Kamo Chilingaryan

Аннотация. Проведено комплексное исследование этапов становления и развития корпусной лингвистики. Целью статьи является анализ научных подходов к вопросу научной значимости рассматриваемой лингвистической дисциплины, а также выявление комплекса понятий и критериев, составляющих фундамент данного направления. Корпусная лингвистика представляет собой одну из наиболее перспективных и быстро развивающихся областей языковых исследований. Лингвистика XIX века ставила своей целью изучение языка как такового, лингвистика XXI века видит актуальность исследования не в выявлении абсолютных лингвистических категорий и значений, но в практическом применении лингвистических знаний. Актуальность представляемой статьи определяется тем, что в лингвистических корпусах заложен огромный потенциал, который еще не в полной мере осмыслен научным сообществом, хотя бы в силу того, что текст — основной объект корпусной лингвистики —  в различных формах своей реализации представляет собой одну из главных составляющих системы языка и речемыслительной деятельности современного носителя языка. Содержание и объем лингвистических корпусов различного рода позволяет получать достоверную информацию об актуальном и реальном использовании того или иного термина: корпус становится инструментом анализа функционирования этого термина как в лингвистической области (морфологии, синтаксиса и лексики), так и в теории и практике перевода, идентифицируя регистр его формального или неформального узуса. Принципиальная новизна результатов данного исследования позволяет говорить о правомерности создания корпусных словарей и корпусных грамматик нового поколения, разработанных и верифицированных по отношению к конкретному фиксированному корпусу. Одновременно обосновывается положение о том, что корпусный характер словарей и грамматик повышает их надежность, достоверность и объективность и позволяет избежать субъективности, которая нередко свойственна исследованиям, опирающимся исключительно на интуицию лингвиста. Корпус является средой для получения новых научных данных, осмысление которых представляется приоритетным  для современного лингвистического описания и абсолютно необходимым в научной деятельности современного исследователя. Новизна проведенного анализа заключается в том, подтверждена целесообразность корпусных исследований как сущностное требование времени, связанное с новым качеством лингвистической реальности и отвечающее потребностям современного общества. В статье рассматриваются основные этапы становления корпусной лингвистики как научного направления, характеризуются научные представления и подходы,
присущие каждому из этих этапов, представляется обзор основных понятийных положений корпусной лингвистики в рамках отечественного и зарубежного языкознания. Автор подробно анализирует полемику между представителями различных научных направлений и выявляет преимущества того или иного подхода, прослеживает сходства и различия между подходами к изучению корпусов на различных исторических этапах становления изучаемого
научного направления. В фокусе обзора роль и место корпусных исследований языка в современной лингвистике, сопоставление аргументов pro и contra применения корпусных технологий в лингвистическом описании. Значительное внимание обращается на основные критерии классификации корпусов, предлагается краткий обзор наиболее известных в истории корпусов, а также обсуждаются перспективы их использования в различных областях современной науки о языке.

Education is relatively independent. It is able to exert an active influence on the functioning and development of the society. As part of the socioeconomic progress, education is a priority of state policy. A person, who is a part of workforce in public production, has to correspond with the level of contemporary socioeconomic development of the state.

The issue is dedicated to English documents writing. The work is aimed at analyzing linguistic peculiarities of drafting legal documents. The authors have noticed that while participating at Willem C. Vis annual International Commercial Arbitration moots in Vienna, their students show some difficulties in writing memoranda. Some years ago we were not teaching legal writing. Visiting San Diego University we paid attention to special courses taught there. Now that we organized special courses teaching legal writing, in this work the authors pay attention to business documents such as contracts, legal correspondence, claims, etc., considering that rights and duties must be validated by means of documents. In view of this, judicial documents should be drafted correctly. We truly believe that teaching documents writing now, at university, is a very important issue if we want to bring up comprehendible generation of lawyers. The work lays particular emphasis on the formal business language which is referred to as officialese and differs from other types of the English language, mostly due to specific characters of the functional usage that may be featured in classical terms of style, predetermination and main characteristics. English documents are characterized from both legal and linguistic points of view. The authors draw attention to the functional style of official language which is the defining characteristics of its key components. Official document style presupposes conditions, binding two parties in an undertaking. At the same time business correspondence syntactical pattern style is drawn to reach agreement between them. This is where the authors believe that the importance of the issue under study is in the fact that it could be put into legal practice. The work may also be beneficial for lawyer students, linguists and for all those who work in businesses, for all those who is ready for the modern business challenge.

