- Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Gadjah Mada
- +6281905205100
Fajri Matahati Muhammadin
Universitas Gadjah Mada (Yogyakarta), Law, Department Member
'Humanity' and 'ethics' are two words that seem foreign in times of war. Regulating the etiquette of conduct during combat, a branch of international law now known as International Humanitarian Law (IHL) aims to mitigate... more
'Humanity' and 'ethics' are two words that seem foreign in times of war. Regulating the etiquette of conduct during combat, a branch of international law now known as International Humanitarian Law (IHL) aims to mitigate the destructive effects of war. Today, more than ever since a very long time ago, Islamic jihad colors numerous wars in different parts of the world. Jihadist groups denounce laws they deem non-Islamic, and claim to follow Islamic laws including Fiqh al-Jihad. Whether they in fact live up to their claim is one thing. Yet the suitability of Fiqh al-Jihad in modern warfare is another question. While Fiqh al-Jihad significantly contributed in the historical development of IHL, how does it stand today? This paper will compare Fiqh al-Jihad and IHL. It will be found that although many rules in Fiqh al-Jihad are consistent with IHL or even – to some extent – more advanced in certain areas, yet there are some areas where Fiqh al-Jihad seems to lack in addressing certain issues. The issues explored are the following: the principle of distinction, the principle of proportionality, treatment of prisoners of war, environmental protection during armed conflict, and perfidy. It will be found that the discrepancies with IHL are not always caused due to discrepancies of principles between Fiqh al-Jihad and IHL. Rather it is mostly due to the lack of consideration towards certain realities of modern warfare. With further academic dialogues between the moderate and radical scholarship there may be some level of agreement to reduce the discrepancy towards modern IHL.
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War has also been a part of the history of Muslims ever since the time of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. The Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah (teachings) have addressed the virtue and rules of conduct of jihād (fighting in the path of Allah). The... more
War has also been a part of the history of Muslims ever since the time of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. The Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah (teachings) have addressed the virtue and rules of conduct of jihād (fighting in the path of Allah). The present chapter addresses Islamic teachings regarding the ethical conduct of war through a brief, skeletal discussion of seven principles: maṣlaḥat (exigency), iḥsān (beneficence), not transgressing the limits, deception without treachery, humane treatment of war captives, respect and contribution towards the law of nations, and sincerity of intentions and its consequences. While the essence of the seven principles still continues to be valid in our times, it is nevertheless deemed imperative that Muslim scholars and jurists need to further refine and elaborate these principles vis-a-vis the exigencies and necessities of an ever-changing complex world.
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This article by Wahab and Hadzrullathfi (2013) is part of a long-standing debate in the discourse of ‘ulama of ahl al-sunnah wa al-jama‘ah, especially between the Ash‘ariyyah and Athariyyah. While the debate is very old, but the discourse... more
This article by Wahab and Hadzrullathfi (2013) is part of a long-standing debate in the discourse of ‘ulama of ahl al-sunnah wa al-jama‘ah, especially between the Ash‘ariyyah and Athariyyah. While the debate is very old, but the discourse is always fresh and this particular topic (i.e. the stages of Imam Al-Ash‘ari’s creed of ‘aqidah) is among the underappreciated topics. The authors explained that this article is intended to refute the Salafis/Wahhabis who claim that Imam Abu Hasan Al-Ash‘ari has had three stages of aqidah creed: (a) Mu’tazilah, (b) Kullabiyah, then (c) Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama‘ah (hereinafter: Three Stage), an opinion which they attribute to Ibn Taymiyyah. Hence, this article is a very welcomed addition to this discourse. This review is intended to provide some critical insight towards Wahab and Hadzrullathfi’s article.
