Adam A . Ambroziak
Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of World Economy, Faculty Member
- Social Sciences, International Relations, Economics, Finance, EU State Aid Law, European Studies, and 8 moreEuropean Union, European Union Law, Competition Law, International Trade Law, International Business, Poland, Lobbying, Internal market, Free Movement of Goods, and European Law, free movement & competition lawedit
- SGH Professor, Adam A. Ambroziak, Ph.D., SGH Warsaw School of Economicsedit
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Industrial policy can be defined on the basis of various factors. On one hand, it concerns all objectives, activities, and tools and their effects on only industry per se. On the other hand, due to substantial changes in business models,... more
Industrial policy can be defined on the basis of various factors. On one hand, it concerns all objectives, activities, and tools and their effects on only industry per se. On the other hand, due to substantial changes in business models, consumers’ needs and expectations, and access to new techniques and technologies, including digital platforms, traditional industry has evolved into a new type of industry. As a result one can find a very wide range of scope of industrial policy: from very narrow ones dedicated to selected traditional industries to very broad definitions which combine all activities run by business operators. As regards the objectives of traditional industrial policy, we find that some of them relate purely to selected sectors of industry. These are linked to, inter alia: (1) companies in economic trouble; (2) infant industries; (3) strategic industries; and (4) all other enterprises chosen by government on the basis of specific criteria.
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State aid is one of the most willingly-used traditional industrial policy tools. This is due to the fact that it is simple, clear and understood by politicians, society, and companies, and its effects are often very quick. On the other... more
State aid is one of the most willingly-used traditional industrial policy tools. This is due to the fact that it is simple, clear and understood by politicians, society, and companies, and its effects are often very quick. On the other hand however, every financial intervention on the market should be performed only for the purpose of tackling a defined market failure and should be limited, due to the fact that such interventions have a negative impact on competition. Nonetheless many politicians opt for an active industrial policy with a strong state aid component. The European Union, when creating first the common area for economic activities and later the internal market—without any physical, technical and fiscal barriers—had to introduce special rules reducing governmental interventions into the market. However, even though a market approach dominated in the EU policies and legal actions, many Member States have conducted their own industrial policies, often with large state aid components. This situation derives from the lack of strong treaty provisions concerning the common goals and tools of EU industrial policy, as well as a desire to assist national companies. The first Treaty establishing the EEC, as well as all its amendments, including the most recent Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, includes special provisions concerning a ban on granting state aid; however it contains some noteworthy exemptions. Nowadays, following the crisis period, many EU politicians argue that state aid rules are too strict and should either be relaxed or their implementation should take into consideration the competitiveness of national companies versus competitors from third countries in order to improve EU industrial competitiveness.
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Lockdowns imposed by the European Union (EU) Member States produced significant consequences in the form of losses to companies, which is why the Member States decided to assist businesses from public funds. This paper aims to identify... more
Lockdowns imposed by the European Union (EU) Member States produced significant consequences in the form of losses to companies, which is why the Member States decided to assist businesses from public funds. This paper aims to identify and initially assess the implementation of schemes under which coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-related state aid was granted in Poland in 2020 for different instruments and beneficiary sizes. The idea was to find out how well aforementioned schemes responded to the needs of companies affected the most by the COVID-19-inflicted crisis. To this end, statistical analysis was deployed to learn about the share of individual groups of businesses of different sizes in support instruments granted in relation with COVID-19 by type of aid. The study helped to demonstrate that Polish aid schemes approved by the European Commission in 2020 assisted mainly micro- and small-sized companies, which usually suffered from poor liquidity, by predominantly soft instr...