Legality is a multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon. It permeates and reflects all the legal life of the society, penetrates into other spheres of life, the state, and individual. Legality reflects the state of public relations, the nature and characteristics of the state structure and political regime, testifies to the reality of existing rights and freedoms in the society. According to the state of legality, it is possible to judge the state and society at a certain stage of their development. That is why the problem of legality has always been, is and will be extremely relevant. This study focuses on the use of criminal law as a means of combating crime. The problems associated with the frequent and not always logical reforms of the criminal legal system are pointed out. The article also analyzes analogous experience of foreign countries. The goal is achieved by solving a number of problems:-Explore the features of law as an instrument for strengthening the rule of law and order in the society;-Investigate the process of law-making activity, to identify a system of priorities in the legislative regulation of public relations governed by criminal law;-Highlight the problem of improving legal regulation in the Russian Federation taking into account international experience. The research methodology is based on both qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as on the method of the empirical experiment. In-depth study of laws and other normative acts was carried out using specific research methods, logical, statistical and content analysis. The authors relied on the results of research by Russian and foreign theorists of law in the relevant and related fields. The results of the research can be used to determine the optimal goals and objectives of the legal impact in the society and improve the functioning of legal systems in law-making, law enforcement, research activities, as well as in educational activities, in particular, in lectures and seminars on criminal law of Russia and foreign countries. Keywords: I criminal law, legality, law and order, sources of criminal law, criminal law policy, the gap of norms.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the stages of formation and development of corpus linguistics. The purpose of the article is to analyze various scientific approaches to the scientific significance of this linguistic discipline and identify a set of concepts and criteria that form the foundation of this field. Corpus linguistics is one of the most promising and rapidly developing areas of language research. Linguistics of the XIX century set as its goal the study of language as such, and linguistics of the XXI century sees the relevance of the research not in identifying absolute linguistic categories and meanings but in the practical application of linguistic knowledge. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the linguistic corpus contains a vast potential, which the scientific community has not fully comprehended since the text as the main object of corpus linguistics in various forms of its implementation is one of the central components syst...

The subject of this research is the typological characteristics of declension system in the Russian and Armenian languages and their diachronic changes. The author compares the modern Armenian and Grabar (classical Armenian) language, as well as Old East Slavic and modern Russian language. The goal of this article is to determine typological peculiarities of grammatical case systems of the Russian and Armenian languages in their current state, taking into account the vectors of evolutionary development of these systems in the history of the two languages. Research methodology leans on the traditional concepts of morphological typology and systemic analysis of language types proposed by G. P. Melnikov. It is established that unlike the Russian language, the Armenian declension system contains certain agglutinative and analytical features. Emphasis is placed on the detailed analysis of these phenomena and explanation of their consistent nature. The acquired results are valuable for ty...

The issue is dedicated to English documents writing. The work is aimed at analyzing linguistic peculiarities of drafting legal documents. The authors have noticed that while participating at Willem C. Vis annual International Commercial Arbitration moots in Vienna, their students show some difficulties in writing memoranda. Some years ago we were not teaching legal writing. Visiting San Diego University we paid attention to special courses taught there. Now that we organized special courses teaching legal writing, in this work the authors pay attention to business documents such as contracts, legal correspondence, claims, etc., considering that rights and duties must be validated by means of documents. In view of this, judicial documents should be drafted correctly. We truly believe that teaching documents writing now, at university, is a very important issue if we want to bring up comprehendible generation of lawyers. The work lays particular emphasis on the formal business languag...

The present article analyses English and Russian lexemes denoting core legal professions and positions and emphasizes the problem of their translation equivalency. The aim of the paper is to show that although terms are named among those limited groups of lexemes which are context-independent and characterized by a single meaning, they can also be poly-semantic and even enantiosemic, i.e. contain opposite meanings within a single word form which can be specified only in the context, including the cultural context. This fact poses serious problems in translation. The authors limited the research to the lexemes denoting core legal professions of the semantic groups of defense and prosecution. The data was taken from dictionaries, legal texts as well as Russian and British National Corpora. Drawing on equivalence theory, descriptive theory, distributive theory and discourse analysis the study explores the semantics of the terms, analyses their distinctive features, and marks their sema...

