- United Kingdom
Rebecca Sweetman
University of St Andrews, Classics, Faculty Member
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Studies of Christianisation in mainland Greece have indicated different processes, planned and unplanned, of religious change. Memory and tradition were drawn on to help situate the earliest churches within existing social and religious... more
Studies of Christianisation in mainland Greece have indicated different processes, planned and unplanned, of religious change. Memory and tradition were drawn on to help situate the earliest churches within existing social and religious structures without creating significant tension. Using the methodology developed for the study of the Peloponnese, the aim of this work is to examine three topographically and politically distinct regions (Crete, Cyprus and Lycia) to assess the extent to which various network connections provided a conduit for religious change throughout the Late Antique period.
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This work examines the use of memory and tradition in the Christianization of the Peloponnese based on the evidence of the location and topography of churches. The different processes of conversion in the area have already been discussed... more
This work examines the use of memory and tradition in the Christianization of the Peloponnese based on the evidence of the location and topography of churches. The different processes of conversion in the area have already been discussed and the focus of this work is to show the extent of continuation of religious practice from the Roman to Late Antique periods. A diachronic analysis of the evidence for towns and sanctuaries from the fourth to seventh centuries will be presented. Throughout the different Christianization processes, it is argued that memory and tradition were managed by the church in terms of its location, architecture and rituals. It is likely that the church consciously maintained certain traditions, of place, imagery and action, in order to retain and use memory traces from the established religious structures to help situate the Christian church as a central element of community life and identity. As such it is contended that an essential element of the Christianization process was to maintain earlier memories and traditions not only to enable an efficiently unobtrusive conversion for its long-term success, but also to ensure the maintenance of existing social structures which in turn sustained the church.
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The issue of the persistence of paganism is now quite well considered; however, it is only in recent times that the same concern approached from another perspective, the multifaceted nature of the Christianisation of the Peloponnese, has... more
The issue of the persistence of paganism is now quite well considered; however, it is only in recent times that the same concern approached from another perspective, the multifaceted nature of the Christianisation of the Peloponnese, has become the topic of detailed discussion. It is likely that Christianisation in Achaea took place incrementally and with a variety of effects according to the location. The processes of how this took place and under what circumstances remain to be discussed in detail. As a considered and active process, understanding methods of conversion should provide insights into the nature of society at the time, particularly in terms of communications. Church location reflects a range of choices made in terms of the conversion process and therefore is fundamental to analysing religious transformation. Such insights are important, particularly given the dearth of historical sources for, and difficulties of refining, church chronologies in the Peloponnese. In the case of the Late Antique Peloponnese, a great deal is known about many individual churches as a result of quite extensive excavation of a majority of them, particularly through the work of Pallas and Orlandos. This evidence, together with the results of a survey of all the known Late Antique churches in the Peloponnese undertaken in 2012, makes possible a synthetic interpretation of all the material within the surrounding landscape. While the precise chronologies may remain elusive, this present study shows how sociological theories of conversion processes can be applied to the topographic analysis of the Late Antique churches of the Peloponnese to help determine the nature of Christianisation across the diachronic range. In this work I will present some new theories regarding processes and phases of conversion, and the implications of these in terms of understanding networks and society in the Late Antique Peloponnese.