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Indonesian Abstract: ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Tulisan ini adalah kritik terhadap konsep universalitas Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dengan pendekatan post-kolonial terhadap hukum internasional. Akan diajukan bahwa klaim universalitas ini... more
Indonesian Abstract: ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Tulisan ini adalah kritik terhadap konsep universalitas Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dengan pendekatan post-kolonial terhadap hukum internasional. Akan diajukan bahwa klaim universalitas ini adalah berdasarkan sebuah pemikiran yang dilahirkan melalui hegemoni kolonial, dan ini terus bertahan dan didorong bahkan setelah periode dekolonialisasi hingga sekarang. Realitanya adalah tidak ada dasar yang benar maupun tepat untuk menyimpulkan adanya universalitas HAM dalam hukum internasional. Catatan: Tulisan ini adalah bagian dari sebuah buku (antologi) yang diterbitkan untuk merayakan ulang tahun Deklarasi Universal HAM oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tahun 1948, di Universitas Jember, 10 Desember 2017. Bukunya sudah terbit dalam bentuk hardcopy, dan kami masih menunggu versi softcopy-nya (akan diupload di sini nanti inshaaAllah). Yang diupload di sini adalah versi yang saya kirimkan sebagai revisi terakhir kepada editor. Secara substansi, versi ...
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The world has compromised justice in many occasions by making amnesty laws to forgive perpetrators of crime. These laws are often passed to resolve conflicts between rebels and government. Albeit, controversy arises when the conflict... more
The world has compromised justice in many occasions by making amnesty laws to forgive perpetrators of crime. These laws are often passed to resolve conflicts between rebels and government. Albeit, controversy arises when the conflict involves crimes of a jus cogens character. The norm of jus cogens are the highest in the hierarchy of international law, and any laws conflicting them shall be null and void. Among these norms are Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes, and Aggression. The international world have disregarded amnesties given for alleged Jus Cogens criminals, and have chosen to put the perpetrators to trials, i.e. in Sierra Leone, Chile, Uganda, inter alia. Yet in South Africa in 1995,in which amnesties have been given to the globally infamous actors of the apartheid regime, the world’s response was no less than positive. This article will elaborate how this amnesty provision in the National Unity and Reconciliation Act (1995) of South Africa was highly appreciate...
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Abstract In the Indonesian legal education, a large portion of the materials is Western-Secular products. This research highlights fundamental courses of Indonesian legal education, especially Introduction to Jurisprudence (PIH),... more
Abstract In the Indonesian legal education, a large portion of the materials is Western-Secular products. This research highlights fundamental courses of Indonesian legal education, especially Introduction to Jurisprudence (PIH), precisely the “principles of law” (asas-asas hukum”) chapter. This research primarily uses a doctrinal method, and this research compares the teaching of the “principles of law” chapter in PIH and Qawaidh Fiqhiyyah in Fiqh. The result of this research shows that both materials are parallel to each other, and Qawaidh Fiqhiyyah can be incorporated into the teaching of the “principles of law” chapter of the PIH course. Intisari Pendidikan hukum di Indonesia hampir seluruh isinya merupakan produk Barat-Sekuler. Penelitian ini menyorot mata kuliah yang mendasar pada pendidikan hukum Indonesia, yakni Pengantar Ilmu Hukum (PIH), lebih khususnya terkait Bab ‘Asas Hukum’. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode doktrinal (dan mengambil data empiris sebagai penunjang), serta penelitian ini membandingkan pengajaran Bab Asas Hukum pada PIH dengan Qawaidh Fiqhiyyah pada ilmu fiqih . Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa substansi keduanya paralel satu sama lain dan ditemukan bahwa Qawaidh Fiqhiyyah dapat diinkorporasikan pada pengajaran Bab Asas Hukum pada mata kuliah PIH.
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Antologi tulisan karya akademisi-akademisi hubungan dan hukum internasional yang tergabung dalam INSIERA, tentang perang dan genosida di Gaza tahun 2023.
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During the post-Independence wars in Indonesia, Masyumi as the largest Islamic political party played a significant role in encouraging the Muslims to fight against the Kingdom of the Netherlands who wanted to reclaim Indonesia. Among... more
During the post-Independence wars in Indonesia, Masyumi as the largest Islamic political party played a significant role in encouraging the Muslims to fight against the Kingdom of the Netherlands who wanted to reclaim Indonesia. Among Masyumi’s contribution to this effort was the publication of a book entitled “Djihad dan Qitaal” written by KH E. Abdoerrahman. This book serves as an Islamic guide for jihad fi sabilillah by outlining at least three things: (a) the necessity of jihad during that time in history, (b) the virtues of jihad in Islam, and (c) the principles of lawful conduct of jihad or “Islamic jus in bello”. Especially focusing on item (c) above, this research utilizes literature research and interview (obtaining secondary data) to examine the text and context of this book to see the extent of its contribution both from a historical and legal perspective. For the legal perspective, this research explores both the Islamic laws of war (fiqh al-jihad) and the International ...