The article focuses on practical experiment on perception of argumentative nature of court opinions by non-native speakers. Several argumentative frames most frequently used in the texts of court opinions are identified and described in the article. The article also aims at analyzing the distribution characteristics of the identified frames. Text of court opinion not only performs informative and performative functions, but also reflects the socio-pragmatic setup of the author. A definite set of communicative senses is reflected in the respective modus functions forming a specific meta-category of modus in the judicial discourse. The function of this meta-category is to specify facts through the synthesis of the objective (that is, legally justified) and subjective (which include the position of the court, or of the judge) components of argumentative frame. Key words: Meta-language, argumentative frames, distribution of frames, judicial discourse.

Legality is a multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon. It permeates and reflects all the legal life of the society, penetrates into other spheres of life, the state, and individual. Legality reflects the state of public relations, the nature and characteristics of the state structure and political regime, testifies to the reality of existing rights and freedoms in the society. According to the state of legality, it is possible to judge the state and society at a certain stage of their development. That is why the problem of legality has always been, is and will be extremely relevant. This study focuses on the use of criminal law as a means of combating crime. The problems associated with the frequent and not always logical reforms of the criminal legal system are pointed out. The article also analyzes analogous experience of foreign countries. The goal is achieved by solving a number of problems:-Explore the features of law as an instrument for strengthening the rule of law and order in the society;-Investigate the process of law-making activity, to identify a system of priorities in the legislative regulation of public relations governed by criminal law;-Highlight the problem of improving legal regulation in the Russian Federation taking into account international experience. The research methodology is based on both qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as on the method of the empirical experiment. In-depth study of laws and other normative acts was carried out using specific research methods, logical, statistical and content analysis. The authors relied on the results of research by Russian and foreign theorists of law in the relevant and related fields. The results of the research can be used to determine the optimal goals and objectives of the legal impact in the society and improve the functioning of legal systems in law-making, law enforcement, research activities, as well as in educational activities, in particular, in lectures and seminars on criminal law of Russia and foreign countries. Keywords: I criminal law, legality, law and order, sources of criminal law, criminal law policy, the gap of norms.

At present, the issue of introducing virtual learning is gaining a key sound in the world of linguo-didactics. Almost all educational institutions choose virtual learning not only as a means to attract new enrolees, but also as a new working model that could combine and make effective various organizational, cultural, technical and commercial initiatives in a new format via the use of information technologies and the vast capacity of educational platforms. In this paper, the authors focus on the most successful Internet project in the field of teaching the Spanish language, the virtual platform of the Instituto Cervantes (the Cervantes Institute). The experience of the Cervantes Institute allowed the authors to systematize methodological principles of our work and it initiated the creation of a corpus of electronic training materials that allow to carry out remote work. It involves larger groups of students, correctly distributing the classroom activity in such a way that part of th...

This article focuses on football/soccer as an object of scientific study, examining the etymology of unofficial nicknames of football/soccer teams from different countries and their translation into Spanish. The authors systemize these unofficial names and suggest their own classification, looking into the issue of terminology. This research is based on Spanish language media, football/soccer blogs and forums, video footages of football games. The main findings of the issue imply that the etymology of these informal names of teams derives from the semantic field that surrounds the cultural object (the team being such an object). The semantic field in its turn is determined by the historical and political context, as well as geographical and even economic realities, such as the type of activity of the country's population. From the perspective of intercultural communication the material of this issue can be used as linguo-cultural material and help students make their communication with representatives of other nations richer and more diverse. Colorisms, symbolisms, professionalisms, names of plants, ethnonyms, historicisms and more than ten other groups are mentioned in the issue. The information given in this paper could be useful in the field of business, more precisely, for creating a heartily atmosphere for dialogue with representatives of the Spanish speakers, for whom football is one of the main components of being, moreover, regardless of the gender of the native speaker: football is equally appreciated by both women and men.

