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La figura del professor Miquel Tarradell ha estat objecte d'una multitud de reconeixements; uns, per fortuna, anteriors a la seva mort, i altres, la majoria, com ara mateix el present, en posterioritat. Tot i que la seva vida i obra han... more
La figura del professor Miquel Tarradell ha estat objecte d'una multitud de reconeixements; uns, per fortuna, anteriors a la seva mort, i altres, la majoria, com ara mateix el present, en posterioritat. Tot i que la seva vida i obra han estat abordades des de tots el angles imaginables, per poc que s'esbrini en la seva trajectòria professional i en la seva personalitat, incommensurables totes dues, és difícil no trobar-hi sempre trets diferencials i matisos nous; ho és encara més per a qui, com és el meu cas, escriu amb l'honor i el privilegi d'haver-lo tengut de professor. Però, entre tanta literatura positiva, que ben merescudament ha generat el nostre personatge (cf. en darrer lloc Sanmartí, 2020 i 2021), hi ha dos aspectes que considero que ressalten insuficientment i que per això seran el centre del meu discurs. Un és l'interès particular de Tarradell-que per tot on passà, tot ho tocà-pel món púnic sense constrènyer-se mai a límits geogràfics reduïts. L'abordà primer al Marroc-on, per raons d'exercir en la pràctica de veritable arqueòleg territorial (d'un territori, dit sigui de passada molt, tal vegada massa gran), altres temàtiques requeriren al mateix temps el seu esforç-i, anys després, encara que en un context sempre molt diferent de l'anterior, a Eivissa. I ni així es pot reduir la seva figura als territoris esmentats, ja que Tarradell tractà el tema fenici i púnic en l'àmbit de tota la Mediterrània centreoccidental, inclosa la important projecció atlàntica. De fet, treballs seus com l'apèndix a la versió castellana del llibre de Harden (Tarradell, 1967), potser una mica infravalorats o simplement oblidats, reflecteixen una capacitat d'anàlisi, de reflexió i, en suma, d'ordre d'idees-de cara a un estat de la qüestió del que jo qualificaria com a arqueologia històricad'una maduresa i una vigència per desgràcia poc comuna. El segon aspecte que he de mencionar són les seves projeccions-sempre en relació amb el tema tractat aquí, la recerca del món púnic-que tingueren com a escenari no només el Marroc, sinó una bona part de la costa mediterrània de migjorn o, per dir-ho amb altres paraules, el Magrib occidental, que el converteixen, al meu parer, en un veritable africanista. En aquest sentit, però, vull aclarir que considero aquestes projeccions com les d'algú que estudia temes africans sense les connotacions colonialistes que llargament van adquirir (cf., per exemple, Ramos et al. 2008).
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Research in Althiburos and its surroundings has allowed to complete the excavation of the Numidian defensive wall and to fix its construction date in the third century BC. It has also provided extensive archaeobiological data and... more
Research in Althiburos and its surroundings has allowed to complete the excavation of the Numidian defensive wall and to fix its construction  date in the third century BC. It has also provided extensive  archaeobiological data and valuable information on building techniques
and ceramic typology from levels immediately to the NW of the Capitol that are dated between the seventh century BC and the early third
century BC. We have also completed the
excavation of mound D-53, confirmed its imperial era dating and completed the knowledge about its structure. Another smaller tumulus (M-42) has been fully excavated; its basic structure and dating are similar to those of D-53. Finally, the exploration of the protohistoric necropolis has been extended to reach an area of about 20 km2, with a total of 855 recorded structures.
Tipologically, all of them can be considered as tumuli, but certain morphological peculiarities, often linked to their dimensions, lead to distinguish the existence of six types.
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The Phoenicians were always seen as a trading and peaceful people, away from wars. In the case of Ibiza, especially in the 6th century BC, the situation was probably much more unstable. With the analysis of two kinds of data, it is... more
The Phoenicians were always seen as a trading and peaceful people, away from wars. In the case of Ibiza, especially in the 6th century BC, the situation was probably much more unstable. With the analysis of two
kinds of data, it is proposed here to demonstrate that this era was marked by acts of violence and armed conflicts.
These data, which are strictly archaeological, because the historical sources do nothing say, consist, on the one hand to the destruction of sacred monuments and on the other to the traces left by the use of weapons, especially arrowheads.