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The European single market was launched on 1 st January 1993. Presumably, it is at that time that three fundamental barriers (physical control at the border, various technical requirements, and differing systems of indirect taxation) were... more
The European single market was launched on 1 st January 1993. Presumably, it is at that time that three fundamental barriers (physical control at the border, various technical requirements, and differing systems of indirect taxation) were formally removed to ensure four treaty-based freedoms: free movement of goods, freedom to provide services, free movement of people and free movement of capital. The EU single market is characteristic in nature due to the scope of legislation governing businesses and consumers, which is largely subject not to unifi cation, rather only harmonisation. Regrettably, this has resulted in EU legislation being (deliberately at times) not always correctly implemented into the national legal system. This leads to market fragmentation and creates barriers, rather than eliminating them. This study aims to identify the relationship between full and correct implementation of EU legislation into the Member States' legal systems versus progress in European single market integration. Therefore, the evolution of indicators defi ning how much EU single market legislation in the Member States has been implemented was examined. At the same time, changes in transposition defi cit (from 1997 to 2021) and conformity defi cit (from 2004 to 2021) for particular Member States were critically analysed. Further, it was analysed how much the single market was integrated from the perspective of goods being the main components of the single European market. To this end, intra-EU trade was analysed as broken down into exports and imports of goods, versus the global trade of individual Member States (including trade with non-EU partners). The outcome of the study shows that both transposition and conformity defi cit levels are quite high. In turn, intra-EU trade in goods does not largely correspond to the extent of implementation of EU legislation, which may Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs, 3/2023 be caused by growing interest in non-EU partners without compromising EU presence.
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State aid is one of the fi nancial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions, including... more
State aid is one of the fi nancial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions, including regional and horizontal state aid. Given the centralised system for State aid in the EU, one could expect that the volume and structure in terms of forms and purposes of public aid granted should be similar from one member state to the next. Considering the diversity among what are now 27 member states, both from the perspective of experience in managing the economy and the directions of its development, the objective of this article is to capture and evaluate the similarities and differences in the approach taken to State aid as an instrument of intervention in two relatively different countries-Poland and Finland. To this end the comparative analysis will not only cover Poland and Finland themselves but also their respective groups of countries-the Visegrád Group and Scandinavian members of the EU. The above analysis permits the conclusion that the structure of public aid relative to the main purposes of granting differs signifi cantly between Poland and Finland, in favour of Finland, from the perspective of the achievement of the EU objectives associated with the successive economic strategies.
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State aid is one of the financial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions,including... more
State aid is one of the financial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions,including regional and horizontal state aid. Given the centralised system for State aid in the EU, one could expect that the volume and structure in terms of forms and purposes of public aid granted should be similar from one member state to the next. Considering the diversity among what are now 27 member states, both from the perspective of experience in managing the economy and the directions of its development, the objective of this article is to capture and evaluate the similarities and differences in the approach taken to State aid as an instrument of intervention in two relatively different countries – Poland and Finland. To this end the comparative analysis will not only cover Poland and Finland themselves but also their respective groups of countries – th...
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State aid is one of the fi nancial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions, including... more
State aid is one of the fi nancial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions, including regional and horizontal state aid. Given the centralised system for State aid in the EU, one could expect that the volume and structure in terms of forms and purposes of public aid granted should be similar from one member state to the next. Considering the diversity among what are now 27 member states, both from the perspective of experience in managing the economy and the directions of its development, the objective of this article is to capture and evaluate the similarities and differences in the approach taken to State aid as an instrument of intervention in two relatively different countries-Poland and Finland. To this end the comparative analysis will not only cover Poland and Finland themselves but also their respective groups of countries-the Visegrád Group and Scandinavian members of the EU. The above analysis permits the conclusion that the structure of public aid relative to the main purposes of granting differs signifi cantly between Poland and Finland, in favour of Finland, from the perspective of the achievement of the EU objectives associated with the successive economic strategies.
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The first objective of this study is to verify the intensity of sectoral distribution of COVID-19 state aid (both from the point of view of size and sector of economic activity) in groups of enterprises that were most affected by the... more
The first objective of this study is to verify the intensity of sectoral distribution of COVID-19 state aid (both from the point of view of size and sector of economic activity) in groups of enterprises that were most affected by the negative effects of freezing the economy. It should be stressed that during the pandemic, in addition to COVID-19 state aid, i.e. aid provided in connection with lockdowns, Member States, including Poland, continued their policy of public intervention under the existing legislation, granting general state aid. Given the fact that the COVID-19 state aid was granted under a legal framework that significantly liberalised
financial state intervention, the second objective of the study is to verify whether COVID-19 state aid changed the structure of distribution of general state aid in Poland.
financial state intervention, the second objective of the study is to verify whether COVID-19 state aid changed the structure of distribution of general state aid in Poland.
