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Berna Zengin

UC Berkeley, Rhetoric, Department Member
This chapter evaluates the early development of Turkish secularism and the political ideology of Kemalism, with a discussion of the establishment and significance of the Diyanet. The chapter challenges the “exceptionalism” of Turkish... more
This chapter evaluates the early development of Turkish secularism and the political ideology of Kemalism, with a discussion of the establishment and significance of the Diyanet. The chapter challenges the “exceptionalism” of Turkish secularism and the argument that Kemalism “instrumentalized” Islam to control the Muslim majority. Moving away from the secular versus religious dichotomy, or the oppression versus liberation of Islam paradigm, the chapter explains the advancement of Kemalism as integral to Islamic culture in Turkey. It argues Kemalism was a productive discourse that constructed not only secular citizens and institutions, but also modern Islam and its subjects in Turkey. Kemalism sought to form a modern Islam—as rational, moderate, and individualized—that is compatible with the values of secularism and modernity. The chapter also argues that Kemalism was a situated discourse that evolved in relation to the historical trajectories of Islam and secularism in the Ottoman Empire and elsewhere.
This paper focuses on management of Islam by the French State since the state of emergency declared in 2015. We analyze the legal actions of the State using a law-in-context approach and theorize secularism as the State’s management of... more
This paper focuses on management of Islam by the French State since the state of emergency declared in 2015. We analyze the legal actions of the State using a law-in-context approach and theorize secularism as the State’s management of religion. We focus on the Senate Report (2016) concerning Muslim worship, the legal changes wrought by the state of emergency, and the institutions formed to govern Islam and secularism. We examine whether there has been a change in the French State’s approach to Muslim worship. Rather than remaining neutral, the French State has become even more actively involved in the field of religion by adopting a reformist attitude intended to transform not the principles of laïcité but the Muslims in France. In this period, the State has taken concrete steps and built institutions both to support the formation of a secularized French Islam and to govern the boundaries of laïcité.
Engineering is a male-dominated profession which is culturally defined as masculine and socially considered a field in which men fit the best. Following this general tendency, women in the engineering field in Turkey are... more
Engineering is a male-dominated profession which is culturally defined as masculine and socially considered a field in which men fit the best. Following this general tendency, women in the engineering field in Turkey are under-represented; however, intriguingly, they have numbered relatively higher percentages in this field than most of the industrialized countries, including those in Western Europe and the USA. This book explores this “anomaly,” and analyzes how women engineers in Turkey construct their professional identities in both academic and professional life. One of the major findings of the book is the existing uneven distribution of women in engineering departments in Turkey. Explaining how - in their choices and practices of engineering - women negotiate with the masculine culture of technology and gender discourses of various institutions, such as the state, family and school, this book should be helpful to policy-makers and activists, who seek ways to improve women'...
Shari'a and Legal Pluralism in the West. Bryan S. Turner and Berna Zengin Arslan. The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Introduction: the argument and definitions. The possibilities for pluralism and tolerance have ...
Since the late 1990s, France has adopted an overarching approach of regulating and reforming Islam through institutionalization and legal integration. The regulation of the religious domain by the French state resulted in not only the... more
Since the late 1990s, France has adopted an overarching approach of regulating and reforming Islam through institutionalization and legal integration. The regulation of the religious domain by the French state resulted in not only the transformation of religions but also the reconfiguration of laïcité. This is an important moment when the French state is focusing its policies on integrating Islam legally and institutionally into the existing secular framework. Today, Macron accepts the CFCM as the only Muslim representative body and expects it to take responsibility for things like the organization of worship and imam training. Macron still heavily relies on liberal reformist techniques to realize the goal of building a secularized Islam, or French Islam that is in harmony with Republican ideals.