The archaeological elements subject of this study comes from an emergency digging made in 1994 on the occasion of the reform of a building located between Sa Drassaneta Square and the Alley of el Gall, in the neighborhood of Sa Penya... more
The archaeological elements subject of this study comes from an emergency digging made in 1994 on the occasion of the reform of a building located between Sa Drassaneta Square and the Alley of el
Gall, in the neighborhood of Sa Penya (Ibiza). Is mainly composed by vascular ceramics of very different origins, but also construction ceramics and other architectural elements, in addition to glass vessels.
Highlights in this context the presence of a balista missile and some human bones. The training chronology of the stratum that contained them, and meant the amortization of one of the cisterns, is located in
the first thirty years of the second half of the 3rd century AD. All in all, some questions arise in relation to the urban collapse of Ebusus and even the possibility of attacks performed by Germanic peoples at the beginning
of the late Roman imperial period.
In the 90s of the 16th century the construction of the Renaissance walls of Ibiza came to an end. At its main entrance, the Puerta del Mar, a total of five Roman monuments were placed, long attributed to a fortuitous find in the course of... more
In the 90s of the 16th century the construction of the Renaissance walls of Ibiza came to an end. At its main entrance, the Puerta del Mar, a total of five Roman monuments were placed, long attributed to a fortuitous find in the course of the works. Thanks to the good taste of their engineers, they would have gone on to decorate the monumental access. His association with Ebusus has always been taken for granted, but an exhaustive analysis of the bibliography and historical documents shows that such a belief did not emerge before the 18th century, supplying with fantasy what was simply ignored.
The Early Punic phase of Ebusitan pottery still lacks in-depth rchaeological and documentary data and, when such knowledge exists, it tends to come from funerary contexts. These lines will attempt to alleviate this inequality with a... more
The Early Punic phase of Ebusitan pottery still lacks in-depth  rchaeological and documentary data and, when such knowledge exists, it tends to come from funerary contexts. These lines will attempt to alleviate this inequality with a systematisation of the known contexts and the contribution of new data in order to try to draw a general picture of the wares of the Early Punic Ebusitan period that will allow us to build our understanding of Ebusitan society, its historical processes and its  connection with other Mediterranean regions.
The archaeological excavation carried out inside the church of Santa Eulalia in Alaior allowed the recovery of a series of stratigraphic units that are framed in the post-Talayotic period. The contribution of these units is the increase... more
The archaeological excavation carried out inside the church of Santa Eulalia in Alaior allowed the recovery of a series of stratigraphic units that are framed in the post-Talayotic period. The contribution of these units is the increase of the material bases that allow to affirm the existence of a
settlement of this time in the place that this Menorcan town currently occupies. On the other hand, we could present a set of exceptional materials, of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C., which highlights the strong presence of Ebusitan production ceramics, which reaffirms the weight of the Punic factor in post-Talayotic Menorca.
Le caractère urbain de la société ibère est reconnu par les chercheurs depuis plusieurs décennies, et a été confirmé archéologiquement par des fouilles développées depuis le début du XXe siècle. En revanche il y a des avis différents sur... more
Le caractère urbain de la société ibère est reconnu par les chercheurs depuis plusieurs décennies, et a été
confirmé archéologiquement par des fouilles développées depuis le début du XXe siècle. En revanche
il y a des avis différents sur l’origine de cette civilisation et sur le processus de formation des villes. Les
visions diffusionnistes ont conçu la ville autochtone comme un phénomène promu volontairement par
les populations venues de la Méditerranée orientale, plus précisément les Phéniciens et les Phocéens.
Les approches « postcoloniales » n’ont pas abordé le problème, car, centrées sur les aspects culturels
des rapports entre cultures, elles n’ont pas examiné les mutations de l’infrastructure. Nous soutenons
ici un point de vue différent, à savoir que l’émergence des villes ibériques à partir de la deuxième moitié du VIe s. av. J.-C est un phénomène  essentiellement local, lié à la formation des premiers États et dont l’explication repose sur l’évolution de la démographie et de la technologie, qui a changé de façon radicale les rapports de production.
We present and study an unpublished round-shape Punic sculpture found in Ibiza.It was fortuitously found in a rural property not far from the city of Ibiza, and is kept in private hands. Unlike coroplasty, an exuberant phenomenon in Punic... more
We present and study an unpublished round-shape Punic sculpture found in Ibiza.It was fortuitously found in a rural property not far from the city of Ibiza, and is kept in private hands.