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Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China?s trade in services as a result of the ?opening up? policy. China has become the... more
Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China?s trade in services as a result of the ?opening up? policy. China has become the European Union?s second biggest trading partner in services with the European Union (EU), being China?s largest trading partner. The EU is one of the addressees of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, which creates opportunities and threads to the European Internal Market in services. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature and fulfil the research gap on the position of China in intra-EU trade in services. Methods: We identified the most important types of services offered by China to purchasers from the EU countries. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and trade balance (LFI) indices, we classified the Chinese exports to the EU Internal Market by types of services and by their trade ...
There is no single, common agreed-upon definition of industrial policy. The nature and scope of industrial policies adopted by states has changed over time. Historically, national governments played a central role in the implementation of... more
There is no single, common agreed-upon definition of industrial policy. The nature and scope of industrial policies adopted by states has changed over time. Historically, national governments played a central role in the implementation of industrial policy by supporting infant industries, ‘picking the winners’ and investing large amounts of public money via the disbursement of financial subsidies to private companies. Nowadays however, mainstream economists agree that market mechanisms are essential for getting the relative price right and thereby facilitating efficient resource allocation. Notwithstanding this, in some cases governments can play a crucial role in facilitating industrial transformation. There are three ways for public administration to impact the behaviour of entrepreneurs, i.e., through a legal framework creating an administrative and legal environment favourable for economic activities; through a political climate supporting objectives defined by the government; and by offering financial assistance and tools to improve the position of selected beneficiaries. On one hand, industrial policy is treated as an equivalent to restructuring policy, i.e. one which helps change the structure of the economy and gives new impetus for growth and development. However, on the other hand it can be used to intervene in the market, thus disturbing competition. In both cases we can observe similar or even identical arguments for such opposite policies, but with the consequences for beneficiaries and their competitors understood in completely different ways. The main objective of this chapter is a review of the various definitions of industrial policy, as well as a presentation of arguments for and against industrial policy understood in the traditional way. To this end we analyse articles, chapters in books, and scientific papers to find out the main schools of industrial policy, their aims, goals and instruments, as well as the envisioned consequences to entrepreneurs and for the economy as a whole, including changes in the competitive position of beneficiaries, competitors and customers. In order to ensure clarity, thematic unity, precision, and a proper presentation of various approaches to industrial policy, the chapter has been prepared using original statements, phrases and quotations from over 110 publications, supplemented in some cases by the author’s own critical remarks and opinions.
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Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China's trade in services as a result of the 'opening up' policy. China has become the... more
Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China's trade in services as a result of the 'opening up' policy. China has become the European Union's second biggest trading partner in services with the European Union (EU), being China's largest trading partner. The EU is one of the addressees of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, which creates opportunities and threads to the European Internal Market in services. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature and fulfil the research gap on the position of China in intra-EU trade in services. Methods: We identified the most important types of services offered by China to purchasers from the EU countries. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and trade balance (LFI) indices, we classified the Chinese exports to the EU Internal Market by types of services and by their trade position. Findings & value added: We found out that China might be perceived as a strong competitor for intra-EU trade in selected services, especially those concerning low-end service tasks, that use relatively low-skilled labour and are less knowledge-and capital-intensive. However, China's attitude is changing towards more sophisticated services for example R&D. It creates a need for
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Research Interests: Business, Sociology, Human Geography, Science Policy, Local Government, and 14 moreLocal Government and Local Development, Local Development, Ecology, Regional development, Urban And Regional Planning, Regional Studies, Poland, Applied Economics, Special Economic Zones, Localisation, Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ), R, F, and Location factors
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The purpose of the book is to analyse the influence of special economic zones (SEZ) in Poland on the development of regions. The contents includes: an overview of major economic theories and theories explaining SEZ in the main stream of... more
The purpose of the book is to analyse the influence of special economic zones (SEZ) in Poland on the development of regions. The contents includes: an overview of major economic theories and theories explaining SEZ in the main stream of economic studies, a review of the types of preferential economic zones in the world, comparative analysis of legal basis and principles governing creation of SEZ in Polish and EU legislation, amount of state aid in SEZ and impact assessment of SEZ on government finances, on national and local labour markets, investments, entrepreneurship and cooperation links. The findings of the book are based on legal, statistical and economic studies. However, it should be noted that it was impossible to separate effects of domestic economic growth from results of development of special economic zones in Poland. Moreover, Poland's accession to the European Union and adjustment of Polish legislation in many areas to the EU law constituted an important impulse t...