The article focuses on the communicative speech situation of the " compliment " etiquette and looks into the piropos, one out of a wide range of Spanish compliments. The article introduces the definition of the piropos compliment and reveals its difference from the other forms of the Spanish compliment – the cumplido. This type of compliment is considered as a part of computer terminology speech formulas used to create the so-called " computer compliments ". We can follow the evolution of this form of courtesy since the Middle Ages and up to the computer era of our days. The article gives a functional-communicative analysis of the variety of replies to the computer compliment in the modern Spanish language, reveals typical contexts of its usage, topical groups and language peculiarities of the stable formulas of the compliment. The study of the compliment is carried out with consideration of the national and cultural specificity of the speech behaviour and speech etiquette as well as in the semantic-stylistic and comparative aspect. This fact will help the second language learners (Spanish, in the question at hand) to master it with the view of cross-cultural dimension. In recent years, in the teaching of the Spanish language there appeared a tendency to suggest, along with purely grammatical approach to pay more attention to stylistic correctness, appropriateness of speech means. Unfortunately the existing textbooks do not take into account the peculiarities of the of speech means implementation in terms of everyday conversations to ease communication. In this regard, native speakers consider the non-natives' speech as "too formal", "bookish", "archaic", "unnatural". It should be noted that the requirement for the Spanish language training is especially important for a number of factors, one of which is the fact that in recent decades profound changes have undergone in the daily communication in Spanish. In particular, there is a shift in the set of communicative situations, opposed to the parameter "official / unofficial" toward a significant reduction in the first. The article touches upon another interesting feature of the piropos-the allegory, and suggests classifying the piropos as direct or allegoric. It determines the grammar structure and core (basic) verbs of the direct piropos, characterizes the main types of allegoric piropos basing on the semantic principle. Computer terms used in building speech formulas of the compliment are systemized. The authors believe that communicative situations, such as the cumplido and pirope should become familiar to students, allowing them to feel comfortable interacting with native speakers to react to a certain speech formula depending on a formal or informal register of the communication. We believe that obtaining such "Spanish" formulas of speech etiquette will also establish closer contact with native speakers which may be relevant in areas such as diplomacy, business and other areas in which our graduates will work. Modern piropos have very little in common with the poetic Madrigal, from which they have originated. But even now computer piropos continue to amaze us with their ingenuity, and even of their authors' poetry.

The present article analyses English and Russian lexemes denoting core legal professions and positions and emphasizes the problem of their translation equivalency. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that although legal terms are characterized by a single meaning and are context-independent, they can also be polysemantic and even enantiosemic, i.e. containing opposite meanings within a single word form. This fact poses a serious problem in translation. The article compares the semantic dimensions of the terms, analyses their distinctive features, and marks their stylistic and functional differences. The authors limit their research to the lexemes of the semantic groups of defence and prosecution . The data is taken from dictionaries, legal texts, media and BNC. The study implements definitive, distributive, contextual, and contrastive analyses. The above approach enabled the authors to specify the semantics of the English terms, their functional and cultural features and suggest ...

The article explores students' academic progress and perceptions regarding the didactic potential of cloud-based Google Apps and traditional university educational web-portal for language for specific purposes learning. The paper starts with literature review, provides the data of pilot training, surveys and correlational study related to students' achievements when learning in the cloud with Google Apps, on the one hand and when using a university educational web-portal, on the other. The paper examines those factors that shape learners' satisfaction and frustration regarding the above learning, addresses the issue of the possible relation between students' socio-cultural background and their opinions and academic progress concerning the chosen tools for training. Finally, the tentative conclusion is drawn on how the cloud-based Google Apps could bring benefits to university students' language for specific purposes learning, in comparison with the university &qu...

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the stages of formation and development of corpus linguistics. The purpose of the article is to analyze various scientific approaches to the scientific significance of this linguistic discipline and identify a set of concepts and criteria that form the foundation of this field. Corpus linguistics is one of the most promising and rapidly developing areas of language research. Linguistics of the XIX century set as its goal the study of language as such, and linguistics of the XXI century sees the relevance of the research not in identifying absolute linguistic categories and meanings but in the practical application of linguistic knowledge. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the linguistic corpus contains a vast potential, which the scientific community has not fully comprehended since the text as the main object of corpus linguistics in various forms of its implementation is one of the central components syst...

Abstract Modern world is characterized by a high degree of multilingualism as developed countries experience an inflow of immigrants. The attitude to them in host societies varies considerably. This unavoidably triggers some changes in the attitude to public service interpreters, whose professional goal is to eliminate language barriers for people with limited language proficiency in their communication with public institutions. The purpose of the article is to carry out experimental analysis of service providers’ assessment of interpreter mediated communication in healthcare and legal settings from two perspectives: professional and social. The authors conducted a survey on medical professionals’ and court personnel's opinion of interpreter mediated communication. For this purpose we worked out a questionnaire consisting of seven questions universal for both categories of the respondents. Both medical and legal professionals assess their experience of interpreter assisted communication as positive in terms of effectiveness, respect for professional roles and promoting institutional values. However, this holds true only in case of professional interpreters. Medical professionals tend to be frustrated by interpretation done by ad hoc interpreters, usually patients’ relatives. In turn, legal professionals, especially at pre-trial stage, tend to have less difficulties working with ad hoc interpreters, they evidence greater preparedness to such communication and appear to be more in control, comparing to medical professionals.