Unlike coroplasty, an exuberant phenomenon in Punic Ibiza, pre-Roman stone sculpture is virtually non-existent on the island. This holds also true for the remaining areas of Punic culture of the central-western  Mediterranean including important centers like Carthage, where such
findings are extremely rare. Our sculpture is carved in sandstone and represents a chariot with spokes wheels, pulled by an animal. Curiously, and judging by the characteristics of the tusks, the animal is an elephant, which is also an oddity. It is practically complete, excepting its lower part,
which raises the possibility that it was part of a sculptural element of greater proportions and complexity, of a religious nature, and probably dated to the second half of the third century BC.
Les recherches archéologiques actuelles se concentrent largement sur l’étude des identités, oubliant souvent celle des structures économiques et politiques sous-jacentes qui expliquent l’évolution socio-culturelle sur le long terme. En... more
Les recherches archéologiques actuelles se concentrent largement sur l’étude des identités, oubliant souvent celle des structures économiques et politiques sous-jacentes qui expliquent l’évolution socio-culturelle sur le long terme. En Afrique du Nord, cette orientation des études a conduit
certains auteurs à s’interroger sur la validité de la carte paléoethnologique que suggèreraient les sources écrites, et même de considérer qu’il n’y a pas de peuples clairement différenciés du point
de vue culturel. Dans cet article, nous remettons en question la base théorique et factuelle de ces points de vue. Nous revendiquons en effet l’existence réelle de groupes culturels mentionnés dans les sources anciennes, tout en reconnaissant leur diversité interne évidente et les multiples interactions qu’ils entretiennent et qui contribuent à leur évolution. La pluralité des opinions sur ces questions est due en grande partie à l’avarice des données disponibles sur les populations
libyennes. En effet, des travaux récents sur Althiburos et ses environs immédiats ont mis en lumière
les facteurs de continuité d’une communauté indigène tout au long du premier millénaire av. J.-C., et ont montré que, malgré l’adoption croissante d’éléments culturels caractéristiques du monde punique, les habitants de cette zone ont gardé une personnalité clairement différenciée, qui peut être qualifiée de  «numide».
Our current knowledge of Numidian and Mauritanian societies derives mostly from the ancient written sources and is limited to the period between the 4th and the 1st centuries BC. The picture they paint implies a widespread use of iron,... more
Our current knowledge of Numidian and Mauritanian societies derives mostly from the ancient written sources and
is limited to the period between the 4th and the 1st centuries BC. The picture they paint implies a widespread use of iron,
both in primary production and craftsmanship, and, of course, weaponry. Direct archaeological knowledge of siderurgy and
iron items is still very limited. This is due to the lack of research into pre-Roman habitation sites, which remain almost
completely unstudied, and also to the fact that finds of funerary offerings are generally scarce and often do not include
iron objects. However, recent excavations at Althiburos (Tunisia) have proved that iron was already being used in the 9th
century BC and that it was being forged from at least from the 8th century BC. As far as the origin of siderurgy in this area
is concerned, it is traditionally assumed to have been introduced by the Phoenicians, although we cannot rule out that it
was purely local or that it spread from Sub-Saharan Africa.
In this article, the ceramic materials from a preventive excavation carried out in the castle of Ibiza between the years 1988 and 1989 are studied. These are elements, vascular the majority, dated mainly between the last decades of the... more
In this article, the ceramic materials from a preventive excavation carried out in the castle of Ibiza between the years 1988 and 1989 are studied. These are elements, vascular the majority, dated mainly between the last decades of the 5th century and the middle of the 2nd century BC., leaving aside others from the Phoenician period, in this case dated to the first two thirds of the 6th century BC. The study and publication of these complexes, some of them stratified, has the added interest of being the first to be carried out in the area of the Punic acropolis of Ibiza, and this fact allows a whole series of chronological details, as well as observations of another genre resulting from its comparison with other Punic sites on the island contemporary to the Castle of Ibiza.