This paper focuses on the management of Islam by the French State since the state of emergency declared in 2015. We analyze the legal actions of the State using a law-in-context approach and theorize secularism as the State’s management... more
This paper focuses on the management of Islam by the French State since the state of emergency declared in 2015. We analyze the legal actions of the State using a law-in-context approach and theorize secularism as the State’s management of religion. We focus on the Senate Report (2016) concerning Muslim worship, the legal changes wrought by the state of emergency, and the institutions formed to govern Islam and secularism. We examine whether there has been a change in the French State’s approach to Muslim worship. Rather than remaining neutral, the French State has become even more actively involved in the field of religion by adopting a reformist attitude intended to transform not the principles of laïcité but the Muslims in France. In this period, the State has taken concrete steps and built institutions both to support the formation of a secularized French Islam and to govern the boundaries of laïcité.
https://iletisim.com.tr/dergiler/toplum-ve-bilim/3/sayi-152-2020-pandemi-evveli-ertesi/10047/salginin-icadi-olur-mu-agamben-ve-buyuk-korlugu/11887 .... Wittgenstein’ın kullandığı anlamda hayat formu ise biraz daha geniş ve incelikli bir... more
https://iletisim.com.tr/dergiler/toplum-ve-bilim/3/sayi-152-2020-pandemi-evveli-ertesi/10047/salginin-icadi-olur-mu-agamben-ve-buyuk-korlugu/11887
.... Wittgenstein’ın kullandığı anlamda hayat formu ise biraz daha geniş ve incelikli bir kavram. Öncelikle, Wittgenstein’ın bu kavramı Agamben’den farklı olarak ontolojiye dair bir problem olarak görmediğini söyleyebiliriz. Dilin, kelimelerin telaffuzuna ya da bilişsel olarak çözümlenen bir semboller sistemine indirgenemeyeceğini söyleyen Wittgenstein için hayat formu, eylemler ve pratiklerimizle birlikte duyusal formları içerir. Dili öğrenme süreçlerimiz, jestlerimiz ve duygulanımlarımız dilin nasıl bir parçasıysa, bunlar hayat formunun unsurları olarak da düşünülebilir. Burada önemli olan Wittgenstein için hayat ve formun birbirinden ayrılamaz olması. Eğer formu, duygulanımlar, etik ve politik olan olarak anlarsak, Wittgensteincı bir perspektiften şu soruyu sormak mümkün: Agamben’in pandemiye ilişkin yazılarında ima ettiği biçimde formundan tamamen ayrılmış bir çıplak hayat mümkün müdür?
Research Interests:
Bazen gerçeklik öyle güçlüdür ki, üzerine giydirilmeye çalışılan teoriyi çıkarıp bir kenara fırlatır atar. Siyaset felsefesi alanında saygın bir teorisyen olan Agamben'in son yazılarındaki durumu sanırım bu çok iyi özetliyor… Agamben,... more
Bazen gerçeklik öyle güçlüdür ki, üzerine giydirilmeye çalışılan teoriyi çıkarıp bir kenara fırlatır atar. Siyaset felsefesi alanında saygın bir teorisyen olan Agamben'in son yazılarındaki durumu sanırım bu çok iyi özetliyor… Agamben, geçtiğimiz aylarda koronavirüs, devletlerin tutumu ve virüse verilen toplumsal tepkiler üzerine yazdığı iki yazı ile tartışmaların odağına oturdu. Aldığı eleştirilerle büyüyen tartışma ortamında, farklı kavramlar üzerinden ama yine aynı düşünce sistematiğini geliştiren üç yazı daha yayınladı. Salgına karşı yaşanan paniğin, devlet tarafından bir yönetim paradigması olarak gerçekdışı bir şekilde yaratıldığı iddiasıyla başladığı yazıları, çıplak hayata odaklanan biyopolitikanın, duygulanımları askıya alarak bilimsel faşizme varacağı uyarısıyla devam etti. Ve son iki yazısında bilimin yeni din olduğu düşüncesi daha ön plana çıktı. Tabiri caizse, küresel ölçekte yaşanan salgın durumunu kendi kavramlarını kullandığı bir deneme tahtasına dönüştürdü. Her ne kadar felsefesi kendi içinde ve başka durumlar için anlamlı ise de salgın koşullarına iddia ettiği şekliyle oturtulması hiç ikna edici değil. Bunun neden böyle olduğunu yazılarını sırayla