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Desekulerisasi Pendidikan Hukum Dalam Fakultas Hukum Di Indonesia: Menganalisa Buku Teks 'Pengantar Ilmu Hukum' Khususnya Pada Bab 'Klasifikasi Norma' (De-Secularizing Legal Education in Indonesian Non-Islamic Law Schools: Examining the ‘Introduction to Jurisprudence’ Textbooks on the ‘Norm Class...more
Indonesian Abstract: Sistem hukum Indonesia tidaklah sekuler, tapi pendidikan hukum di universitas non-Islam justru sekuler. Artikel ini akan menyoroti mata kuliah ‘Pengantar Ilmu Hukum’ (PIH) yang diajarkan di program sarjana ilmu hukum.... more
Indonesian Abstract: Sistem hukum Indonesia tidaklah sekuler, tapi pendidikan hukum di universitas non-Islam justru sekuler. Artikel ini akan menyoroti mata kuliah ‘Pengantar Ilmu Hukum’ (PIH) yang diajarkan di program sarjana ilmu hukum. Lebih spesifik, satu bab akan dianalisa yaitu bab ‘Klasifikasi Norma’ karena ia merupakan bab awal PIH yang fundamental dalam membentuk logika pemahaman hukum bagi para mahasiswa. Artikel ini menggunakan studi literature untuk mengamati buku ajar PIH yang paling sering digunakan di beberapa fakultas hukum terbaik di Indonesia. Disimpulkan bahwa pendekatan buku-buku ajar ini bersifat sekuler dan tidak sesuai dengan system hukum Indonesia yang tidak sekuler. Islamisasi ilmu diperlukan untuk men-desekulerisasi bab ‘Klasifikasi Norma’ ini. English Abstract: The Indonesian legal system is not secular, but the legal education in non-Islamic universities are secular. This article will highlight the ‘Introduction to Jurisprudence’ course (ITJ) at law undergraduate programs. More specifically, one chapter will be analyzed i.e. ‘Classification of Norms’ because it is an early fundamental chapter in ITJ which shapes the jurisprudential reasoning of the law students. This article uses a literature study to observe the most used textbooks for the (ITJ) course in the top law schools in Indonesia. It will be found that the approached used by these textbooks are secular and incompatible with the Indonesian non-secular legal system. Islamization of knowledge is needed to ‘de-secularize’ this ‘Classification of Norms’ chapter.
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The debate on whether war captives may be executed has been a debate among Islamic scholars since the classical era until today. Some say war captives may be executed based on maslahat, others say it is categorically impermissible.... more
The debate on whether war captives may be executed has been a debate among Islamic scholars since the classical era until today. Some say war captives may be executed based on maslahat, others say it is categorically impermissible. However, in recent decades, the debate on this matter has entered a new phase, with the opposing sides, i.e., permissible if maslahat is present versus the categorically impermissible, but with new arguments emerging aside from the reiteration of some classical arguments. Some of these new arguments are non-contextual, such as new conclusions derived from the known prophetic tradition (sunnah) and contextual arguments such asthe role of international law vis-a-vis Islamic law.Using the literature review as the research method this article has examined the contemporary debate and will consider both classical arguments, as well as current contextual arguments, in the light of the usu/ al-fiqh, and how international law (particularly international humanitari...