Entre los años 1998 y 2002 se llevó a cabo una actividad arqueológica en el antiguo edificio de la Casa de Correos y Telégrafos de Málaga, como parte de los trabajos de rehabilitación necesarios para su uso como sede del Rectorado de la... more
Entre los años 1998 y 2002 se llevó a cabo una actividad arqueológica en el antiguo edificio de la Casa de Correos y Telégrafos de Málaga, como parte de los trabajos de rehabilitación necesarios para su uso como sede del Rectorado de la Universidad. El estudio sistemático de los materiales correspondientes a los niveles más profundos de la secuencia, atribuidos al periodo fenicio arcaico, permiten su datación en momentos anteriores a c 625 a.C., lo que los convierte, al día de hoy, en el contexto de mayor antigüedad de Malaka. Junto a este dato de valor cronológico destaca la entidad arquitectónica de algunas de las  estructuras localizadas, inmediatas a la primera línea de costa de la época. El conjunto resulta de gran interés para estudiar la dinámica del poblamiento fenicio de la bahía de Málaga a partir de la fundación del asentamiento de la Rebanadilla, ubicado en el vecino estuario del río Guadalhorce, datado en la segunda mitad del siglo IX a.C.
El presente trabajo trata de un lote inédito de materiales de época púnica, principalmente vasculares, pero también terracotas y elementos metálicos, procedentes de Ibiza, que se conservan en el Museo de Menorca. Una parte de ellos... more
El presente trabajo trata de un lote inédito de materiales de época púnica, principalmente vasculares, pero también terracotas y elementos metálicos, procedentes de Ibiza, que se conservan en el Museo de Menorca. Una parte de ellos procede de una donación privada hecha en el año 1953 por parte de Josep Colomines Roca, quien las obtuvo, sin duda mediante compra o intercambio, en la isla Pitiusa. Del resto de piezas se desconocen, en cambio, las circunstancias en las cuales se produjo su ingreso en el citado museo. A pesar de tratarse de
un material descontextualizado, su publicación es importante por diversos motivos, entre los cuales se halla la presencia de piezas excepcionales y de otras que raramente se pueden estudiar en un estado íntegro. No se ha tratado sólo de un trabajo descriptivo, sino que se ha aprovechado
la ocasión, mediante el empleo de datos arqueológicos modernos, muchos de los cuales inéditos hasta la fecha, de poner al día el estado de la cuestión de toda una serie de formas vasculares. Todo ello,  naturalmente redunda en un mejor conocimiento de la época púnicoebusitana y de sus relaciones comerciales con el exterior.
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Here we present the discovery in the Talayotic village of ses Païsses d’Artá (Majorca, Spain) of a fragment of Punic amphora, made in Ibiza, with a new stamp-seal impression. The joint study of the stamp-seal and the context and typology... more
Here we present the discovery in the Talayotic village of ses Païsses d’Artá (Majorca, Spain) of a fragment of Punic amphora, made in Ibiza, with a new stamp-seal impression. The joint study of the stamp-seal and the context and typology of the amphora allows us to link the new find to other Western amphoric stamp-seals and to analyze all of them in their historical framework (around the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC) in order to advance in the understanding of the origin and function of these particular techniques.
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This paper gathers the content of the poster presented in Contextualising “early Colonisation”: Archaeology, Sources, Chronology and interpretative models between Italy and the Mediterranean, that was held in Rome. We introduce an advance... more
This paper gathers the content of the poster presented in Contextualising “early Colonisation”: Archaeology, Sources, Chronology and interpretative models between Italy and the Mediterranean, that was held in Rome. We introduce an advance of our work on archaeological excavation in 3, Concepción Street in the city of Huelva, whose materials are currently under study. This area is spatially linked with the  forementioned Méndez Núñez-Plaza de las Monjas (MN/PM for further references) and confirms the existence of a level with a roughly similar chronology.
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Entre las diversas novedades que afectan la arqueología fenicio-púnica de Ibiza, los hallazgos de época arcaica, aún muy recientes e inéditos, realizados en el Castillo de Ibiza, ocupan sin duda un lugar destacado. Su presentación, que es... more
Entre las diversas novedades que afectan la arqueología fenicio-púnica de Ibiza, los hallazgos de época arcaica, aún muy recientes e inéditos, realizados en el Castillo de Ibiza, ocupan sin duda un lugar destacado. Su presentación, que es la primera en el ámbito científico, será el tema central del presente trabajo. Dicho interés se entenderá fácilmente a partir del breve resumen del statu quo ante de los conocimientos sobre el momento inicial de la ciudad fenicia de Ibiza, que sigue a  ontinuación.
