Ole Grondalen
Telenor Research, Research, Department Member
The EMPOWER project, since its launch in November 2018, has been following closely all developments around 5G and its evolution in the short, medium and long terms. This is with the aim to develop a comprehensive advanced wireless... more
The EMPOWER project, since its launch in November 2018, has been following closely all developments around 5G and its evolution in the short, medium and long terms. This is with the aim to develop a comprehensive advanced wireless technology roadmap synthesizing all the views from all the stakeholder R&D communities. This update of the trends in wireless technologies, WP2 deliverable D2.3, is following up the first trend report from 2019, D2.1. It also captures the feedback from the consultation on the first EMPOWER B5G technology roadmap, D2.2 from October 2019. The following summarizes the key topics presented in this deliverable: 1) Identification of key stakeholders in the wireless R&D communities, in Europe, the USA, in Asia, and globally, covering various forums, alliances, and organizations that have been followed by the EMPOWER roadmap team to capture and analyse the trends. 2) Targeted KPIs for the evolution of 5G in the short, medium and long terms, based on the consultati...
This white paper analyses vertical use cases of various domains for their performance KPIs and their mapping to 5G network KPIs. The scope is to identify (based on architectural elements analysis, information flow, etc.) the potential... more
This white paper analyses vertical use cases of various domains for their performance KPIs and their mapping to 5G network KPIs. The scope is to identify (based on architectural elements analysis, information flow, etc.) the potential impact on the service performance and user perceived quality. The challenge is to understand the relative influence of 5G network performance indicators to the vertical services. The KPIs mapping methodology includes three steps:<br> - Research on definitions and information derived from the respective 5G-PPP projects, standardisation bodies and respective alliances e.g. ITU, NGMN etc., as well as definition of use cases from 5G-PPP projects' respective.<br> - Identification of relevant key service KPIs and their definitions that are of importance to the respective industry.<br> - Mapping of selected services KPIs on the respective network KPIs that impact the operation of the architectural elements that participate in the service...
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An efficient way to tame inter-cell interference is by muting selected Base Stations (BSs) in some time-slots to allow users that get strong interference to be served. However finding good muting schemes is a challenge. In this paper we... more
An efficient way to tame inter-cell interference is by muting selected Base Stations (BSs) in some time-slots to allow users that get strong interference to be served. However finding good muting schemes is a challenge. In this paper we propose two novel methods for finding good BS muting schemes denoted as the complementing method and the sequential method. The methods focus on finding good combinations of muted and un-muted BSs, also referred to as muting configurations. The performance of these methods were compared to the performance of a simple macro muting scheme and to random selection of muting configurations. The comparisons were made for sets of up to 50 muting configurations. The complementing configuration method showed 19% and 9% higher geometrical mean user bitrate than the simple macro muting scheme and the best randomly selected set of muting configurations respectively. The sequential method achieved the best performance, albeit with a cost of higher complexity, whi...
Research Interests: Computer Science and IEEE
Efficient interference control is a prerequisite for realizing the possible capacity gains in large heterogeneous networks. An efficient way to do this is to mute some Base Station (BS) transmissions in some time frames to let other BSs... more
Efficient interference control is a prerequisite for realizing the possible capacity gains in large heterogeneous networks. An efficient way to do this is to mute some Base Station (BS) transmissions in some time frames to let other BSs serve their users. Two approaches for doing this is studied; a simple one similar to the schemes used in current mobile technologies and a more complex one with higher performance gains. The complex approach jointly optimizes user attachment, scheduling and muting and requires that a large convex optimization problem is solved. By exploiting structure and sparseness properties it is shown that the computational complexity can be significantly reduced, so that the method can be feasible even in relatively large networks. The performance of the two approaches were compared in a simulation study. It was found that the simple method gave significant performance improvements compared to the case without interference control and that it offered flexibility...