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10th of July 2017, the President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2017 (known as 'Perppu Ormas') to revise the Law No. 17 of 2013 concerning Societal Organization (known... more
10th of July 2017, the President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2017 (known as 'Perppu Ormas') to revise the Law No. 17 of 2013 concerning Societal Organization (known as 'UU Ormas'), and finally legalized by the House of Representatives as a revised Law. This law is claimed to safeguard the state ideology of Pancasila by disbanding Anti-Pancasila societal organizations (SO). The first change is that previously only atheism and communism/Marxism-Leninism is considered as 'Anti-Pancasila'. Now it includes 'changing Pancasila and the constitution'. The second change is that previously to disband an SO would require a court ruling, now such court ruling is no longer required. With a doctrinal legal research, two things will be found: the first change is a minor one considering the framework of UU Ormas, while the second change is a major one because it is an issue of potential infringement of constitutional rights. Surely the Pancasila was never intended to violate a constitutional right. However, does the media do any better to defend the Pancasila? With a content analysis research, the extent of coverage Government online media on the Perppu Ormas issue will be observed. It is found that there is a tendency of Government online media to very heavily provide coverage of the first change is so heavily extensive, despite it being a minor change. It is found also that the second change receives very little coverage, despite it being a major change. With the same method, some online mainstream media is observed. It is found that there is still a tendency to highlight the first change more, but much less drastic. As shown above, this research is primarily a content analysis research but also combined with a doctrinal legal research. It is concluded that the contrast of coverage can distort and mislead the public in supporting the Perppu Ormas and newly revised UU Ormas. Further, the online media is doing a better but not sufficient role in this.
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Many may wonder why it is necessary to write about the authenticity of such a famous incident recorded in perhaps all books of sīrah and tārīkh. It has been well over a thousand years since Saʿd ibn Muʿādh passed his judgement on Banū... more
Many may wonder why it is necessary to write about the authenticity of such a famous incident recorded in perhaps all books of sīrah and tārīkh. It has been well over a thousand years since Saʿd ibn Muʿādh passed his judgement on Banū Qurayẓah following the Battle of Khandaq; all fighting men should be executed, the women and children should be enslaved. It is perhaps hard to imagine that someone would even question whether such an incident did in fact occur. However, the 20th century witnessed a challenge posed by some contemporary scholars suggesting that Saʿd ibn Muʿādh’s judgement had never happened. If this claim bears any amount of truth, it may be considered as a new revolutionary opinion that has eluded numerous generations of Muslim scholars. This article examines the claim of these contemporary scholars and limits itself to what can be analysed by the means of ʿulūm al-ḥadīth (ḥadīth criticism). While the critics have discussed various aspects about the entire Banū Qurayẓah campaign, this article focuses entirely on the judgment of Saʿd ibn Muʿādh.Two aspects are examined: sanad (chain of narration) and matn (text). The study has discovered that the narration concerning Saʿd ibn Muʿādh’s judgement is indeed authentic and the critics may have missed significant points in passing their judgments.
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While considered archaic to some, the Islamic Sharia applies lashing as punishment for a number of penal offences. Aceh is a special province in Indonesia with the privilege to apply some level of Islamic Sharia. Among them is to apply... more
While considered archaic to some, the Islamic Sharia applies lashing as punishment for a number of penal offences. Aceh is a special province in Indonesia with the privilege to apply some level of Islamic Sharia. Among them is to apply lashing as punishment for crimes such as fornication, gambling, consuming alcoholic beverages, and many others. Some have criticized this punishment as a violation of the prohibition against torture and cruel treatment. This article will explore the relevant sources of international law and examine whether or not such a claim is true. It will be found that the Islamic Sharia version of lashing as applied in Aceh does not violate this prohibition, except in a very narrow minded view of international law.
Research Interests: Human Rights Law, International Law, Human Rights, Political Science, International Human Rights Law, and 15 moreIslam and Human Rights, Public International Law, Indonesia, Torture, Sharia, Shariah, Regional Autonomy, Shariah and Law, Convention, CONFERENCE PROCEEDING, Aceh Studies, Indonesian Law, Critical International Law, Fiqh Al-Jinayat, and Jinayat
This is a review towards the book titled "CONTEMPORARY MUSLIMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT" written by Dr Umar Ahmad Kasule. This book is an important piece to clarify the true and proper understanding... more
This is a review towards the book titled "CONTEMPORARY MUSLIMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT" written by Dr Umar Ahmad Kasule. This book is an important piece to clarify the true and proper understanding towards the relationship between Islam and Human Rights.