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes the results of a research project on the economic and social processes that led to the rise of the Numidian kingdoms mentioned in the Greek and Latin sources. Several survey and excavation seasons at... more
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the results of a research project on the economic and social processes that led to the rise of the Numidian kingdoms mentioned in the Greek and Latin sources. Several survey and excavation seasons at Althiburos (El Kef, Tunisia) have revealed the existence, at least from the 9 th cent. B.C., of sedentary hamlet communities , as well as the existence of iron metallurgy from the 8 th cent. B.C., maybe as an outcome of the first contacts with the Phoenician world. The available evidence for the 4 th and later centuries indicates a full development of urban life, as well a close contact with Carthage and the existence of a well-developed institutional system.
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En aquest article es pretén tractar de l’estat actual del coneixement del jaciment de sa Cala dins d’una perspectiva més àmplia de l’arqueologia a Formentera, des del seu inici i el desenvolupament fins avui.
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Cet article présente une nécropole mégalithique auparavant méconnue, où l’on a documenté près de 800 monuments funéraires dont trois, y compris un spécimen de grandes imensions (tombe 53), ont fait l’objet d’une fouille complète. Il a... more
Cet article présente une nécropole mégalithique auparavant méconnue, où l’on a documenté près de 800 monuments funéraires dont trois, y compris un spécimen de grandes  imensions (tombe 53), ont fait l’objet d’une fouille complète. Il a été possible de préciser la datation de deux de ces tombes, 53 et 647, qui remontent aux vie-ve s. av. J.-C. ; la chronologie de la troisième tombe 42, dont la chambre était pillée, reste floue (mais toujours, vraisemblablement, dans la seconde moitié du ier millénaire av. J.-C.).
La pratique du décharnement et la déposition d’un petit nombre d’ossements humains ont été constatés dans les tombes 53 et 647.
Le monument 53 a connu une nouvelle utilisation cultuelle, et peutêtre aussi funéraire, entre les iie et le ive s. apr. J.-C. (probablement durant la première moitié du iiie s.) ; puis, à l’époque vandale, il a été élargi et a probablement retrouvé un usage funéraire.
This article presents the results of the studies derived from the excavation campaign carried out in 2011, along with those of previous interventions and the classification work and review of the materials removed in the 70s of the last... more
This article presents the results of the studies derived from the excavation campaign carried out in 2011, along with those of previous interventions and the classification work and review of the materials removed in the 70s of the last century. Considering that currently almost fourty per cent of the shipwreck remains to be excavated, the results give a global view that changes, in part, some of the conclusions of the studies
of this wreck which derived from the literature generated after the first excavations. Currently, a multidisciplinary research team is studying the remains found: ceramics, inscriptions on amphorae, naval architecture and analyses of organic and inorganic residues. The results are presented in the following article.
The religious function of buildings of Cap des Llibrell (Ibiza) is unquestionable for the reasons that will be discussed in this work. Standing on a cliff that rises 220 m above the sea , this place has been frequented since the 5th... more
The religious function of buildings of Cap des Llibrell (Ibiza) is unquestionable for the reasons that will be discussed in this work. Standing on a cliff that rises 220 m above the sea , this place has been frequented since the 5th century BC, and knew a decisive phase during the late Punic period. The shrine was completely rebuilt in the Julio-Claudian era, after a possible destruction between 80-70 BC. Its control and surveillance function has been well defined by the discovery of an articulated network composed of several lookout points. In addition, we must also consider that it could have played an essential role of land mark for navigation.
Abstract Little is known about the Eastern Maghreb in the second and first millennia BC, except for the very last centuries when classical sources provide some information about the Numidian kingdoms. The survey and excavation of... more
Abstract
Little is known about the Eastern Maghreb in the second and first millennia BC, except for the very last centuries when classical sources provide some information about the Numidian kingdoms. The survey and excavation of Althiburos and its surroundings have provided valuable data related to the first millennium BC. Occupation of the site dates back to the ninth or tenth century cal BC and continues into Roman times. Archaeobiological data — particularly the evidence of grape, a crop that only provides a return after several years, but thereafter produces fruit for a considerable period — suggest that the population was sedentary from the beginning, and that it probably grew throughout occupation. Iron slag is also present from the eight or tenth century cal BC. The construction of a Punic-type cistern and an impressive defensive wall indicate that the site developed into a city-like settlement by the mid-first millennium BC. While relations with Carthage may have played an important role in this process, we suggest that population growth was the main cause for sedentariness and, later, for the development of cities and the Numidian states. Other important aspects of the project include the typology and dating of pottery, the discovery of small pre-Roman habitation sites, and the dating of a small dolmen and one of the funerary mounds in the city's surroundings.