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Information Technology, Information Communication Technology, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Smart Grid, and 15 moreCellular Networks, Outage Probability, Combat Slow Fading, Fast Nakagami Fading Channel, Radiowave Propagation, Spectrum, BSS, Shadowing, HetNet, Ingeniería en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, PPP model for healthcare facilties, SINR, GPP, Spectrum efficiency techniques in satellite networks, and Rayleigh faded
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Machine-to-machine (M2M) traffic is variegate and finding a traffic model which can cover a wide range of M2M sources is challenging. In this paper we address this challenge by proposing an extension of legacy renewal processes for... more
Machine-to-machine (M2M) traffic is variegate and finding a traffic model which can cover a wide range of M2M sources is challenging. In this paper we address this challenge by proposing an extension of legacy renewal processes for modeling of M2M traffic sources. To this end, we first describe the model and derive some performance parameters, as the overall packet arrival distribution and its moments. We then discuss the packetgeneration process and consider the counting variable in atime interval, and give the mean and the Laplace transformof the z-transform for this variable. Successively, we present the asymptotic expansion for the variance and the Index of Dispersion of Counts (IDC). We derive the expression of the two first coefficients of this expansion in the general case, while more explicit expressions are provided for some special cases. More specifically, for the special case of a source model with two states, geometric distribution of the numbers of arrivals in each sta...
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This paper presents the results of a measurement campaign to investigate and analyze the performance of a 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) cell. We evaluate the signal and beam coverage map of an operational network, considering various... more
This paper presents the results of a measurement campaign to investigate and analyze the performance of a 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) cell. We evaluate the signal and beam coverage map of an operational network, considering various scenarios, including human body blockage effects, foliagecaused and rain-induced attenuation, and water surface effects. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to report on a commercial deployment while not treating the radio as a black box. This measurement analysis provides useful information for researchers and 5G verticals to fully understand and appropriately model the mmWave signals propagation in a real-world and operational deployment.
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Following current trends towards dynamic spectrum allocation and cognitive radio, this paper proposes a new approach and innovative techniques to support the coexistence of licensed and unlicensed wireless users in a same area.... more
Following current trends towards dynamic spectrum allocation and cognitive radio, this paper proposes a new approach and innovative techniques to support the coexistence of licensed and unlicensed wireless users in a same area. Theproposed concept, called Sensor Network aided Cognitive Radio, consists of a wireless sensor network able to assist the cognitive network by providing information on the current spectrum occupancy. This concept, that will address various operational scenarios in the future networks, involves a set of advanced wireless communications techniques like spectrum sensing, interference management, cognitive radio reconfiguration management, cooperative communications, end-to-end protocol design and cross-layer optimisation. All these enabling techniques together will form a compound system able to improve the spectrum use in a significant way. The main target scenario we consider is the use of nomadic cognitive radios in urban and suburban areas. Our objective is...
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The fifth generation (5G) of mobile radio technologies has been defined as a new delivery model where services are tailored to specific vertical industries. 5G supports three types of services with different and heterogeneous... more
The fifth generation (5G) of mobile radio technologies has been defined as a new delivery model where services are tailored to specific vertical industries. 5G supports three types of services with different and heterogeneous requirements, i.e. enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) and massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC). These services are directly related to exemplary verticals such as media, vehicular communications or the Industry 4.0. This work provides a detailed analysis and performance evaluation of 5G New Radio (NR) against a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI), as defined in the International Mobile Telecommunications 2020 (IMT-2020) guidelines, and provides an overview about the fulfillment of their associated requirements. The objective of this work is to provide an independent evaluation, complementing the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) contribution. From the original group of sixteen KPIs, eleven of ...
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Spectrum resources unused in the spatio-temporal domain, so-called whitespace, can be utilised by opportunistic devices during the absence of their incumbent users. The possibility to opportunistically use whitespace implies the knowledge... more
Spectrum resources unused in the spatio-temporal domain, so-called whitespace, can be utilised by opportunistic devices during the absence of their incumbent users. The possibility to opportunistically use whitespace implies the knowledge of diverse constraints: knowledge about whitespace utilisation, which can be obtained by spectrum sensing or from a data repository and constraints internal to the opportunistic system, such as quality of service (QoS) levels and mobility targets. The use of whitespace requires therefore a multi-faced management of the above constraints. In this paper, an architecture for use of whitespaces under QoS and mobility constraints is proposed. The proposed architecture flexibly adapts to different operating scenarios also described in this paper. Examples show how different realisations of the same architecture are derived. The interactions of constituent blocks are illustrated also with the help of charts, showing the management of context information a...
