This study aims at understanding the conceptual structure of the use of prepositions (a ‘at’, para ‘to’, em ‘in’) in the complement of goal-oriented motion verbs (ir ‘go’, vir ‘come’, chegar ‘arrive’) in Brazilian Portuguese. Applying a... more
This study aims at understanding the conceptual structure of the use of prepositions (a ‘at’, para ‘to’, em ‘in’) in the complement of goal-oriented motion verbs (ir ‘go’, vir ‘come’, chegar ‘arrive’) in Brazilian Portuguese. Applying a corpus-based and profile-based methodology, within a Cognitive Grammar framework, this study combines a multifactorial usage-feature analysis of these prepositional constructions with their subsequent multivariate statistical modeling. The results point out the cognitive basis of this constructional variation and specifically show that the semantic features ‘profiling’ and ‘motion verb’ are the most important language-internal predictors in the use of the prepositions. This variation conveys alternative grammatical construals, i.e., the very high frequency of em ‘in’ in the complement of goal-oriented motion indicates nuances of meaning motivated by the superimposition of image schemas and the cognitive operation of profiling. Language-external featu...
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tuguese se constructions, posited in the transitive continuum, have a constructional counterpart in which the clitic is absent. The null clitic construction, observed in all the seconstructions (i.e. reflexive, reciprocal, middle,... more
tuguese se constructions, posited in the transitive continuum, have a constructional counterpart in which the clitic is absent. The null clitic construction, observed in all the seconstructions (i.e. reflexive, reciprocal, middle, anticausative, passive and impersonal) is more frequently used in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) than in European Portuguese (EP). The phenomenon has largely been studied from a morphosyntatic lens or as a result of an ongoing deletion of clitics in BP, shying away from the possible implications in terms of the semantic differentiation between overt and null se constructions. This chapter focuses on reflexive, reciprocal and middle se constructions and aims to investigate what factors determine the choice between overt seconstructions and their null counterpart. Based on an extensive usage-feature and profile-based analysis, and using multivariate statistical methods, we show that reflexive, reciprocal and middle null se constructions are associated with a reco...
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Purpose • argue that the diachronic development of synonymous forms reveals essential aspects about synonymy • examine the role of conceptual factors, social factors and their correlations in the emergence of synonymy in general and... more
Purpose • argue that the diachronic development of synonymous forms reveals essential aspects about synonymy • examine the role of conceptual factors, social factors and their correlations in the emergence of synonymy in general and across lectal varieties • show that prototype-based features can differentiate synonyms and can originate synonyms across lectal varieties Hypotheses 1. the diachronic development of synonyms reveals essential aspects about synonymy 2. the emergence of synonyms result either from conceptual salience factors, or from social salience factors, or even from interaction of both factors ⇒ prototype-based features can-differentiate synonyms (cf. Geeraerts 1988)-originate synonyms across varieties Geeraerts/Speelman 2010 3. competitions of synonyms shed light about language variation and change-convergence/divergence between lectal varieties, standardization (cf. Geeraerts et al. 1999, Soares da Silva 2010) Illustrations 2 corpus-based case studies • the diachro...
Pensamos sobre a realidade social em termos de modelos cognitivos e culturais e, consequentemente, utilizamos estes modelos para categorizar e avaliar a variacao linguistica. Neste estudo, analisaremos os modelos cognitivos e culturais... more
Pensamos sobre a realidade social em termos de modelos cognitivos e culturais e, consequentemente, utilizamos estes modelos para categorizar e avaliar a variacao linguistica. Neste estudo, analisaremos os modelos cognitivos e culturais subjacentes as percecoes e atitudes relativamente as variedades europeia e brasileira do portugues. Emergindo necessariamente no discurso, esses modelos serao estudados com base num corpus de debates sobre politicas de lingua e comunicacao, normatizacao linguistica e lusofonia. Identificaremos modelos românticos e modelos racionalistas, tanto de convergencia como de divergencia entre as duas variedades nacionais, que estao na base de atitudes puristas e pro-independentistas face ao portugues como lingua pluricentrica. O modelo racionalista ve a norma padrao como meio de participacao social, ao passo que o modelo romântico olha para a lingua padrao como meio de discriminacao de identidades. Discutiremos a influencia destas ideologias românticas e racio...