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Przedmiotem badania prezentowanego w niniejszej monografii są wybrane implikacje ekonomiczne i prawne inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę dla Unii Europejskiej, w tym dla Polski, i dla świata. Wymiar ekonomiczny obejmuje przede wszystkim aspekty... more
Przedmiotem badania prezentowanego w niniejszej monografii są wybrane implikacje ekonomiczne i prawne inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę dla Unii Europejskiej, w tym dla Polski, i dla świata. Wymiar ekonomiczny obejmuje przede wszystkim aspekty handlowe, a wymiar prawny – zagadnienie reakcji na inwazję na forum organów głównych Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych i instytucji Systemu Narodów Zjednoczonych oraz prawnych aspektów pomocy humanitarnej udzielanej obywatelom Ukrainy w Polsce w związku z konfliktem zbrojnym w ich kraju. Celem analizy przedstawionej w pierwszej części monografii było zbadanie, jak inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę może wpłynąć na światowy handel towarami, w szczególności na wymianę towarową Unii Europejskiej, w tym Polski, z Ukrainą i Rosją.
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Niniejsza część zawiera podstawowe wnioski płynące z badania skutków obecnej wojny w Ukrainie zarówno dla Polski i Unii Europejskiej, jak też dla pozostałych państw w świecie, przeprowadzonego w rozdziałach I–III. Wskazano w niej, że... more
Niniejsza część zawiera podstawowe wnioski płynące z badania skutków obecnej wojny w Ukrainie zarówno dla Polski i Unii Europejskiej, jak też dla pozostałych państw w świecie, przeprowadzonego w rozdziałach I–III. Wskazano w niej, że wojna w Ukrainie ma daleko idące konsekwencje dla wszystkich partnerów handlowych, a zatem zarówno dla państw członkowskich UE, w tym Polski, jak i dla całego świata. Wśród najważniejszych skutków opisano m.in. negatywny wpływ wojny na bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe wielu państw, na ceny żywności, dostępność nawozów sztucznych, środków ochrony roślin oraz pasz dla zwierząt. Wskazano też na ogromne ryzyko wystąpienia już w niedługim czasie głodu w wielu państwach słabiej rozwiniętych, zależnych silnie od importu podstawowych surowców rolnych z Rosji i Ukrainy, a w konsekwencji – także niepokojów społecznych i destabilizacji politycznej. Dotyczy to również sytuacji w UE, która, aby ograniczyć głosy podważające zasadność jej funkcjonowania w wymiarze politycznym, powinna zapewnić solidarność w działaniu na rzecz ochrony demokratycznych państw w Europie. Istotnym negatywnym skutkiem wojny są też poważne zakłócenia w funkcjonowaniu globalnych
łańcuchów dostaw (zwłaszcza w relacjach z Ukrainą), które już spowodowały perturbacje w niektórych sektorach gospodarki w UE, w tym w Polsce i innych państwach rozwiniętych (zwłaszcza w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym). Konsekwencje wojny rozpatrywano też w szerszym kontekście realizowanej w UE transformacji klimatycznej, w tym energetycznej, procesów inwestycyjnych w regionie oraz koncepcji bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę opisową.
łańcuchów dostaw (zwłaszcza w relacjach z Ukrainą), które już spowodowały perturbacje w niektórych sektorach gospodarki w UE, w tym w Polsce i innych państwach rozwiniętych (zwłaszcza w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym). Konsekwencje wojny rozpatrywano też w szerszym kontekście realizowanej w UE transformacji klimatycznej, w tym energetycznej, procesów inwestycyjnych w regionie oraz koncepcji bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę opisową.