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The construction and consolidation of knowledge through the practical application of concepts and processes can be difficult to support for subjects where practice is an integral component of competence and expertise in that domain. For... more
The construction and consolidation of knowledge through the practical application of concepts and processes can be difficult to support for subjects where practice is an integral component of competence and expertise in that domain. For example, participation in an archaeological excavation is not readily available to students, although a detailed understanding of what processes this involves is deemed to be core to the subject. The Laconia Acropolis Virtual Archaeology (LAVA) project has created a cooperative exploratory learning environment that addresses the need for students to engage with the complex practice of excavation. By leveraging the progressive nature of games methodologies and the immersive engagement provided by 3D multiuser virtual environments, LAVA facilitates the adoption of exploratory learning for excavation scenarios which have previously been inaccessible due to barriers of travel, time, and cost. A virtual environment based on real world data has been developed where groups of users are faced with a series of dynamic challenges with which they engage until such time that a certain level of competence is shown. Once a series of domain-specific objectives has been met, users are able to progress forward to the next level of the simulation. The excavation simulator enhances the student learning experience by providing opportunities for students to engage with the process in a customizable, virtual environment. Not only does this provide students with an opportunity to put the theories they are familiar with into practice, but it also allows students to gain experience in applying their skills in a bid to manage an excavation process, thereby making it possible for a greater emphasis to be placed on the practical application of knowledge that the excavation process necessitates. The potential of this approach has been confirmed by a positive user evaluation. LAVA contributes toward the progress of technology-enhanced learning by illustrating the- - instantiation of a framework which demonstrates how to integrate games methods with learning management systems and virtual worlds in order to support higher order learning behaviors such as applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating.
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The perception of Late Antique Knossos has changed in recent years from one of a city in desertion to one of a flourishing innovator. Within this context of renewed theories regarding the Late Antique city, this article provides a... more
The perception of Late Antique Knossos has changed in recent years from one of a city in desertion to one of a flourishing innovator. Within this context of renewed theories regarding the Late Antique city, this article provides a contribution to the further understanding of the nature of society during this period. Of the Late Antique remains at the Knossos Medical Faculty site, only the Basilica building itself has been published in detail. As such, the aim of this work is to complete the publication record for the Late Antique and other features at the Knossos Medical Faculty site. To this end, the evidence of the entire Basilica complex is discussed and a full account of the mortuary data including the skeletal remains is presented. In addition to the religious architecture and mortuary data the secular material dating to the Venetian and Ottoman periods is considered. Consequently, this overview of the history and function of the KMF basilica complex adds to the expanding knowledge of Late Antique Knossos with particular regard to the religious and burial practices.
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The Acropolis Basilica Project, Sparta: a preliminary report for the 2000 season1 Rebecca Sweetman, Evi Katsara DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400017469 Published online: 01 September 2013, pp. 429-468... more
The Acropolis Basilica Project, Sparta: a preliminary report for the 2000 season1
Rebecca Sweetman, Evi Katsara
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400017469
Published online: 01 September 2013, pp. 429-468
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The Acropolis Basilica, Sparta, was first excavated by G. Guttle, under the auspices of the British School at Athens, in the 1920s. Two further campaigns were carried out by members of the Athens Archaeological Society, who were not privy to the unpublished excavation daybooks of the British campaign. As a result, 80 years on, the church is still poorly understood; its date and chronological development have been the subject of much scholarly debate, as has its attribution to Osios Nikon. The first phase of a new study of the basilica is now well underway. This consists of non-intrusive study and recording to reach a better understanding of the monument and the previous investigations before new excavations are carried out. The aims of the first phase of the project are to undertake archaeological cleaning of the basilica and its associated buildings to facilitate the production of an accurate ground plan of monuments, the creation of stone by stone elevations of the exterior walls of all the buildings, and the detailed photography of every aspect of the entire basilica complex. Detailed recording of the features exposed in the basilica has been carried out in order to assess chronological phasing (both through context and architecture), use of space within the basilica and potential reconstructions of the edifices. Following the first season of the project, we have a number of preliminary ideas regarding the phasing of the basilica and use of architectural space. In this article we present these ideas, our methodology, a new plan of the monument and its associated buildings and, for the first time, a resume of Cuttle's excavations.