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The aim of this chapter is to analyse the conceptualisation of austerity in three different European cultures by identifying metaphorical expressions used in one representative newspaper of the Portuguese, the Spanish and the Irish press... more
The aim of this chapter is to analyse the conceptualisation of austerity in three different European cultures by identifying metaphorical expressions used in one representative newspaper of the Portuguese, the Spanish and the Irish press between 2011 and 2012. The metaphors were identified by searching for three keywords from the field of economy and politics (austeridade-austeridad-austerity, corte-recorte-cut and divida-deuda-debt) and were then classified according to the type of schema they instantiate, namely, propositional schema, image schema or event schema. Assuming the general framework of Cultural Linguistics and corpus-based and discourse-based approaches to conceptual metaphor, the study highlights how metaphor can be a powerful conceptual and discourse strategy to frame economic, political and social issues and to serve emotional and ideological purposes. Through metaphor, the strongly mediatised political and economic debate about austerity measures and policies becomes effectively persuasive and manipulative. The analysis shows that the newspapers resort to the same schemas and metaphors. However, the differences in the frequency of the types of schema and the specific metaphors suggest that different socio-historical and cultural conceptualisations result in the different types and rates of metaphors in the three cultures under analysis, i.e. a deep conservative morality of self-discipline and punishment, in the case of Portugal; a strong sense of outrage against austerity measures and their creditors, in Spain; and the idea that the crisis and its effects were hitting the country but not as seriously as others, in Ireland.
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This work studies the metaphorical conceptualization of austerity policies in the Portuguese press and its ideological purpose. The analysis relies on a corpus of news and opinion articles published in June-July 2011, after the entry of... more
This work studies the metaphorical conceptualization of austerity policies in the Portuguese press and its ideological purpose. The analysis relies on a corpus of news and opinion articles published in June-July 2011, after the entry of the Troika, and May 2013, when protests against the austerity policies intensified. The analysis reveals the persuasive and manipulative force of certain specific metaphors, such as obesity/diet, indebted family, good student, and sacrifice. These socially-embodied metaphors are grounding in moral cultural models and serve ideological, emotional and moral purposes.
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Supporting the hypothesis that emotions are culturally constructed, this article compares the cultural conceptualization of pride in European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP/BP). Individualistic/collectivistic as well as other cultural... more
Supporting the hypothesis that emotions are culturally constructed, this article compares the cultural conceptualization of pride in European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP/BP). Individualistic/collectivistic as well as other cultural influences that determine the conceptual variation of pride in pluricentric Portuguese are examined. Adopting a sociocognitive view of language and applying a multifactorial usage-feature and profile-based methodology, this study combines a feature-based qualitative analysis of 500 occurrences of orgulho ‘pride’ and vaidade ‘vanity’ from a corpus of blogs with their subsequent multivariate statistic modeling. The multiple correspondence analysis reveals two clusters of features, namely, self-centered pride and other-directed pride. Logistic regression confirmed that EP appears to be more associated with other-directed pride, which is in line with the more collectivist and restrained Portuguese culture, whereas BP is more connected with self-centered prid...
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O volume 69 da revista Estudos Linguísticos e Literários reúne 17 artigos escritos por pesquisadores do Brasil e de Portugal que discutem, em seus respectivos textos, a linguagem da pandemia de COVID-19 sob a ótica da Linguística... more
O volume 69 da revista Estudos Linguísticos e Literários reúne 17 artigos escritos por pesquisadores do Brasil e de Portugal que discutem, em seus respectivos textos, a linguagem da pandemia de COVID-19 sob a ótica da Linguística Cognitiva. Seu primo objetivo é divulgar uma parcela da produção científica realizada acerca dessa linguagem e dos mecanismos da cognição acionados para sua produção. Assim sendo, as discussões apresentadas contemplam a conceptualização da pandemia, abordando mecanismos da cognição humana, a exemplo de metáforas, instanciadas em variados usos linguageiros, mono e/ou multimodais, elaborados nos diferentes discursos que emergem nas distintas práticas sociais decorrentes da experiência com essa doença e com o vírus que a desencadeia, o SARS-CoV-2, conhecido como novo coronavírus. Os percursos metodológicos adotados pelos autores, bem como os materiais textuais que sustentam as discussões expostas nos artigos são diversos, garantido a pluralidade na abordagem d...