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Inwazja na Ukrainę z 24 lutego 2022 r. stała się kluczowym czynnikiem utrudniającym współpracę gospodarczą między Unią Europejską a Rosją. Kolejne sankcje wprowadzane przez stronę unijną w celu powstrzymania wojny, a także decyzje władz... more
Inwazja na Ukrainę z 24 lutego 2022 r. stała się kluczowym czynnikiem utrudniającym współpracę gospodarczą między Unią Europejską a Rosją. Kolejne sankcje wprowadzane przez stronę unijną w celu powstrzymania wojny, a także decyzje władz rosyjskich mające na celu m.in. przeciwdziałanie skutkom wprowadzanych sankcji (np. spadkom wartości
rosyjskiej waluty), prowadzą do sytuacji, w której wzajemny handel jest coraz trudniejszy i bardziej kosztowny. Celem niniejszej części monografii jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak obecna sytuacja wpłynie na handel Unii Europejskiej, w tym Polski, z Rosją i jakie są możliwości przesunięcia unijnego handlu na rynki innych krajów. Punktem wyjścia rozważań była analiza dotychczasowej struktury handlu UE–Rosja, w szczególności znaczenia relacji z Rosją dla poszczególnych państw członkowskich, pozycji konkurencyjnej Polski na tle innych państw członkowskich (analiza przewag komparatywnych/specjalizacji w eksporcie i imporcie), struktury towarowej wzajemnego handlu oraz alternatywnych rynków zbytu i zaopatrzenia. Tę część monografii zamyka podsumowanie. Badanie
pozwoliło wskazać, że z uwagi na strukturę wymiany handlowej zastąpienie Rosji jako dostawcy surowców będzie się wiązało z dużymi kosztami (wyższe ceny towarów), ale też nie będzie możliwe w krótkiej perspektywie. W badaniu wykorzystano różne metody analityczne, w tym metodę opisową i metody statystyczne, m.in. wskaźniki ujawnionej przewagi komparatywnej (specjalizacji) oraz pozycji handlowej netto ujęte według koncepcji Widodo.
rosyjskiej waluty), prowadzą do sytuacji, w której wzajemny handel jest coraz trudniejszy i bardziej kosztowny. Celem niniejszej części monografii jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak obecna sytuacja wpłynie na handel Unii Europejskiej, w tym Polski, z Rosją i jakie są możliwości przesunięcia unijnego handlu na rynki innych krajów. Punktem wyjścia rozważań była analiza dotychczasowej struktury handlu UE–Rosja, w szczególności znaczenia relacji z Rosją dla poszczególnych państw członkowskich, pozycji konkurencyjnej Polski na tle innych państw członkowskich (analiza przewag komparatywnych/specjalizacji w eksporcie i imporcie), struktury towarowej wzajemnego handlu oraz alternatywnych rynków zbytu i zaopatrzenia. Tę część monografii zamyka podsumowanie. Badanie
pozwoliło wskazać, że z uwagi na strukturę wymiany handlowej zastąpienie Rosji jako dostawcy surowców będzie się wiązało z dużymi kosztami (wyższe ceny towarów), ale też nie będzie możliwe w krótkiej perspektywie. W badaniu wykorzystano różne metody analityczne, w tym metodę opisową i metody statystyczne, m.in. wskaźniki ujawnionej przewagi komparatywnej (specjalizacji) oraz pozycji handlowej netto ujęte według koncepcji Widodo.
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‘Poland in the European Union. Report 2022’ is now the second annual report prepared by the Department of European Integration and Legal Studies at the Collegium of World Economy, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics. It covers selected... more
‘Poland in the European Union. Report 2022’ is now the second annual report prepared by the Department of European Integration and Legal Studies at the Collegium of World Economy, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics. It covers selected issues related to economic and legal dimensions of Poland’s membership in the European Union. The Report was prepared based on data available as of January 2022.
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This book, entitled ‘New challenges for the European Union’s Industrial Policy: climate change, servitisation, digitalisation’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project conducted in the Collegium of World Economy at... more
This book, entitled ‘New challenges for the European Union’s Industrial Policy: climate change, servitisation, digitalisation’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project conducted in the Collegium of World Economy at the Warsaw School of Economics in 2019. The main objective of the research was to identify and evaluate major challenges and opportunities, as well as threats and dangers for the future EU industrial policy.