Rebecca Sweetman, Evi Katsara
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400017469
Published online: 01 September 2013, pp. 429-468
Article
Get access
Export citation
Hide abstract
The Acropolis Basilica, Sparta, was first excavated by G. Guttle, under the auspices of the British School at Athens, in the 1920s. Two further campaigns were carried out by members of the Athens Archaeological Society, who were not privy to the unpublished excavation daybooks of the British campaign. As a result, 80 years on, the church is still poorly understood; its date and chronological development have been the subject of much scholarly debate, as has its attribution to Osios Nikon. The first phase of a new study of the basilica is now well underway. This consists of non-intrusive study and recording to reach a better understanding of the monument and the previous investigations before new excavations are carried out. The aims of the first phase of the project are to undertake archaeological cleaning of the basilica and its associated buildings to facilitate the production of an accurate ground plan of monuments, the creation of stone by stone elevations of the exterior walls of all the buildings, and the detailed photography of every aspect of the entire basilica complex. Detailed recording of the features exposed in the basilica has been carried out in order to assess chronological phasing (both through context and architecture), use of space within the basilica and potential reconstructions of the edifices. Following the first season of the project, we have a number of preliminary ideas regarding the phasing of the basilica and use of architectural space. In this article we present these ideas, our methodology, a new plan of the monument and its associated buildings and, for the first time, a resume of Cuttle's excavations.
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Thirty Roman mosaics are now known from the Knossos Valley. The Villa Dionysos, with eight mosaics thus far uncovered, forms the largest coherent group. Recent work undertaken at the nearby bath house has revealed a small group of three... more
Thirty Roman mosaics are now known from the Knossos Valley. The Villa Dionysos, with eight mosaics thus far uncovered, forms the largest coherent group. Recent work undertaken at the nearby bath house has revealed a small group of three mosaics. For the most part the remainder are isolated examples, commonly found during rescue excavation and often not well preserved. The mosaics range in date from the late first to the late third century AD and they display a variety of styles from black and white to polychrome and themes from simple geometric to complex figured designs. This paper presents a catalogue of the mosaics followed by a synthetic analysis, providing cultural evidence for the hitherto not well-understood Roman period of Knossos and adding to the corpus of mosaics in Greece.
Despite the limitations of such a study, imposed by the nature of the recovery of the material culture, it is possible, through an understanding of mosaic distribution, context and type, to make suggestions regarding the function of different areas within the city. An analysis of chronology and evidence for workshop production provides data for economic and cultural fluctuations and, importantly, a study of the mosaics helps to place Knossos within the broader context of the Roman Empire.
Despite the limitations of such a study, imposed by the nature of the recovery of the material culture, it is possible, through an understanding of mosaic distribution, context and type, to make suggestions regarding the function of different areas within the city. An analysis of chronology and evidence for workshop production provides data for economic and cultural fluctuations and, importantly, a study of the mosaics helps to place Knossos within the broader context of the Roman Empire.
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This paper introduces the Laconia Acropolis Virtual Archaeology (LAVA) project, a cooperative exploratory learning environment that addresses the need for students to engage with archaeological excavation scenarios. By leveraging the... more
This paper introduces the Laconia Acropolis Virtual Archaeology (LAVA) project, a cooperative exploratory learning environment that addresses the need for students to engage with archaeological excavation scenarios. By leveraging the immersive nature of game technologies and 3D Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVEs), LAVA facilitates the adoption of exploratory learning practices in environments which have previously been inaccessible due to barriers of space, time or cost (Collis 2001; Aitchison 2004; Colley 2004). In this paper we present our experiences and reflections during the development of a virtual excavation based on a Byzantine basilica excavated by the British School of Athens during 2000-1 (Sweetman 2000–2001; Sweetman and Katsara 2002). We consider the, benefits of allowing students to collaboratively manage and participate in a virtual excavation of the basilica and highlight how real-world findings can be used to provide an authentic virtual excavation experience. An infrastructure that supports a group-based exploratory approach is presented, which integrates 3D technologies into an existing learning management system to enable location-independent, self-paced access.