Research Interests: Islamic Law, Human Rights, Political Science, International Human Rights Law, Islam and Human Rights, and 7 moreIslamic Studies, Human Rights Theory, Islam, Islamic Political Thought, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Social Science Research Network, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
Through Act No. 26 of 2000, Indonesia has established a Human Rights Court to put alleged perpetrators of genocide and crimes against humanity on trial. However, one problem seems to elude attention namely, customary international law is... more
Through Act No. 26 of 2000, Indonesia has established a Human Rights Court to put alleged perpetrators of genocide and crimes against humanity on trial. However, one problem seems to elude attention namely, customary international law is binding in international law. However, the Indonesian legal system particularly in the criminal justice system has no formal legal platform to justify the use of customary international law as legal basis. Be that as it may, the Human Rights Court has, in practice, applied customary international law on the basis of necessity to genocide and crimes against humanity. The aforementioned problem has thus been ignored. Using a doctrinal research method, this article finds that the crux of the problem is the strict formal legality principle applied in the Indonesian criminal justice system. This article argues that a solution can be found in the Islamic legal system which is not entirely foreign to Indonesia. Islamic criminal law recognizes the importanc...
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Amnesty lawss are passed to bargain the law in attempt of achieving the greater need of peace during or post conflict. Amnesty laws for Jus Cogens crimes, however, have been highly criticized and mostly not recognized or overruled due to... more
Amnesty lawss are passed to bargain the law in attempt of achieving the greater need of peace during or post conflict. Amnesty laws for Jus Cogens crimes, however, have been highly criticized and mostly not recognized or overruled due to the obligation to prosecute as consequence of the Jus Cogens status. Some jurists agree that some exceptions can be made for imperative necessities to achieve peace. However, it is not clear whether such obligations per se have achieved the status of Jus Cogens. If it has, then the only way to derogate such obligations via amnesty laws is to prove that the aforementioned exceptional situations has also raised to the status of Jus Cogens – which most (if not all) jurists have not done. This legal writing will elaborate why the obligations to prosecute is in itself a Jus Cogens norm, and how the aforementioned exceptional situation also constitute as a compelling necessity which has achieved the status of Jus Cogens and therefore can legally derogate ...
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Right to seek adjudication of conflicts qualifies as human rights. However, we find that whenever the economical value of a dispute is insignificant in comparison towards court’s fees, this rights tend to be infringed. Judicial reform... more
Right to seek adjudication of conflicts qualifies as human rights. However, we find that whenever the economical value of a dispute is insignificant in comparison towards court’s fees, this rights tend to be infringed. Judicial reform with a sole interest of a faithful recognition of human rights is needed.
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English Abstract: Since the perfection of Islam through the revelations to Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, Muslims have always been engaged in wars until this day, and the aḥadīth indicate that war will continue will until near the end of times.... more