RESUMO: este estudo apresenta elementos da emergente Sociolinguística Cognitiva e um programa de sociolinguística cognitiva e quantitativa do português europeu e brasileiro centrado na questão da convergência ou divergência entre as duas... more
RESUMO: este estudo apresenta elementos da emergente Sociolinguística Cognitiva e um programa de sociolinguística cognitiva e quantitativa do português europeu e brasileiro centrado na questão da convergência ou divergência entre as duas variedades. Primeiro, mostramos as razões da inevitabilidade da sociolinguística cognitiva dentro do paradigma da Linguística Cognitiva. A seguir, sumariamos os resultados da investigação sociolexicológica sobre o vocabulário do futebol e do vestuário e indicamos as extensões desta investigação para os domínios das palavras funcionais e das variáveis não-lexicais. Palavras-chave: cognição social, linguística de corpus, português europeu/brasileiro, sociolinguística cognitiva, variação linguística Introdução A sociolinguística cognitiva é uma área ainda emergente no paradigma da Linguística Cognitiva. Na primeira parte deste estudo, mostraremos as razões da inevitabilidade da sociolinguística cognitiva e os seus contributos específicos para o estudo ...
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Argumentaremos que um modelo baseado no uso implica uma concecao de lingua como sistema dinâmico complexo, que correlaciona os aspetos sociais e os aspetos cognitivos. Descritivamente, um modelo baseado no uso implica a inclusao da... more
Argumentaremos que um modelo baseado no uso implica uma concecao de lingua como sistema dinâmico complexo, que correlaciona os aspetos sociais e os aspetos cognitivos. Descritivamente, um modelo baseado no uso implica a inclusao da variacao intralinguistica no estudo de qualquer expressao e a sua correlacao com o significado conceptual. Metodologicamente, um modelo baseado no uso implica a implementacao de metodos empiricos multivariacionais, como os metodos socioletometricos. No plano metateorico, um modelo baseado no uso implica uma des-sistematizacao do sistema linguistico e a construcao de um modelo multifatorial de gramatica. Mostraremos como a Sociolinguistica Cognitiva, uma extensao emergente da Linguistica Cognitiva como modelo orientado para o significado e para o uso, consegue dar conta destas implicacoes. Como ilustracao, apresentaremos os resultados da nossa investigacao sociocognitiva e socioletometrica sobre a divergencia entre o portugues europeu e brasileiro.
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Research Interests: Psychology and Causation
Relatorio apresentada a concurso para Professor Associado da Faculdade de Filosofia de Braga da U.C.P., na area de Linguistica Portuguesa.
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Texto de apresentacao da edicao tematica “35 anos de Teoria da Metafora Conceptual. Fundamentos, problemas e novos rumos.” Texto produzido pelos organizadores, os professores doutores Augusto Soares da Silva, da Universidade de Braga, e... more
Texto de apresentacao da edicao tematica “35 anos de Teoria da Metafora Conceptual. Fundamentos, problemas e novos rumos.” Texto produzido pelos organizadores, os professores doutores Augusto Soares da Silva, da Universidade de Braga, e Jan Edson Rodrigues Leite, da Universidade Federal da Paraiba.
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Os textos reunidos nesta obra exploram as relacoes entre linguagem, cultura e cognicao na perspectiva da Linguistica Cognitiva, paradigma recente que estuda a linguagem como parte integrante da cognicao e em conexao com a experiencia... more
Os textos reunidos nesta obra exploram as relacoes entre linguagem, cultura e cognicao na perspectiva da Linguistica Cognitiva, paradigma recente que estuda a linguagem como parte integrante da cognicao e em conexao com a experiencia humana do mundo. Ate que ponto e que a linguagem e a cultura influenciam a conceptualizacao? E ate que ponto e que a conceptualizacao varia entre culturas, comunidades ou mesmo individuos? Serao as diferencas de conceptualizacao entre linguas, superficiais ou profundas? Como articular a hipotese dos conceitos universais com a hipotese da relatividade linguistica? Estas sao algumas das questoes aqui analisadas na perspectiva de que a linguagem e cultura sao facetas imbricadas da cognicao, e cognicao e linguagem sao culturalmente situadas. Os setenta estudos apresentados reflectem o estimulante pluralismo de teorias, metodos e agendas que caracteriza este movimento. Sao tratados diversos temas de semântica cognitiva e cultural, gramatica cognitiva, sociolexicologia cognitiva, analise do discurso e ainda poetica cognitiva, psicolinguistica, linguagem gestual, linguistica computacional e filosofia da mente. Os estudos incidem em diferentes linguas e culturas, incluindo nao-indo-europeias, e revelam importantes modelos cognitivos e modelos culturais. A parte inicial reune os contributos de fundadores da Linguistica Cognitiva e outros autores representativos R. Langacker, L. Talmy, D. Geerarets, A. Verhagen e E. Bernardez. Estao aqui reunidos estudos de especialistas de cerca de vinte paises, incluindo especialistas nacionais. Constitui esta obra uma valiosa amostragem da investigacao e Linguistica Cognitiva e um importante contributo para o desenvolvimento desta area entre nos.