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To exploit spectrum resources on a secondary basis, a Sensor Network Aided Cognitive Radio Network uses a wireless sensor network that assists a secondary cognitive radio network by providing information about the current primary spectrum... more
To exploit spectrum resources on a secondary basis, a Sensor Network Aided Cognitive Radio Network uses a wireless sensor network that assists a secondary cognitive radio network by providing information about the current primary spectrum occupancy. In this paper we aim to find the optimal cell size for the secondary network that exploits spectrum holes identified by the wireless sensor network. The secondary base station is deployed co-located with a mobile primary network that uses a cellular reuse pattern with seven frequencies. Performance of the secondary system and impact on the primary system is mainly studied in terms of throughput, packet loss and coverage when using spectrum holes in the space, time and frequency domains. Especially, we find that the cell size and configured transmit powers for the secondary system is important for optimal system performance, and that smaller cell sizes and less expensive base stations for the secondary system is beneficial. The impact on ...
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In this paper we discuss and compare methods to analyse the influence inter-cell interference will have on coverage/outage probabilities in cellular networks. The framework is based on a common method to find the Laplace transform of the... more
In this paper we discuss and compare methods to analyse the influence inter-cell interference will have on coverage/outage probabilities in cellular networks. The framework is based on a common method to find the Laplace transform of the distribution of interference from neighbouring cells. It turns out that for Suzuki distributed fading the analysis is highly simplified. In case of Rayleigh faded channels only, the analysis is even more simplified. The modelling approach, which is based on classical probab ility methods, rather than on modern measure theory for point processes, allows for both fixed and stochastic locations of base stations. The different models are applied to quantify the effect of inter-cell interference on coverage/outage probabilities and on spectrum efficiencies in LTE networks. We consider several scenarios ranging from fixed hexagonal layout of base station to stochastic location of based on uniform distribution of base stations. We also extend the coverage/...
Research Interests: Computer Science, Information Technology, Information Communication Technology, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Smart Grid, and 15 moreCellular Networks, Outage Probability, Combat Slow Fading, Fast Nakagami Fading Channel, Radiowave Propagation, Spectrum, BSS, Shadowing, HetNet, Ingeniería en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, PPP model for healthcare facilties, SINR, GPP, Spectrum efficiency techniques in satellite networks, and Rayleigh faded
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ABSTRACT Spectrum trading is an important tool to increase overall spectrum utilization and to open up opportunities for businesses to get access to desired spectrum. It has been implemented in some countries for some spectrum bands. At... more
ABSTRACT Spectrum trading is an important tool to increase overall spectrum utilization and to open up opportunities for businesses to get access to desired spectrum. It has been implemented in some countries for some spectrum bands. At the same time, systems and architectures for cognitive radio technologies are being developed that are able to dynamically use spectrum bands in more flexible manners including functionalities such as dynamic bandwidth, spectrum band concatenation, sensing, channel switching and cognition. However, the current spectrum trading regimes usually require long times to execute a trade, hence limiting the flexibility over short time scales. In this paper we study spectrum micro-trading as a concept to enable trading of spectrum at the micro scale in at least three dimensions; on the micro-spatial, micro-temporal and micro-frequency scale. The ecosystem required for spectrum micro-trading and the most important metrics are defined; market viability, spectrum utilization, channel quality and social welfare. Furthermore, we propose a model for spectrum micro-trading, the Micro-trading Pixelation Model, which addresses the three dimensions on the micro scale. We then discuss the main challenges and issues that have to be solved for the realization of spectrum micro-trading with the proposed model. Finally, some initial simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of spectrum micro-trading.