English Abstract: Since the perfection of Islam through the revelations to Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, Muslims have always been engaged in wars until this day, and the aḥadīth indicate that war will continue will until near the end of times. Throughout the ages, the trends of warfare has always developed in scale, means, and methods. Mostly through customary laws, rules regulating warfare have always been set and developed. While modern international humanitarian law (IHL) seems to have developed very rapidly within the past century to meet the new challenges of war, fiqh al-jihād seems to instead experience lethargy. It seems to be very difficult to find comprehensive and accurate rulings of fiqh regarding various aspects of modern warfare, especially in the means and methods. This research employs a doctrinal legal research to fill in the gap of scholarship specifically in the rulings related to the means and methods of warfare. It first explores the extent to which fiqh can develop, and whether it could be affected by the development of science and technology and international law. Second, this research examines three areas of the recent developments on the means and methods of warfare: (i) proportionality and precaution in attacks, (ii) means and methods which may cause unnecessary suffering and superfluous injuries, and (iii) treachery and perfidy; and explores the options to develop fiqh al-jihād rulings to cover what has yet to be covered or covered inaccurately. This research finds that certain areas of fiqh, especially rules related to maṣlaḥat such as which include much of fiqh al-jihād, can, to some extent, change depending on the circumstances which include developments of science, technology, and international law. However, these developments are only considered to the extent that it fulfils, and does not contradict, the principles and purposes of the Sharī‘ah. It is also found that the development of international law regarding means and methods of warfare in the aforementioned three areas can, to a large extent (but not all), be adopted into fiqh al-jihād. Arabic Abstract: خلاصة البحث منذ أن اكتمل الإسلام بنزول الوحي على النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، ظل المسلمون منخرطين في الحروب إلى وقتنا الحاضر، وقد جاء في أحاديث نبوية عديدة أن ذلك سيستمر حتى قيام الساعة. وعلى مر العصور، تطورت فنون الحرب من حيث الحجم والوسائل والأساليب، حتى تم وضع قواعد لتنظيم الحرب وتطويرها على شكل قوانين عرفية. في حين نجد أن القانون الدولي الإنساني الحديثInternational Humanitarian Law (IHL) قد تطور أيضا بشكل سريع خلال القرن الماضي لمواجهة التحديات الجديدة للحروب. وعلى نقيض ذلك، يرى أن "فقه الجهاد" يعاني من الركود، حيث يصعب العثور على أحكام فقهية شاملة ودقيقة في مختلف جوانب الحرب الحديثة، خاصة في جانب الوسائل والأساليب. يستخدم هذا البحث طريقة البحوث القانونية الفقهية أو التقليدية لسد نقص البحوث المتعلقة بقواعد ووسائل الحرب وأساليبها على وجه التحديد. ويقوم كذلك باستكشاف عدة محاور، منها: أولا: مدى إمكانية تطور الفقه الإسلامي وتأثره بتطور العلوم والتكنولوجيا والقانون الدولي. ثانيا، يتناول البحث ثلاث مجالات للتطورات الأخيرة التي شهدتها وسائل وأساليب الحرب وهي: (1) التناسب والحذر في الهجمات، (2) الوسائل والأساليب التي قد تسبب معاناة غير ضرورية وإصابات زائدة، (3) الخيانة والغدر. إضافة إلى ذلك، يقوم هذا البحث بالكشف عن خيارات أفضل لتطوير أحكام "فقه الجهاد" ولتغطية ما لم يتم تناوله بشكل دقيق ومفصل. وخلص البحث إلى أن بعض مجالات الفقه الإسلامي خاصة القواعد المتعلقة بـ "المصالح المرسلة" -والتي يشتمل "فقه الجهاد" على شيء كبير منها- يمكن أن تتغير إلى حد ما تبعا للظروف المحيطة من تطورات في العلوم والتكنولوجيا وكذلك القانون الدولي؛ غير أن هذه التطورات لا يمكن أن يعتد بها إلا إذا وافقت مبادئ ومقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية ولم تتعارض معها. كما خلصت الدراسة كذلك إلى أنه من الممكن الاستفادة إلى حد كبير جزئيا من تطور القانون الدولي فيما يتعلق بوسائل الحرب وأساليبها في المجالات الثلاثة المذكورة أعلاه في "فقه الجهاد".