The complexity of the linguistic system, the variability of meaning and the interindividuality of human cognition are intimately related. By examining language in its effective usage, we cannot help but recognize its great variability and... more
The complexity of the linguistic system, the variability of meaning and the interindividuality of human cognition are intimately related. By examining language in its effective usage, we cannot help but recognize its great variability and heterogeneity, and one must correlate social variation with conceptual variation. When investigating the variability of meaning, one cannot neglect sociolinguistic variation as one of the factors of this variability, and it becomes inevitable to meet the multidimensionality of meaning in the confluence of its social and conceptual dimensions and in the correlation among perception, action and interaction. Understanding cognition as socioculturally situated makes it inevitable to integrate the social, cultural and interactional aspects in the analysis not only of cognitive capacities in general but also of language. In this study, we attempt to articulate the idea of language as a complex dynamic system with the ascertainment of the intrinsic flexib...
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En primer lugar hay que advertir que se trata de polisemia u homonimia de sentidos y no de palabras. Se considera que una palabra es polisemica cuando sus usos responden a especificaciones contextuales de un unico sentido. Silva presenta... more
En primer lugar hay que advertir que se trata de polisemia u homonimia de sentidos y no de palabras. Se considera que una palabra es polisemica cuando sus usos responden a especificaciones contextuales de un unico sentido. Silva presenta una completa revision de las diferentes posturas en cuanto a la polisemia, y a partir de sus estudios sobre los usos del verbo deixar y el complemento indirecto en portugues, propone que tanto las categorias semanticas como las gramaticales poseen estructuras prototipicas multidimensionales estabilizadas por el factor de la coherencia interna de la categoria. Ademas establece las relaciones que existen entre el fenomeno de la polisemia y el funcionamiento fisiologico del cerebro humano. Son especialmente importantes las conclusiones que senalan a partir de datos linguisticos reales la conveniencia de integrar diversas perspectivas metodologicas.
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We attempt to make clear, from the point of view of Prototype Semantics, the existence of prototypicality effects in the semantic development of the Iberian verb deixar/dejar (to leave and to let). This development took the form of a... more
We attempt to make clear, from the point of view of Prototype Semantics, the existence of prototypicality effects in the semantic development of the Iberian verb deixar/dejar (to leave and to let). This development took the form of a reorganization of prototypes, determined by a process of deprototypicalization and formation of two distinct, although related, categories. The verb deixar/dejar comes from the Latin etymon laxare «to loosen, to slacken». It was probably from «to let go», a metonymic application of !axare which became prototypical around the 2nd century AD, that the two groups of current senses were formed. From Late Latin to Old Portuguese and Spanish, the disappearance of «to loosen, to slacken» and above all, the deprototypicalization of «to let go» give rise to a change in prototypes from the spatial domain to the psycho-social and moral domains. There occurs, on the one hand, the prototypicalization of «to allow» and, on lhe other hand, the prototypicalization of «to abandon». From Old Portuguese to Modern Portuguese (and the same has probably happened as to the Spanish) the strengthening of the passive values (a greater passivization of the subject) gives rise to the prototypicalization of «not to intervene, not to impede» and, consequently, to the asymmetry of the current prototypical centers (active prototype «to abandon» vs. passive prototype «not to intervene»). The deprototypicalization of «to let go» was the first step towards a possible homonymy. But the homonymization of deixar/dejar is not yet consummated and the proof of this lies in the fact that the verb still presents some internai coherence.
