Shadowing

DOEL: Het doel van dit onderzoek is een verkenning van hoe zorgverleners het afstemmen met zorgontvangers ervaren. METHODE: Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd vanuit een fenomenologische benadering. De methode shadowing is verbreed met de methode reflexive bodily empathy (RBE). Vier professionele zorgverleners, werkzaam in de intramurale ouderenzorg, zijn intensief geobserveerd en geïnterviewd. RESULTATEN: In dit exploratieve onderzoek komen een aantal thema's naar voren: onbewust belichaamd afstemmen, natuurlijke relatie, wederzijds vertrouwen, ruimte voor gevoelens, en onmacht. Het blijkt dat zorgverleners het weder-zijds afstemmen met de zorgontvanger vaak niet opmerken terwijl zij zorg verlenen. De zorgverleners kunnen de zorg-relatie als een natuurlijke relatie ervaren als er wederzijds vertrouwen is met de zorgontvanger en de zorgverleners vol-doende tijd ervaren om de zorgontvanger aandacht te geven en te leren kennen. DISCUSSIE en CONCLUSIE: Afstemmen is een intersubjectieve lichamelijke gebeurtenis. De gebruikte innovatieve onderzoeksmethode RBE maakt gebruik van intersubjectieve ervaringskennis en lijkt daarom goed aan te sluiten bij dit fenomeen. Tegelijkertijd blijft de discussie bestaan in hoeverre onderzoek naar een subjectieve ervaring mogelijk is, aangezien de onderzoeker vanuit een ander referentiekader de ervaringen interpreteert. Voortzetting van deze discus-sie en vervolgonderzoek naar het gebruik van RBE als methode om intersubjectieve lichamelijke ervaringen te onder-zoeken is gewenst.

AIM: To explore how caregivers experience attunement with
care receivers.
METHOD: A phenomenological approach was used. The
shadowing method was expanded by using the Reflexive Bodily
Empathy (RBE) method. Four healthcare professionals, working
in the hospital’s elderly care, were intensively observed and
interviewed.
FINDINGS: Multiple themes emerged: unconsciously embodied
attunement, natural relationship, mutual trust, room for
feelings, and powerlessness. Caregivers often did not notice
the mutual attunement with care receivers while providing
care. The caregivers could experience the care relationship as
a natural relationship, if there was mutual trust with the care
receiver and the caregivers experienced sufficient time to give
attention to and get to know the care receiver. These findings
indicated attunement with the care receiver is important for the
caregiver because it gives satisfaction and work pleasure.
DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION: Attuning is an intersubjective,
physical event. The used innovative research method
RBE gives a central place to intersubjective experience knowledge
and therefore seems to be very close to this phenomenon.
However, the discussion remains to what extent research on a
subjective experience is possible, because the researcher interprets
experiences from another frame of reference. Continuation
of this discussion and follow-up research into the use of
RBE as a method to investigate intersubjective bodily experiences
is desirable.

The secrecy outage performance of wireless communication systems operating over spatially correlated composite fading channels is analyzed in this paper. We adopt a multiplicative composite channel model for both the legitimate communication link and the link between the eavesdropper and the legitimate transmitter, consisting of Nakagami-m distributed small-scale fading and shadowing (large-scale fading) modeled by the Gamma distribution. We consider the realistic case where small-scale fading between the links is independent, but shadowing is arbitrarily correlated, and present novel analytical expressions for the probability that the secrecy capacity falls below a target secrecy rate. The presented numerically evaluated results, verified by equivalent computer simulations, offer useful insights on the impact of shadowing correlation and composite fading parameters on the system's secrecy outage performance.

This brief paper describes the city through the use of two different techniques of qualitative research: shadowing and qualitative GIS. By discussing a few examples of field research, the paper assesses the limits and possibilities of these techniques. The aim is to prove the necessity of using and developing new methodologies to investigate the most recent urban phenomena. In order to achieve this goal, only an interdisciplinary approach can help the emergence of polyphonic narrations of the city. Through the analysis of the dialogic assets that shadowing possesses, and of the subversive potential of qualitative GIS (conceived as a sort of mapping that can represent the mind-space of citizens), the authors succor the use of mixed methodologies that enhance the creation of narrative re-descriptions of the urban forms. Understanding, conceiving and transforming the city implies creativity and experimentation: therefore, we need to conceive new instruments that use hybrid knowledge systems, and shatter the hegemony of those traditional, authoritative representations that cannot give voice to the most deprived social groups. The final goal of the paper is thus defined as the need to project qualitative urban research into a political horizon that becomes the public space of discussion and interaction.

The goal of this paper is to show the trait d’union between the shadowing technique and qualitative Gis. We believe this lies in the ability to know, tell and ‘act’ the city through multiple and inclusive points of view, in order to empower new participatory planning tools.

This article aims to explore and record the role of shadowing in preparation for a qualitative study involving children and families with sensitive health issues. The researcher was engaged for a study involving qualitative research involving paediatric patients (those under 18 years old) and their families, but was unfamiliar with a hospital environment and interviewing children and young people (CYP) with a serious health condition. The researcher 'shadowed' healthcare professionals (HCPs) at a children's hospital during their day-today work in order to prepare for the research interviewing. From shadowing, the researcher gained: familiarity with a hospital environment, organisational processes, and medical terminology; an understanding of the appropriate ways to refer to patients; confidence and competence in talking to children with serious health conditions; and resilience to becoming upset during interviews while hearing patients' distressing stories-they became 'desensitised'. Shadowing can therefore be highly beneficial for researchers undertaking research in unfamiliar contexts, environments, and populations prior to interviewing.

Two-ray ground reflection model has been widely used as the propagation model to investigate the performance of an ad hoc network. But two-ray model is too simple to represent a real world network. A more realistic model namely shadowing propagation model has been used in this investigation. Under shadowing propagation model, a mobile node may receive a packet at a signal level that is below a required threshold level. This low signal level affects the routing protocol as well as the medium access control protocol of a network. An analytical model has been presented in this paper to investigate the shadowing effects on the network performance. The analytical model has been verified via simulation results. Simulation results show that the performance of a network becomes very poor if shadowing propagation model is used in compare to the simple two-ray model. Two solutions have also been proposed in this paper to overcome the effects of shadowing. One solution is a physical layer solution and the other one is a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution. Simulation results show that these two solutions reduce the shadowing effect and improve network performance.

—Estimating mobile user speed is a problematic issue which has significant impacts to radio resource management and also to the mobility management of Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. This paper introduces two algorithms that can estimate the speed of mobile user equipments (UE), with low computational requirement, and without modification of neither current user equipment nor 3GPP standard protocol. The proposed methods rely on uplink (UL) sounding reference signal (SRS) power measurements performed at the eNodeB (eNB) and remain efficient with large sampling period (e.g., 40 ms or beyond). We evaluate the effectiveness of our algorithms using realistic LTE system data provided by the eNB Layer1 team of Alcatel-Lucent. Results show that the classification of UE's speed required by LTE can be achieved with high accuracy. In addition, they have minimal impact to the central processing unit (CPU) and the memory of eNB modem. We see that they are very practical to today's LTE networks and would allow a continuous and real-time UE speed estimation.