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This paper presents an approach to utilising computer game technologies and methodologies to support explorative learning. This approach has particular relevance to subjects such as archaeology and geography which contain a significant... more
This paper presents an approach to utilising computer game technologies and methodologies to support explorative learning. This approach has particular relevance to subjects such as archaeology and geography which contain a significant fieldwork component. A detailed case study, the LAVA project, is presented and the design decisions taken discussed. LAVA was motivated by the need to provide support for explorative
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This book examines the rich corpus of mosaics created in Crete during the Roman and Late Antique eras. It provides essential information on the style, iconography and chronology of the material, as well as discussion of the craftspeople... more
This book examines the rich corpus of mosaics created in Crete during the Roman and Late Antique eras. It provides essential information on the style, iconography and chronology of the material, as well as discussion of the craftspeople who created them and the technologies they used. The contextualized mosaic evidence also reveals a new understanding of Roman and Late Antique Crete. It helps shed light on the processes by which Crete became part of the Roman Empire, its subsequent Christianization and the pivotal role the island played in the Mediterranean network of societies during these periods. This book provides an original approach to the study of mosaics and an innovative method of presenting a diachronic view of provincial Cretan society.
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This book offers a new perspective on, and approach to the study of Roman colonial foundations. The collection of papers comes from the 2007 conference, 100 Years of Solitude, Colonies in the first century of their foundation held in St... more
This book offers a new perspective on, and approach to the study of Roman colonial foundations. The collection of papers comes from the 2007 conference, 100 Years of Solitude, Colonies in the first century of their foundation held in St Andrews. This volume brings together studies on Roman colonies of the Eastern and the Western Empire across a period of some 400 years. The contributors address key questions about the nature of the foundation and development of colonies using literary, epigraphic, numismatic, architectural and other archaeological evidence to challenge traditional ideas of what a Roman colony is. While the papers focus on diverse colonies, several critical themes remain common to many, such as issues of patronage, changing relationships with Rome, the time it takes for the effects of the colonial status to be visible in the archaeological record, and topics relating to different levels of identity and defining population groups. Altogether, the work provides an inclusive geographical and chronological approach which allows an examination of both local and Roman perspectives, and shows that the foundation and development of a colony are not homogenous processes.
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... Both would have beneµted from drawing attention to some of the parallels in the sources for the Roman and Byzantine periods. Nowicki, in his conclusions, presents a tidy overview of arguments and theories regarding LM IIIC Crete. ...... more
... Both would have beneµted from drawing attention to some of the parallels in the sources for the Roman and Byzantine periods. Nowicki, in his conclusions, presents a tidy overview of arguments and theories regarding LM IIIC Crete. ... REBECCA SWEETMAN PARTHIA ...
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Religious space and topography of the Cyclades, 8th century BCE to 8th century CE. 25 - 27 May 2017 at St Andrews. Throughout their history the Cycladic islands have played a central role in the communication networks of the Eastern... more
Religious space and topography of the Cyclades, 8th century BCE to 8th century CE.
25 - 27 May 2017 at St Andrews.
Throughout their history the Cycladic islands have played a central role in the communication networks of the Eastern Mediterranean; in some respects this is reflected in the desires of the larger surrounding powers (Athenians, Persians, Ptolemies) to control them for their location and resources. Such a view somewhat distracts from the more complex interactions that existed within and between the Cyclades themselves which are probably best represented by the rich variety of religious spaces in the islands. When viewed from the perspective of the islands themselves, the diachronic history of the topography of sanctuaries reveals for some a more conscious intention of development that goes beyond simply religious veneration. Furthermore, scrutiny of local cult sites adds to the complexity of control within such contrasting landscapes. Central to most religious sites was the undertaking and in some cases, the accomplishment of the journey. Different landscapes formal or otherwise, natural, enhanced or built, embellish the journey helping to create more intense experiences. The variety of religious spaces in different landscapes; from easily accessible coastal ones to more secluded rural sanctuaries, reflect interrelated cultural terrains for communication and interaction on regional and supraregional networking contexts. As residents and visitors moved through the sea- and land-scapes to reach these cult sites, network connections were made and different social functions and meanings were articulated; from control of land to community identity to connecting people. The aim of this workshop is to bring together scholars working on networks and religion, particularly in the Cyclades, with a view to understanding how the movement to places and their topography shaped the foundations of cult sites, as well as their development and functions over time. By including all the Cycladic islands within a period from the 8th century BC to the 8th century CE, the range and scope will enable an enhanced diachronic view of the functions of religious spaces in the Cyclades and their contribution to a variety of levels of network connections. Under the broad topic of movement through religious landscapes, a range of topics will be addressed including:
• Cult site location: the journey and how it was defined.