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A new concept of the Industry 4.0 revolution is completely different from the previous ones. At this point, it is worth reminding that mechanisation, i.e., the invention and use of the steam engine, marks the beginning of the industrial... more
A new concept of the Industry 4.0 revolution is completely different from the previous ones. At this point, it is worth reminding that mechanisation, i.e., the invention and use of the steam engine, marks the beginning of the industrial age Industry 1.0. The next step included electrification which replaced less efficient steam engines with electric engines able to continuously manufacture products at relatively low energy cost (Industry 2.0). Compared to the previous revolution, waiting for Industry 3.0 based on narrowly interpreted digitalisation (digital input of data into machines) took much longer. Over this period, we could observe the development of increasingly more powerful computers that control manufacturing processes. Machines became more productive, precise, and flexible while digitalisation enabled reaching further advancement in automation. New planning and control systems started to emerge, intended to coordinate production activities. The main components of Industry 4.0 are integration and networking taken together, dependent of each other and supporting each other via the Internet. Taking into consideration the aforementioned issues, the Industry 4.0 revolution has triggered clearly more economical and socially responsible use of resources to meet consumer needs. The above-mentioned needs are identified at individual level and in real time, which surely accelerates the meeting of individualised consumer expectations and needs. As a result, by networking and the exchange of data between products and consumers in the fourth industrial revolution, companies can make their production processes more economical, taking account of the environmental, economic, and social aspects.
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The provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union concerning state aid have remained unchanged practically since the beginning of the European economic integration. The same wording can be found already in the Treaty... more
The provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union concerning state aid have remained unchanged practically since the beginning of the European economic integration. The same wording can be found already in the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community signed in 1957. Subsequent amendments to the first Treaty, dictated by the new economic challenges, such as the building of the EU internal market (Single European Act of 1986) or the Economic and Monetary Union (Maastricht Treaty of 1992), as well as political motivations (Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Lisbon) and subsequent enlargements of the EU (in 1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004, and 2013) did not introduce any material changes except replacing the term “common market” with “internal market” in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Does it mean that after more than 60 years when these provisions have been binding, they should be modified to, as some people suggest, in order to better reflect today’s challenges? What position should Poland adopt in this field? To answer these questions, we need to take a closer look at premises and circumstances surrounding the adoption of this provision, its nature and consequences for the entire EU and for individual Member States, including Poland in the association period and over fifteen years of the country’s EU membership.
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This book, entitled ‘Regional Dimension of the EU Economic Policy in Poland’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project coordinated by the Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration in the Collegium of World Economy at... more
This book, entitled ‘Regional Dimension of the EU Economic Policy in Poland’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project coordinated by the Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration in the Collegium of World Economy at the Warsaw School of Economics. The main objective of the research was to assess the consequences and compatibility of state interventions in regions in Poland with the EU economic policy during the period 2007–2013. These interventions
at the regional level were examined in terms of both theoretical considerations and empirical experiences. Support schemes targeting entrepreneurs have become one of the major pillars of the EU economic policy in almost all of its areas, including
improving the human capital base, encouraging innovation, and assistance in meeting the increasingly restrictive environmental requirements. The study focused on the support provided, analysed in terms of programme-related, legislative, administrative and financial aspects.
at the regional level were examined in terms of both theoretical considerations and empirical experiences. Support schemes targeting entrepreneurs have become one of the major pillars of the EU economic policy in almost all of its areas, including
improving the human capital base, encouraging innovation, and assistance in meeting the increasingly restrictive environmental requirements. The study focused on the support provided, analysed in terms of programme-related, legislative, administrative and financial aspects.