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ABSTRACT Spectrum resources unused in the spatio-temporal domain, so-called whitespace, can be utilised by opportunistic devices during the absence of their incumbent users. The possibility to opportunistically use whitespace implies the... more
ABSTRACT Spectrum resources unused in the spatio-temporal domain, so-called whitespace, can be utilised by opportunistic devices during the absence of their incumbent users. The possibility to opportunistically use whitespace implies the knowledge of diverse constraints: knowledge about whitespace utilisation, which can be obtained by spectrum sensing or from a data repository and constraints internal to the opportunistic system, such as quality of service (QoS) levels and mobility targets. The use of whitespace requires therefore a multi-faced management of the above constraints. In this paper, an architecture for use of whitespaces under QoS and mobility constraints is proposed. The proposed architecture flexibly adapts to different operating scenarios also described in this paper. Examples show how different realisations of the same architecture are derived. The interactions of constituent blocks are illustrated also with the help of charts, showing the management of context information and its use.
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Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a collection of functions for automatic configuration, optimization, diagnostisation and healing of cellular networks. It is considered to be a necessity in future mobile networks and operations due to... more
Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a collection of functions for automatic configuration, optimization, diagnostisation and healing of cellular networks. It is considered to be a necessity in future mobile networks and operations due to the increased cost pressure. The main drivers are essentially to reduce CAPEX and OPEX, which would otherwise increase dramatically due to increased number of network parameters that has to be monitored and set, the rapidly increasing numbers of base stations in the network and parallel operation of 2G, 3G and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) infrastructures. This paper presents evaluations on the use of some of the most important SON components. Mobile networks are getting more complex to configure, optimize and maintain. Many SON functions will give cost savings and performance benefits from the very beginning of a network deployment and these should be prioritized now. But even if many functions are already available and can give large benefits, the field...
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This paper presents an economic evaluation of a cognitive radio based solution using TV white space frequencies to increase the capacity of LTE networks. The evaluation is performed from the viewpoint of a mobile operator who is facing... more
This paper presents an economic evaluation of a cognitive radio based solution using TV white space frequencies to increase the capacity of LTE networks. The evaluation is performed from the viewpoint of a mobile operator who is facing capacity problems in its LTE network and wants to assess if using cognitive radio can be a competitive solution. The assessment is done by comparing the costs of implementing the cognitive radio solution to the costs of acquiring a licence for a block of spectrum where both options provide the same capacity increase.
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Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a collection of functions for automatic configuration, optimization, diagnostisation and healing of cellular networks. It is considered to be a necessity in future mobile networks and operations due to... more
Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a collection of functions for automatic configuration, optimization, diagnostisation and healing of cellular networks. It is considered to be a necessity in future mobile networks and operations due to the increased cost pressure. The main drivers are essentially to reduce CAPEX and OPEX, which would otherwise increase dramatically due to increased number of network parameters that has to be monitored and set, the rapidly increasing numbers of base stations in the network and parallel operation of 2G, 3G and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) infrastructures. This paper presents evaluations on the use of some of the most important SON components. Mobile networks are getting more complex to configure, optimize and maintain. Many SON functions will give cost savings and performance benefits from the very beginning of a network deployment and these should be prioritized now. But even if many functions are already available and can give large benefits, the field...
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This report presents guidelines for planning broadband access networks. Seven topics are gathered in the report, describing the services and their requirements, how to determine the required capacity, description of some important... more
This report presents guidelines for planning broadband access networks. Seven topics are gathered in the report, describing the services and their requirements, how to determine the required capacity, description of some important constraints, possible architectures, some cost issues, how to determine if a deployment can be profitable and case studies illustrating detailed planning of a wireless network, respectively. The latter
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ABSTRACT Radio spectrum is a limited natural resource. Most spectrum resources are assigned in the form of licenses, but the actual usage of most spectrum bands is limited. Market mechanisms to trade unused spectrum resources is a... more
ABSTRACT Radio spectrum is a limited natural resource. Most spectrum resources are assigned in the form of licenses, but the actual usage of most spectrum bands is limited. Market mechanisms to trade unused spectrum resources is a promising approach to mitigate the spectrum crunch. An extremely flexible approach to this, the spectrum micro-trading pixelation model, has been proposed to trade spectrum on the micro-scale in frequency, time and geography. In this paper we implement this model in a simulator and evaluate its performance in the spatial dimension using different pixel sizes and auction models. Some surprising findings are presented; the auction that assign spectrum to the bidders willing to pay the most does not provide service to most customers, does far from optimally maximize spectrum utilization, and gives far lower profit to the spectrum broker facilitating the market. Furthermore, we demonstrate the critical tradeoff between spectrum exploitation efficiency, allocation overhead and geographical pixel sizes in the market.