irdeleyerek göstermeye çalışacağım. Bu konudaki ilk yazısı Bir Salgının İcadı, 26 Şubat'ta Quodlibet'de yayınlandı. Bu yazı, belki de en çok tepki çeken yazısı oldu. Haklı olarak. Nitekim skandal denebilecek bir tarzda bütün iddiasını gerçek dışı, kendi algısıyla kurguladığı bir zemine oturtuyordu. Yazıyı yazdığı sırada pandeminin ciddiyetini anlamaktan uzak olduğu çok açıktı. Yazısına İtalyan Ulusal Araştırma Konseyi'nin verilerinden yola çıkarak Covid-19'un ciddiyetini küçümseyerek başlıyor, okulların kapatılması, seyahatlerin askıya alınması, söz konusu belediyelerin sınırları içine giriş ve çıkış yasağına dair yasal düzenlemeyi, normal 'gripten vakalarından pek de farklı olmayan normal bir grip tehdidi' karşısında orantısız bir reaksiyon olarak açıklıyordu. Ona göre yaşadığımız, ciddi bir tehdit olduğu fikrini devletin icat ettiği, aslında hastaların sadece yüzde 4'ünün (!) yoğun bakıma girdiği sözüm ona bir salgındı. Devletin, hayatın askıya alınmasına yardımcı olacak gerçek bir istisna hâlini arzuladığı için bu panik havasını özellikle kışkırttığını iddia ediyordu. Olağanüstü hâl için kullandığı terörizm tehdidini tüketen devlet, şimdi de pandemi paniği yaratarak, özgürlük alanını kolaylıkla kısıtlayabileceği ve toplumu baskılayarak yönetebileceği bu istisnai durumun koşullarını yaratmış oluyordu. Özetle, Agamben, devletin, icat ettiği bu salgınla yarattığı 'istisna hâlini, normal bir yönetim paradigması olarak' kalıcılaştırarak kullanacağını iddia ediyordu. Oysa virüs bugüne kadar görülmedik bir şekilde öldürücüydü, normal bir grip değildi ve yaşanan panik, devletlerin icadı değildi. Yani paniğin gerçek bir temeli vardı. Henüz aşı ve ilacı geliştirilmediği için insanların bir çözüm bulununcaya kadar, virüsün yayılmasını engellemek ve korunmak için kendilerini izole etmekten başka çareleri yoktu. Dahası, binlerce insanın ölümünün engellenememesinin arkasında yatan neden, devletlerin ve iktidarların-aynı Agamben gibi-virüsün ciddiyetini zamanında kavrayamamaları, hatta reddetmeleri ve hazırlıksız yakalandıkları bu virüse karşı, acil bir şekilde karantina tedbirlerini al(a)mamış olmalarıydı. Yani sorun insanların kapatılmasında değil, zamanında 'kapatılmamasındaydı'; birçok durumda, devletin olağanüstü hâl (ya da evde kalma emri) ilan etmekte isteksizliğiydi. Örneğin, başta Trump olmak üzere birçok lider, kapitalist şirketleri kurtarma derdine düşüp daha ölüm oranları düşmeden açılmayı
Rather than being an exceptional institution of the laik system, the Diyanet has been a vital component of the secular state in Turkey, a centralized and powerful institution that to a great extent manages and governs the religious field.... more
Rather than being an exceptional institution of the laik system, the Diyanet has been a vital component of the secular state in Turkey, a centralized and powerful institution that to a great extent manages and governs the religious field. The talk will focus on the transformation of the role of the Diyanet, which has expanded from providing religious services and framing ‘a moral perspective for the Turkish society’ to participating in the process of Islamizing everyday life. By 'moving out of the mosque' during the last decade, the Diyanet started engaging in characteristically ‘non-religious activities,’ such as the care services for women, families and elderly, in a way to integrate those fields into the ‘religious’. Furthermore, focusing on the latest cases, such as the closure of Furkan Vakfi and the arrest of Adnan Oktar, the talk will discuss how the governing mentality of the secular state still works under the JDP administration, in homogenizing the field of religion and managing Islamic groups in Turkey. The talk will end with a discussion of whether a new 'hegemonic Islam,' which differs from the moderate Islam of the Kemalist regime, has been produced and established as the state's Islam in Turkey.