Résumé
Dans le Maghreb oriental, les deux premiers millénaires correspondent à une période mal connue, mis à part informations données par les sources littéraires antiques et relatives aux royaumes numides tardifs. C'est pourquoi, les prospections et les fouilles effectuées à Althiburos constituent une source documentaire inestimable pour le premier millénaire. Les nombreuses données recueillies permettent de dater l'occupation du site des Xe–IXe siècles cal BC jusqu'à la fin de la période romaine. La construction d'une citerne de type punique et d'une imposante muraille défensive indiquerait un développement urbain dès le milieu du Ier millénaire cal BC et des scories de fer sont attestées dès les IXe–VIIIe siècles cal BC. Les données archéobiologiques — en particulier relatives à la vigne, une espèce à rendement différé — indiquent une population sédentaire dès les origines, en constante augmentation tout au long de la période d'occupation du site. Ainsi, malgré la possible implication de Carthage dans l'évolution du site et dans la formation des États numides, nous pensons que la raison principale des transformations doit être cherchée dans un processus interne de la société numide, à savoir, celui de l'accroissement démographique. D'autres aspects importants seront abordés dans cet article : la céramique (datation et typologie) et l'organisation du territoire (l'existence de petits sites d'habitation préromains, la datation d'un petit dolmen et celle d'un des tumulus funéraires aux alentours de la ville).
This paper presents the study of seven small-sized Ebusitan vases that were found by chance near the Southern shore of Ibiza some thirty years ago. They are dated to the second century BC. The composition of this group of vases is... more
This paper presents the study of seven small-sized
Ebusitan vases that were found by chance near the Southern
shore of Ibiza some thirty years ago. They are dated to the
second century BC. The composition of this group of vases
is extremely peculiar, very different from the associations attested
in both funerary and habitation contexts. This adds to
the small –even miniature– size of the vases to suggest a ritual
character. The find indicates therefore a sort of previously
unknown cultic activity that should be linked to the agricultural
colonization of Ibiza.
S’il existe un peuple du Proche Orient ancien avec le mérite de figurer dans l’histoire à cause d’un exploit singulier c’est, sans contestation, les Phéniciens. Plus précisément, son expansion commerciale et coloniale, qui par voie... more
S’il existe un peuple du Proche Orient ancien avec le
mérite de figurer dans l’histoire à cause d’un exploit
singulier c’est, sans contestation, les Phéniciens. Plus
précisément, son expansion commerciale et coloniale,
qui par voie maritime est arrivée tôt jusqu’à l’Atlantique,
en passant par toute la Méditerranée, ne connaît pas,
dans son contexte, d’équivalent. Par conséquent, c’est
avec justice que presque tous les savants leur
accordent le privilège d’avoir construit un véritable pont
entre les deux extrêmes du Mare Nostrum, mais surtout
entre les vieilles civilisations de l’Orient Prochain et les
cultures, normalement à un stade évolutif différent, des
rives lointaines.
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This communication deals with the commerce of the archaic Phoenician centres of the present coast of Malaga, in the inferior courses of the rivers Vélez, Algarrobo and Guadalhorce. This commerce is analysed from modern knowledge of these... more
This communication deals with the commerce of the archaic Phoenician centres of the present coast of Malaga, in the inferior courses of the rivers Vélez, Algarrobo and Guadalhorce. This commerce is analysed from modern knowledge of these centres, but especially from the vision of its outer projection, emphasising the timing of the western Phoenician colonisation, where they offer one of the most attractive and complete
sequences.
A key fact is the beginning of the western ceramic self production and the export of sets of dishes and containers,
with a clear landmark in the Mezquitilla B1 facies (central quarters of 8th Century BC, in conventional chronology).
Finally, at the beginning of the 6th Century BC, symptoms of exhaustion of an economic and commercial model of great impact for more than two hundred fi fty years are clearly shown. One stands out, in addition, the important role of Carthage as a centre of consumption and distribution of the western merchandise

And 40 more

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