The topicality of the research is due to the fact that under the conditions of high-speed development of information technologies and theory of information the text evokes growing interest of researchers as a traditional and reliable source. The article proposes a research hypothesis that reveals the nature of the text, disclosing its internal structure, functional and communicative characteristics. The leading approach to the study of the problem was the method of linguistic analysis of the text. In this paper, linguistic analysis is combined with literary analysis and is understood as a linguistic semantic analysis. The method of complex text analysis used in this article includes an analysis of a set of factors that distinguishes a specific text from other types of text. Zafón’s works are samples of magical realism, in whose aesthetics the reality of reality itself is put under question. His novels are polygenic; the style codes are eclectic: tracing the unique chronotope and the...

The concept of intellectual property covers an extremely wide range of legal rights and obligations. Each of the objects has its own characteristics, and respectively, the legal protection of each of them has its own specifics. The national legislation of different countries has different approaches to the protection of intellectual property rights. The territorial nature of intellectual property is also reflected in the fact that the difference in the national legislation of different countries with respect to the same objects entails different types of responsibility for infringements of rights in this area. Their use by courts with different legal traditions and procedural framework may lead to different legal consequences, due to differences in the application of the law. The problem of parallel existence of objects of intellectual property in different jurisdictions generates a huge number of disputes, and in this connection the issue of effective protection of infringed rights...

The article considers modern criteria for evaluation and monitoring the quality of knowledge in language competencies while mastering a foreign language. The European language standard is being promoted in the Russian educational system. The possibility of using the European language portfolio as a tool for improving the quality of education and a means of developing autonomy and self-assessment of knowledge by the learner is also under consideration in Russia. Scholars suggest the use of training platforms and learning portals as a series of effective tools for assessing and monitoring knowledge. Today many practicing authorities discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various forms of assessment and monitoring of knowledge. The basic set of competences, the possession of which is an indicator of the comprehensive knowledge of a foreign language has now been determined: linguistic, professional and extra-linguistic competencies, as well as the classification of the main stages of knowledge monitoring have been determined. The issue of possibility for constructing an objective system of assessing language knowledge, the questions of unification of evaluation criteria is a vital problem of modern Russian pedagogy. The implementation of the main directions of modernization of Russian higher and secondary education and the requirements for the training of a modern specialist involves improving the quality of language education at all levels of the educational process. Teaching foreign languages is an indispensable element of the educational model and one of the most important elements of training a specialist of any profile. The model of quality system for multilevel language training of students has been developed taking into account the assimilation of the experience of the European language standard and the competence and personality-oriented approach, traditional for Russian pedagogy.

Due to the expansion of international cooperation in different fields the problem of terminological equivalency in translation is among the most important ones. This research is carried out within a framework of the comparative terminology studies and continues the analyses of the English and Russian lexemes denoting the core legal professions and their translation correspondences. The aim of the present article is to compare lexical and semantic fields of English ‘judge’ and Russian ‘sudya’ composed by the lexemes and lexical units containing the semantic element of ‘an official, executing justice’ in order to find out their similarities and differences and to search for translation equivalents of their constituent elements. The authors believe that in the rapidly changing world both the Russian practicing lawyers and their foreign counterparties, participating in many legal disputes must be aware of the terminology used in different jurisdictions to be able to compete. But to have...

At present, intellectual property disputes are often associated with the rule of law of several states and several respondents, covering issues that are an integral part of new and fast-growing technologies. Numerous researches conducted in the field of the effective resolution of IP disputes have shown that patent litigation means significant costs, especially for small and medium businesses. Because of costly litigation, the number of high-tech research and development, as well as the possibility of investing in high-yield startups, is significantly reducing. IP disputes arise in a wide range of business sectors, including telecommunications, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and other areas of science and technology, ranging from basic contracts to multi-billion dollar claims for violations related to the issuance of a patent license. The arbitration procedure in international intellectual property disputes is a unique problem due to the fact that it is a valuable asset. The cost, ...

The paper focuses on the issue of protection of language minorities. The theoretical significance of the research consists in the consideration of the phenomenon of “linguistic minority”. The article makes an attempt to reveal international documents implied in this field. Methodological and dialectical approaches are used in the article to determine the scope of the research and examine the ration between the adopted international and regional legal instruments. The phenomenon of discrimination existed throughout human history, beginning with the emergence of states. The decisions adopted by the country's views to protect linguistic minorities differ significantly for social and political reasons. The prohibition of discrimination at the international level has become a powerful incentive for the emergence of relevant norms of the national legal systems. Nevertheless, despite the existence of an extensive regulatory framework, the discrimination of linguistic minorities remains...