http://www.multiple-secularities.de/events/
Research Interests:
The Diyanet has long been considered as an exceptional institution of Turkish secularism and evidence showing that secularism in Turkey is indeed flawed. However, recently, the scholars of the anthropology of secularism have criticized... more
The Diyanet has long been considered as an exceptional institution of Turkish secularism and evidence showing that secularism in Turkey is indeed flawed. However, recently, the scholars of the anthropology of secularism have criticized this approach, which understands religion and secularism as oppositional, and segregated with clear boundaries. The critics have argued that secularism as a practice of the nation-state has built itself in relation to the field of religion (Asad, 2003). Looking from this perspective, we observe that for various examples, the secular state does not withdraw from the religious domain; rather, it manages the field of religion (Turner, 2013) and constructs it in a modern sense (Asad, 2003). Previously, in reference to Bryan S. Turner’s concept of ‘management of religion,’ we had argued that throughout the history of Republic, the Diyanet has been one of the major institutions that shaped and managed the field
Zengin Arslan, B (2015). Aleviliği Tanımlamak: Türkiye’de Dinin Yönetimi, Sekülerlik ve Diyanet. Mülkiye Dergisi, 39 (1), 135-158.
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of religion and secularism in Turkey (Turner and Zengin Arslan, 2013). In this article, I analyze the state’s approach to Alevism in reference to the concept of ‘management of religion.’ This article suggests that the Republican regime recognized Alevism by dissolving it into a secular identity. In this sense it did not indeed recognize Alevis with their religious identities. During the Justice and Development Party period, the ‘Alevi opening’ process was initiated as a part of the EU integration process. However, the article argues, in this process the government had an approach of defining Alevism from its own perspective, rather than recognizing them in their own terms. The state wanted to define Alevism through and in reference to Sunni İslam, and by utilizing a series of strategies of governmentality, such as producing a written Alevi culture with the leadership of the Diyanet.
Research Interests:
The creation of a national and unified legal system was an important aspect of the rise of the modern state and national citizenship. However, this interpretation of legal rationalization has been challenged by sociologists of law such as... more
The creation of a national and unified legal system was an important aspect of the rise of the modern state and national citizenship. However, this interpretation of legal rationalization has been challenged by sociologists of law such as Eugene Ehrlich (1862–1922) who claimed that this juridical theory of state-centred law masked the presence of customary laws outside this formal system. In critical theories of the law, legal pluralism is proposed against the idea of legal sovereignty or legal centralism. In this article we explore the implications of the growth of the Shari'a as an example of legal pluralism. We take Turkey and Greece as two interesting but different examples of legal pluralism and consider the implications of these case studies for debates about liberalism, multiculturalism and citizenship in multi-faith societies.
Research Interests:
Der Rückbau der Demokratie und des Säkularismus in der Türkei betrifft unmittelbar auch das Verhältnis zwischen Frauen und Männern. Der Band beleuchtet erstmals die Politik und Geschlechterverhältnisse unter der AKP sowie die aktuellen... more
Der Rückbau der Demokratie und des Säkularismus in der Türkei betrifft unmittelbar auch das Verhältnis zwischen Frauen und Männern. Der Band beleuchtet erstmals die Politik und Geschlechterverhältnisse unter der AKP sowie die aktuellen Positionen und Ziele der vielfältigen feministischen Bewegungen seit den 2000er Jahren bis heute. Mit Blick auf politische, sozio-ökonomische und kulturelle Entwicklungen zeigen die Autorinnen des Bandes, wie die historisch gewachsenen, weiterhin aktiven Frauenbewegungen in der Türkei mit einem Wiedererstarken patriarchalischer Strukturen konfrontiert sind.