• Who were the pilgrims to the Cyclades and why did they travel?
• Regional and local sanctuaries; interaction and reaction.
• Religious space and island topography.
• Creation and termination of religious networks.
• Religious hubs and their growth.
This workshop which will run under the Centre for Landscape studies, St Andrews will bring together European scholars working on a range of periods and theoretical approaches to cult sites, religious journeys, networks and the Cyclades.
Invited scholars include:
Dr Dimitris Athanasoulis (Ephor of the Cyclades)
Dr Christy Constantakopoulou (Birkbeck University)
Dr Yannos Kourayos (Director of Archaeological Museum, Paros)
Dr Christina Televantou (Ephorea of the Cyclades)
Professor Onno van Nijf, University of Groningen
Dr Mantha Zarmakoupi (University of Birmingham)
Call for papers
If you are interested in offering a 20-minute paper, please send an abstract of up to 400 words by the 23rd October to both Rebecca Sweetman (rs43@st-andrews.ac.uk) and Erica Morais Angliker (erica.morais.angliker@access.uzh.ch)
25 - 27 May 2017 at St Andrews.
Throughout their history the Cycladic islands have played a central role in the communication networks of the Eastern Mediterranean; in some respects this is reflected in the desires of the larger surrounding powers (Athenians, Persians, Ptolemies) to control them for their location and resources. Such a view somewhat distracts from the more complex interactions that existed within and between the Cyclades themselves which are probably best represented by the rich variety of religious spaces in the islands. When viewed from the perspective of the islands themselves, the diachronic history of the topography of sanctuaries reveals for some a more conscious intention of development that goes beyond simply religious veneration. Furthermore, scrutiny of local cult sites adds to the complexity of control within such contrasting landscapes. Central to most religious sites was the undertaking and in some cases, the accomplishment of the journey. Different landscapes formal or otherwise, natural, enhanced or built, embellish the journey helping to create more intense experiences. The variety of religious spaces in different landscapes; from easily accessible coastal ones to more secluded rural sanctuaries, reflect interrelated cultural terrains for communication and interaction on regional and supraregional networking contexts. As residents and visitors moved through the sea- and land-scapes to reach these cult sites, network connections were made and different social functions and meanings were articulated; from control of land to community identity to connecting people. The aim of this workshop is to bring together scholars working on networks and religion, particularly in the Cyclades, with a view to understanding how the movement to places and their topography shaped the foundations of cult sites, as well as their development and functions over time. By including all the Cycladic islands within a period from the 8th century BC to the 8th century CE, the range and scope will enable an enhanced diachronic view of the functions of religious spaces in the Cyclades and their contribution to a variety of levels of network connections. Under the broad topic of movement through religious landscapes, a range of topics will be addressed including:
• Cult site location: the journey and how it was defined.
• Who were the pilgrims to the Cyclades and why did they travel?
• Regional and local sanctuaries; interaction and reaction.
• Religious space and island topography.
• Creation and termination of religious networks.
• Religious hubs and their growth.
This workshop which will run under the Centre for Landscape studies, St Andrews will bring together European scholars working on a range of periods and theoretical approaches to cult sites, religious journeys, networks and the Cyclades.
Invited scholars include:
Dr Dimitris Athanasoulis (Ephor of the Cyclades)
Dr Christy Constantakopoulou (Birkbeck University)
Dr Yannos Kourayos (Director of Archaeological Museum, Paros)
Dr Christina Televantou (Ephorea of the Cyclades)
Professor Onno van Nijf, University of Groningen
Dr Mantha Zarmakoupi (University of Birmingham)
Call for papers
If you are interested in offering a 20-minute paper, please send an abstract of up to 400 words by the 23rd October to both Rebecca Sweetman (rs43@st-andrews.ac.uk) and Erica Morais Angliker (erica.morais.angliker@access.uzh.ch)