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Apesar da longa e rica tradicao de investigacao sobre variacao linguistica, os estudos sobre linguas pluricentricas, desde o volume seminal editado por Clyne (1992), sao ainda reduzidos. O pluricentrismo linguistico e um caso especial de... more
Apesar da longa e rica tradicao de investigacao sobre variacao linguistica, os estudos sobre linguas pluricentricas, desde o volume seminal editado por Clyne (1992), sao ainda reduzidos. O pluricentrismo linguistico e um caso especial de variacao intralinguistica, marcado por questoes de identidade e poder nacionais. Neste estudo, procuraremos identificar alguns dos principais topicos da agenda de investigacao sobre as linguas pluricentricas, articulando a tradicao da sociolinguistica variacionista e a perspetiva da sociolinguistica cognitiva. Sao apreciados modelos que dao conta da correlacao entre os fatores conceptuais e os fatores sociais que determinam a variacao do significado em contextos pluricentricos e o significado da variacao na mente dos falantes (Kristiansen & Dirven 2008; Geeraerts et al. 2010; Soares da Silva 2014, 2016). Especial atencao e dada tambem aos metodos socioletometricos baseados em perfis onomasiologicos de conceitos lexicais e funcoes gramaticais para me...
This paper first advocates an onomasiological, concept-based and socio-cognitive approach to lexical borrowing, expanding the current loanword research from lexical items towards concepts. Second, it presents a corpusbased and... more
This paper first advocates an onomasiological, concept-based and socio-cognitive approach to lexical borrowing, expanding the current loanword research from lexical items towards concepts. Second, it presents a corpusbased and concept-based sociolectometrical study on differences in the use of loanwords in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese and their impact on diachronic lexical variation between the two national varieties. In the first part, the main topics and contributions of the Cognitive Sociolinguistic perspective on borrowability, and concept-based sociolectometrical methods of measuring variation in the success of loanwords are highlighted. In the second part, English and French loanwords in the field of football and clothing terminologies are analyzed through possible receptor Portuguese equivalents and advanced corpus-based sociolectometrical measures, such as featural measures (calculating the proportion of terms possessing a special feature) and uniformity meas...
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It is sometimes argued that the ideational theory of meaning, which finds in Cognitive Semantics its most elaborated current expression, cannot fully answer the issue of the nature of meaning as it ignores the pragmatic point as a... more
It is sometimes argued that the ideational theory of meaning, which finds in Cognitive Semantics its most elaborated current expression, cannot fully answer the issue of the nature of meaning as it ignores the pragmatic point as a fundamental element in linguistic meaning. This paper tries to argue that a conceptualist conception of meaning implies its socio-interactional conception. Meanings exist in our minds and, precisely because of that, are viewed as categories of encyclopedic knowledge grounded on human experience and built over social interaction. Problems or misunderstandings result from partial understanding of conceptualization and cognition. Following the view of Cognitive Semantics and taking the descriptive results of our studies about polysemous categories as reference, we will first highlight evidence showing that meaning is conceptualization, in the broad sense of any kind of mental experience. Next, we will argue that if meaning is conceptualization, then it is closely related to human experience. But experientialism of meaning and cognition not only encompasses an individual, neurophysiological dimension, but also an intersubjective, interactional dimension. Finally, we will consider some methodological (empirical methodology) and epistemological (social cognition) implications in order to describe and explain linguistic meaning.
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When a causative meaning is expressed by an independent verbal element, we may identify the construction as analytic, periphrastic, or syntactic. Romance languages present greater grammatical elaboration of analytic causative... more
When a causative meaning is expressed by an independent verbal element, we may identify the construction as analytic, periphrastic, or syntactic. Romance languages present greater grammatical elaboration of analytic causative constructions than other languages. Contradicting a long formalist (generative) tradition in general (and Romance) linguistics, the grammatical complexity of the causative constructions becomes explicable in the light of their semantic import and conceptual motivations. This paper offers a conceptual analysis of the analytic causative constructions in Portuguese and in Spanish. We will begin with a survey of the semantic properties of the causative verbs. Based on the Talmy's (1988, 2000) force dynamics model, four force-dynamic patterns are described, which are instantiated in fazer/hacer 'do/make', manter/mantener 'keep' and deixar/dejar 'leave/let'. Other analytic causative verbs such as mandar 'order', forçar/forzar '...