Research Interests: Sociology, Islamic Law, War Studies, Political Science, Islamic Contemporary Studies, and 10 moreIslamic Studies, International Humanitarian Law, Islam, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Jihad, Konsep Hukum Islam, Social Science Research Network, Fiqh, Hukum Islam, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
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Research Interests: Sociology, Law, Human Rights, Political Science, International Human Rights Law, and 10 moreIslam and Human Rights, Conflict Resolution, Islam, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Peace agreements, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Social Science Research Network, Agreement, Moro Islamic Liberation Front, and Bangsamoro
In recent decades, numerous criticisms have been directed at Eurocentrism in international law generally and international criminal law specifically. These critics demand international law to be more inclusive towards non-European... more
In recent decades, numerous criticisms have been directed at Eurocentrism in international law generally and international criminal law specifically. These critics demand international law to be more inclusive towards non-European knowledge, inter alia Islamic law. Some scholars have argued that it is essential for the ICC to refer to Islamic law, not only to counter Eurocentrism in general but also because of the growing number of cases involving Muslims. Other scholars have suggested that there is some congruence between Islamic law and international criminal law in some general principles. However, so far there is very little comprehensive analysis on the compatibility of the two. It must be noted that if Islamic law has prescribed criminalization for international crimes up to a standard which is at least on par with what international law requires, this would mean at least that (a) there would be no reason for the ICC to not refer to Islamic law resources, and (b) Muslim states/groups who implement it would not need to refer cases to the ICC due to the complementarity principle. This research comparatively analyses Islamic Law and the ICC Statute. For the former, this research uses the fiqh literature of the traditionalist Islamic law scholars. Further, this research limits itself to war crimes included in Article 8 of the ICC Statute, specifically crimes against civilians. The hypothesis is that there is congruence in some but not in all rules, which is a challenge for international law and Islamic law scholars likewise.
Research Interests: Law, Criminal Law, Islamic Law, Comparative Law, International Law, and 12 moreInternational Criminal Law, Political Science, International Criminal Court, Public International Law, Islamic Studies, Islam, Islamic Criminal Law, Sharia, Islamic Classical Jurisprudence (fiqh), Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law, Fiqh Al-Jinayat, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
The debate on whether war captives may be executed has been a debate among Islamic scholars since the classical era until today. Some say war captives may be executed based on maslahat, others say it is categorically impermissible.... more
The debate on whether war captives may be executed has been a debate among Islamic scholars since the classical era until today. Some say war captives may be executed based on maslahat, others say it is categorically impermissible. However, in recent decades, the debate on this matter has entered a new phase, with the opposing sides, i.e., permissible if maslahat is present versus the categorically impermissible, but with new arguments emerging aside from the reiteration of some classical arguments. Some of these new arguments are non-contextual, such as new conclusions derived from the known prophetic tradition (sunnah) and contextual arguments such asthe role of international law vis-a-vis Islamic law.Using the literature review as the research method this article has examined the contemporary debate and will consider both classical arguments, as well as current contextual arguments, in the light of the usu/ al-fiqh, and how international law (particularly international humanitarian law) should affect Islamic legal rulings. It is concluded that categorically prohibiting the execution of war captives is the weaker position as it relies on an incorrect interpretation of the dalil and its unrealistic application in warfare. It is also found that the position permitting captive execution if there is maslahat is, despite being often misunderstood, the stronger position, both interms of the dalil and its realistic application in warfare.
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During the post-independence wars in Indonesia, Masyumi’s “Djihad dan Qitaal” was a book serving as a guide for the laskar (Islamic militia) in conducting jihad against those who were attempting to re-conquer Indonesia, including the... more
During the post-independence wars in Indonesia, Masyumi’s “Djihad dan Qitaal” was a book serving as a guide for the laskar (Islamic militia) in conducting jihad against those who were attempting to re-conquer Indonesia, including the Dutch and the British forces. We utilize literature research and interviews (obtaining secondary data) to examine the extent of this book’s contribution in terms of legal scholarship, particularly in the context of its historical setting (1945-1948). This research first explores the significance of “Djihad dan Qitaal” during the post-independence wars among the laskar. Second, we explore both the Islamic laws of war (fiqh al-jihad ) and the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) applicable at that time. We find that Djihad dan Qitaal” was a very important book during the war, at least in two things. First, Masyumi’s “Djihad dan Qitaal” is an important war manual used by the laskar during the post-independence wars, and it teaches Islamic laws of war as well as strengthens the spirit of jihad. Second, despite the conciseness of the book, the Islamic laws of war explained have prescribed and encouraged restraint in warfare in a way that fulfills the purpose of IHL, and is sometimes even more advanced than the IHL applicable at that time
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International law has developed since its pre-20th century consent-based positivistic framework to ‘international law-making’ where the role of state sovereignty is seen to have eroded. This development, however, still reproduces its... more
International law has developed since its pre-20th century consent-based positivistic framework to ‘international law-making’ where the role of state sovereignty is seen to have eroded. This development, however, still reproduces its pre-20th century colonialist features against non-European (including Islamic) legal thought, pushing them to the peripheries of relevance. Recently, countering that, stronger voices have demanded international law to generally include non-European and specifically Islamic international legal scholarship. However, while having a very rich body of classical scholarship, contemporary literature of fiqh al-siyar (Islamic international law) suffers from lethargy. It neither mentions nor responds to the trend of international law-making. This article, employing a literature-based research approach, bridges the gap of that lethargy so that fiqh al-siyar could develop to properly respond to the current trend of international law-making. It is found that fiqh a...
