi Square test to determine whether a selection procedure has adverse impact.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
seen leadership behaviors or the exercise of organizational power or they have been a part of a group problem solving effort. But few students have ever been asked to evaluate the reasonableness of the conclusions of a research report.... more
seen leadership behaviors or the exercise of organizational power or they have been a part of a group problem solving effort. But few students have ever been asked to evaluate the reasonableness of the conclusions of a research report. Experimental design and statistical inference are topics that are difficult for students to learn because they have had so little experience with them-both the tools and the methods are unfamiliar. The following exercise can be used to illustrate the concepts of experimental design and confounding. The essence of good experimental design is control. In traditional experimental design terms, the independent variable is manipulated and the effect of this manipulation is measured by the dependent variable. Because nothing else is allowed to vary except the independent variable, any change in the dependent variable must be due to the independent variable. In real life, however, we almost never have perfect experimental control, and the other things that vary at the same time as the independent variable prevent clear-cut conclusions. These other variables are called confounds. The exercise below demonstrates confounding by showing how an experiment should NOT be done.
Research Interests:
A firefighter for the City of Salem, Ohio, sued the fire department and the city for discrimination. The case was based on discrimination related to Smith's (the firefighter's) status as a transsexual. The U.S. Court of Appeals... more
A firefighter for the City of Salem, Ohio, sued the fire department and the city for discrimination. The case was based on discrimination related to Smith's (the firefighter's) status as a transsexual. The U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 includes sex discrimination based on sex stereotyping. The Smith case calls attention to the ever-changing face of sex discrimination in the workplace. This article suggests reasons for organizational difficulties in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It also discusses issues related to sex stereotyping, and it identifies possible proactive organizational responses.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
A policy capturing analysis of 206 federal district and appellate sexual harassment cases showed that federal judges were moderately consistent in their judgments, with 29% of the variance in case outcomes accounted for by the regression... more
A policy capturing analysis of 206 federal district and appellate sexual harassment cases showed that federal judges were moderately consistent in their judgments, with 29% of the variance in case outcomes accounted for by the regression model. Judges used Victim's Reaction, Form of Harassment, and Coercion, to make their ruling, and these three cues accounted for 20% of the variance
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The effectiveness of “rough play” as an on-ice operational strategy in theNational Hockey League (NHL) was examined for the effect on season outcomes(e.g., Stanley Cup playoffs, winning the Stanley Cup), and on-ice performance... more
The effectiveness of “rough play” as an on-ice operational strategy in theNational Hockey League (NHL) was examined for the effect on season outcomes(e.g., Stanley Cup playoffs, winning the Stanley Cup), and on-ice performance (e.g.,Points, Wins). Four measures of rough play were analyzed (Penalties in Minutes(PIM), number of Major Penalties, number of Minor Penalties, PIM Differential).There were no significant differences between eventual Stanley Cup winners orplayoff teams and other teams in the regular season, but Stanley Cup Finalists hadsignificantly fewer PIM. Rough play was not found to be an effective strategy forNHL teams.