People with limited official language proficiency in any non-native country are among the vulnerable groups. Mediation service for these people, especially in health care domain is a topic of great importance. The paper lays special emphasis on cultural, as well as language barriers in interpreter-mediated communication in health care domain. To be able to enhance the effectiveness of the actors doctor-patient communication the interpreter needs to have necessary competencies. The aim of the paper is to identify these competencies through scrutinizing the existing practices in ensuring access to health care services in the Russian Federation as well as Turkey. Nowadays we witness a huge flow of people immigrants, refugees, migrant workers travelling across borders having little or no knowledge in languages of host countries. The authors apply qualitative and quantitative methods as the research methodology. We also include methods of empirical experiment as well as statistical data....

Discursive strategy of Zafón is aimed at destruction of the traditional understanding of the category “literary style”. Genre heterogeneity of the novel can be considered as a kind of parody which is not debunkingsarcastic, but eulogizing, exalting, synthesizing and extolling of the literature of mankind as a whole. The relevance of the study is due to the need for interaction in the modern multicultural world with various national cultures that now enter the sphere of education, the need to understand the patterns of today's cultural consciousness. The leading approach to the study of this problem was the method of linguistic analysis of the text, which is the basis of all linguistic methods and is characterized by extreme polysemy. In this paper, the linguistic analysis is combined with the literary analysis and is understood as a linguistic semantic analysis focused on understanding the subject-logical content of the text. Consideration of the work in this article occurs init...

Migration and social mobility are an integral part of the life and development of modern society. In this regard, public services of developed countries have faced the need to adapt their activities to new conditions and develop other strategies with different ethnic groups of the population. Russia, Spain and Mexico have always been multicultural states, and now a number of problems related to migration processes have been added to this diversity. One of the most significant consequences of increasing migratory flows is the "erosion" of identity and the impact on the ethno-political and linguistic situation in Europe and, to a lesser extent, in Latin America. Mutual co-existence of two or more different cultures is a rather complex and painful process, since migrants are reluctant to assimilate and live according to the laws and rules of culture of the recipient country. The current situation calls for the development of collective approaches based on the principles of hu...

Modern society develops in complex geopolitical conditions, characterized by the processes of globalization, ethnic and religious conflicts, outbreaks of xenophobia and extremism, manifestations of various forms of violence and terror. Migration processes in the modern world are intensifying, the number of refugees, forced due to ethnic, religious conflicts to move to other countries, is growing. The number of religious believers is increasing, religions are splitting into smaller units, new religious and confessional groups and trends are being created. The result of the processes of globalization is multiculturalism. This is what determines the relevance of this study, the topic of which is of practical importance for the economic, social and cultural aspects of the life of the state and its population. The research goal is to compare opinions and expectations within international academic data and provide possible recommendations for further actions in the field that can be relev...

The paper is dedicated to the role of the language in the law-making process. In the ancient times nonlinguistic signs prevailed, and the words were used along with the elements of the ritual widely implemented in the process of creating and implementing legal rules. Representatives of ancient civilizations sought to convert non-linguistic signs into words to denote the rules of human behaviour. The problem of the language in the law-making process was caused out of necessity to issue the laws in the written form. The study and development of the language in the law-making process is relevant up to now as any situation being subject to legal influence can be viewed as legal interpretation and identification. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the language in the law-making process. The essence of law is highlighted in the work as there are different definitions for law in general and the lawmaking process in particular. The novelty of the research is that the law making process ...

The article analyses the role and importance of the multimedia technology as an essential resource and one of the leading tools of organization of educational process, providing comprehensive training to a foreign language, with undisputable use of traditional forms and techniques. Multimedia technologies are developing rapidly, embracing new areas of everyday life. They fulfil the primary task maximum boosting of students’ autonomy and improving the quality of this autonomy; teaching them how to make decisions about what, how and when to study. This means two things: "to be able to learn" and have the necessary didactic materials. The author states the importance of certain computer programs, such as Watch2gether, ViewPure or Safeshare. Multimedia is an undisputable advantage in preparing for workshops and/or scientific conferences as the network is an infinite source of materials, and through the system links, the student is redirected to more and more sources of informa...