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This paper has the double objective of explaining the relevance of an evolutionary model for the study of language change and of showing the advantages of a more systematic sociocognitive perspective related to linguistic change. We focus... more
This paper has the double objective of explaining the relevance of an evolutionary model for the study of language change and of showing the advantages of a more systematic sociocognitive perspective related to linguistic change. We focus on an influential evolutionary approach to language change: the Utterance Selection Theory of language change developed by Croft (2000). Croft’s evolutionary approach takes its inspiration from neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, particularly the Generalized Theory of Selection developed by Hull (1988), a philosopher of science. The touchstone idea states that linguistic change is an instance of cultural evolution and is therefore submitted to the same general evolutionary mechanisms driving biological evolution. Language is a a system of use governed by convention, and language change results from breaking with convention and propagating this innovation through the linguistic community until it becomes a new convention. Accordingly to this generalized evolutionary model, altered replication is equated with language innovation, and propagation of individual changes is the linguistic counterpart of the differential perpetuation or selection of replicators. We will argue within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics (Geeraerts & Cuyckens 2007) for a more systematic integration of cognitive and social factors in the explanation of language change. Taking semantic change as illustration we will show that the mechanisms for language innovation are cognitive whereas the mechanisms for propagation are essentially social. Knowing how do cognitive factors interact with social factors along linguistic change remains a major challenge of the evolutionary approach to language change.
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This paper presents a description of the linguistic studies about the European and Brazilian varieties of Portuguese, in the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. After a brief overview of the foundational tenets and the research trends in... more
This paper presents a description of the linguistic studies about the European and Brazilian varieties of Portuguese, in the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. After a brief overview of the foundational tenets and the research trends in this new fast developing paradigm, I identify landmarks and centers for cognitive linguistic studies of Portuguese both in Portugal and Brazil and elsewhere. Cognitive Linguistics is still a minor linguistic trend in these countries. I also offer a systematic view of the main research projects and published literature involving the two national varieties. The longed-for development of a Cognitive Linguistics of Portuguese requires greater attention to grammatical phenomena and collaborative work by the few Portuguese linguists and the Brazilian linguists already organized in an Association.
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O volume 69 da revista Estudos Linguisticos e Literarios reune 17 artigos escritos por pesquisadores do Brasil e de Portugal que discutem, em seus respectivos textos, a linguagem da pandemia de COVID-19 sob a otica da Linguistica... more
O volume 69 da revista Estudos Linguisticos e Literarios reune 17 artigos escritos por pesquisadores do Brasil e de Portugal que discutem, em seus respectivos textos, a linguagem da pandemia de COVID-19 sob a otica da Linguistica Cognitiva. Seu primo objetivo e divulgar uma parcela da producao cientifica realizada acerca dessa linguagem e dos mecanismos da cognicao acionados para sua producao. Assim sendo, as discussoes apresentadas contemplam a conceptualizacao da pandemia, abordando mecanismos da cognicao humana, a exemplo de metaforas, instanciadas em variados usos linguageiros, mono e/ou multimodais, elaborados nos diferentes discursos que emergem nas distintas praticas sociais decorrentes da experiencia com essa doenca e com o virus que a desencadeia, o SARS-CoV-2, conhecido como novo coronavirus. Os percursos metodologicos adotados pelos autores, bem como os materiais textuais que sustentam as discussoes expostas nos artigos sao diversos, garantido a pluralidade na abordagem d...
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This paper argues that the semantic contrast between the European Portuguese indicative and subjunctive moods, in complement clauses introduced by epistemic verbs, is related to one of the most fundamental principles of Cognitive Grammar,... more
This paper argues that the semantic contrast between the European Portuguese indicative and subjunctive moods, in complement clauses introduced by epistemic verbs, is related to one of the most fundamental principles of Cognitive Grammar, which states that different choices regarding the way of conveying one’s perspective about a certain aspect of the world — different construals — also result in different meanings. Specifically, it will be shown that different mood construals will reflect different levels of commitment towards the complement clause’s epistemic factivity, as it is addressed in Cognitive Grammar: factivity is the degree of identification of the virtual circumstances of enunciation evoked by the complement clause and the actual ones. The indicative is selected to convey a strong commitment towards the complement’s factivity whereas the subjunctive attenuates the complement’s factivity.
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... Ela sintoniza, portanto, com várias escolas e teorias (recentes e antigas) que se concentram no uso da linguagem e nas funções ... Mas a linguística cognitiva não é uma reduplicação da pragmática linguística, já que esta é apenas uma... more
... Ela sintoniza, portanto, com várias escolas e teorias (recentes e antigas) que se concentram no uso da linguagem e nas funções ... Mas a linguística cognitiva não é uma reduplicação da pragmática linguística, já que esta é apenas uma das disciplinas linguísticas, que se ...