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This paper describes a business case scenario and gives the results of a business case analysis for deployment of a sensor network aided cognitive radio system in a typical European city. The main idea behind the business case is that... more
This paper describes a business case scenario and gives the results of a business case analysis for deployment of a sensor network aided cognitive radio system in a typical European city. The main idea behind the business case is that several spectrum owners will establish a joint venture and this joint venture will get the right to use the “unused” spectrum resources of all the companies in a cognitive way. The joint venture will base its operation on a Wireless Sensor Network aided Cognitive Radio concept, which means that a network of fixed sensors is deployed in order to improve the system's capabilities for detecting primary users and spectrum holes. The main value of the business case calculation is to identify critical aspects influencing the profitability so that future research and development work can focus on them. It is found that the most critical aspects are the fixed sensor density, the fixed sensor operational costs and the number of new cognitive base station s...
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ABSTRACT Mobile networks are increasingly becoming capacity limited such that more base stations and smaller cells or more spectrum are required to serve the subscribers’ increasing data usage. Among several challenges, the establishment... more
ABSTRACT Mobile networks are increasingly becoming capacity limited such that more base stations and smaller cells or more spectrum are required to serve the subscribers’ increasing data usage. Among several challenges, the establishment of new base station sites becomes challenging and expensive. This study proposes and analyzes critical aspects of a business case where a mobile operator offloads its mobile LTE network by deploying cognitive femtocells. When aided by a sensor network the cognitive femtocell will be able to use frequencies other than the mobile network and hence increase its power to cover outdoor areas and neighbour buildings. This cognitive femtocell strategy will be compared with an alternative strategy where an operator deploys conventional femtocells and has to build additional base stations to meet the traffic demands. The business case analysis illustrates that there is a potential for cost savings when offloading the mobile network with cognitive femtocells when compared to the alternative strategy. It must be emphasized that the studied concept is innovative and that the business case period starts in 2017, hence, parameter assumptions are uncertain. Therefore, as the most important message of this work, sensitivity analysis is used to reveal the most critical aspects of the cognitive femtocell business case. It is found that the most critical parameters regarding the cognitive femtocell are the price for backhauling, the number of users supported and the coverage. Furthermore, an optimal coverage radius for the cognitive femtocell for lowest possible costs is found. Costs related to the fixed sensor network are found to be less critical since sensors are embedded in the cognitive femtocells. Sensitivity analysis is also presented for spectral efficiency, cognitive and conventional femtocell offloading gain, sensor density and price, customer density and price for base station site establishment.
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This paper considers several aspects concerning the downlink channel adaptation for TDD (Time Division Duplexing) based LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System) systems. First the requirements with respect to round-trip-time and... more
This paper considers several aspects concerning the downlink channel adaptation for TDD (Time Division Duplexing) based LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System) systems. First the requirements with respect to round-trip-time and complexity are considered, then a candidate scheme for the Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme is described. The results of a simulation study of the performance of the FEC in combination with QPSK (Quaternary Phase- Shift Keying) and DQPSK (Differential QPSK) modulation are given. This includes results for both coherent and non-coherent multiple-symbol differential demodulators, and the effect of recovered carrier frequency error and timing error recovery block length. Finally, joint demodulation and decoding is considered for the case of DQPSK and simulation results are given.
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This document report works on prediction methods and examples of interference calculations for broadband fixed wireless access networks (BFWA). These results will be of assistance to the designer of a BFWA system and for planning the... more
This document report works on prediction methods and examples of interference calculations for broadband fixed wireless access networks (BFWA). These results will be of assistance to the designer of a BFWA system and for planning the compatibility between new and existing services sharing spectrum. Interference is one of the main capacity limitation factors in wireless systems. Intra system interference arises