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Period of functioning of special economic zones in Poland (SEZ) after 10 years of membership in the European Union allows one to draw some conclusions about both the need, effectiveness and the results of public interventions in the form... more
Period of functioning of special economic zones in Poland (SEZ) after 10 years of membership in the European Union allows one to draw some conclusions about both the need, effectiveness and the results of public interventions in the form of tax breaks for businesses that invest in these areas. Of the sixteen originally created SEZ, still remain fourteen. It is worth paying attention to some very important details of their operation. Firstly, they are managed by the so-called zone companies which and investors and help them to meet most of the administrative requirements. However, they do not limit their over to individual voivodeships, but rather follow the preferences of investors seeking to locate themselves in larger urban and industrial agglomerations [Ambroziak, 2009]. As a result, there are several hundred so-called sub-zones of special economic zones scattered throughout the country. Secondly, all the conditions for authorisation to operate in the zone are identical throughout the country. Thirdly, the size of the support provided, which is a derivative of a permissible regional aid, is determined by the location of an investment and the classification of a voivodeship and not, for example by a place of the headquarters of the company managing the zone. Consequently, one decided to analyse the results of functioning of the SEZ at the level of voivodeships, which will allow to better and more accurately associate the possible effects of the size and intensity of acceptable support regulated by EU legislation.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of granting state aid in special economic zones (SEZ) at the level of voivodeships after the Polish accession to the European Union. It’s about capturing both the direct effects of the zones in the form of new investments and employment of staff, as well as an assessment of the possible directions of their influence on the socio -economic situation of the regions.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of granting state aid in special economic zones (SEZ) at the level of voivodeships after the Polish accession to the European Union. It’s about capturing both the direct effects of the zones in the form of new investments and employment of staff, as well as an assessment of the possible directions of their influence on the socio -economic situation of the regions.
Research Interests: European Studies, European integration, European Union, Special Economic Zones, Special Economic Zones in India, Export and FDI comparative Study, and 6 moreState aid, Subsidies, EU State Aid Law, Political Economy, Rent-seeking, Special interest politics, Government Initiatives and Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and Special Economixc Zone
Recently we have been hearing more and more often about the need of reindustrialization in the European Union. Following a period of fascination with the development of the service sector, European politicians have started seeking a way... more
Recently we have been hearing more and more often about the need of reindustrialization in the European Union. Following a period of fascination with the development of the service sector, European politicians have started seeking a way to boost economic growth through support to industry. The challenge currently facing the EU is the future of the single internal market. On the one hand, it remains a viable tool of EU economic growth, which is politically reflected in the new internal market strategy for goods and services announced by the European Commission for 2015. On the other hand, after the recent period of economic crisis, some Member States have intensified their protectionist attitudes. Based on the analysis of trade in goods and services in the EU internal market in the light of worldwide tendencies, we will highlight the up till now trade trends within the EU and specific areas in which the EU enjoys comparative advantages; we will also identify directions for further EU development taking account of economic challenges. The analysis confirms the increasing importance of intra-EU trade in services. Nevertheless, it is hard to conclude that it happens at the cost of the trade in goods as the extra-EU exports are clearly on an upward trend. This is more a confirmation of the servitization of economic activities in the EU, especially with respect to trade, rather than a reflection of the need of reindustrialization.
Research Interests:
Zasady udzielania pomocy publicznej mają na celu zapewnienie konkurencji na rynku wewnętrznym UE poprzez ustanowienie ram prawnych interwencji rządów państw członkowskich w gospodarkę. Mimo że strategia lizbońska została uzgodniona w 2000... more
Zasady udzielania pomocy publicznej mają na celu zapewnienie konkurencji na rynku wewnętrznym UE poprzez ustanowienie ram prawnych interwencji rządów państw członkowskich w gospodarkę. Mimo że strategia lizbońska została uzgodniona w 2000 r., dopiero w 2005 r. przeprowadzono zmiany polityki pomocy publicznej w celu ułatwienia osiągnięcia postawionych wówczas celów. Kryzys gospodarczy, nowe założenia strategii Europa 2020 oraz wieloletnich ram finansowych 2014-2020 wymusiły na Komisji ponowną modernizacją zasad udzielania wsparcia publicznego. Polityka pomocy publicznej w Polsce bardzo powoli zbliża się do modelu interwencjonizmu innych państw członkowskich UE. Wciąż, zamiast wsparcia proekologicznego i innowacyjnego największy udział w pomocy publicznej mają środki przeznaczane na pierwotne inwestycje i zatrudnienie, co odpowiada bieżącym potrzebom przedsiębiorców, ale nie stanowi odpowiedzi na przyszłe wyzwania globalnej konkurencji na rynku światowym.