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International law has developed since its pre-20th century consent-based positivistic framework to 'international law-making' where the role of state sovereignty is seen to have eroded. This development, however, still reproduces its... more
International law has developed since its pre-20th century consent-based positivistic framework to 'international law-making' where the role of state sovereignty is seen to have eroded. This development, however, still reproduces its pre-20th century colonialist features against non-European (including Islamic) legal thought, pushing them to the peripheries of relevance. Recently, countering that, stronger voices have demanded international law to generally include non-European and specifically Islamic international legal scholarship. However, while having a very rich body of classical scholarship, contemporary literature of fiqh al-siyar (Islamic international law) suffers from lethargy. It neither mentions nor responds to the trend of international law-making. This article, employing a literature-based research approach, bridges the gap of that lethargy so that fiqh al-siyar could develop to properly respond to the current trend of international law-making. It is found that fiqh al-siyar must critically adopt and respond to the features of international law-making, and all actors must utilize all channels to participate in its process.
[Hukum Internasional telah berkembang jauh sebelum abad 20 dalam kerangka dasar isi yang positivistik dalam pembentukannya, dimana peran kedaulatan negara mulai terlihat berkurang. Hal ini terus berkembang sampai berwajah kolonial yang mengabaikan dan meminggirkan hukum non Eropa, termasuk hukum Islam. Namun akhir-akhir ini muncul suara yang menginginkan bahwa hukum internasional harus mengakui secara umum hukum non Eropa dan khususnya pemikiran hukum Internasional Islam. Alih alih memberikan kontribusi dalam pemikiran klasik, literatur kontemporer hukum internasional Islam (fiqh al-siyar) justru mengalami kelesuan. Bukan hanya tidak disebut tapi juga tidak merespon perkembangan hukum internasional. Dengan pendekatan kajian literatur, tulisan ini berusaha menjembatani kesenjangan kelesuan tersebut agar hukum internasional Islam (fiqh al-siyar) dapat berkembang dan merespon dengan baik trend saat ini. Selain itu, fiqh al-siyar harus secara kritis dalam mengadopsi dan merespon perkembangan hukum internasional, serta semua aktor harus mendayagunakan semua saluran untuk terlibat dalam proses tersebut.]
[Hukum Internasional telah berkembang jauh sebelum abad 20 dalam kerangka dasar isi yang positivistik dalam pembentukannya, dimana peran kedaulatan negara mulai terlihat berkurang. Hal ini terus berkembang sampai berwajah kolonial yang mengabaikan dan meminggirkan hukum non Eropa, termasuk hukum Islam. Namun akhir-akhir ini muncul suara yang menginginkan bahwa hukum internasional harus mengakui secara umum hukum non Eropa dan khususnya pemikiran hukum Internasional Islam. Alih alih memberikan kontribusi dalam pemikiran klasik, literatur kontemporer hukum internasional Islam (fiqh al-siyar) justru mengalami kelesuan. Bukan hanya tidak disebut tapi juga tidak merespon perkembangan hukum internasional. Dengan pendekatan kajian literatur, tulisan ini berusaha menjembatani kesenjangan kelesuan tersebut agar hukum internasional Islam (fiqh al-siyar) dapat berkembang dan merespon dengan baik trend saat ini. Selain itu, fiqh al-siyar harus secara kritis dalam mengadopsi dan merespon perkembangan hukum internasional, serta semua aktor harus mendayagunakan semua saluran untuk terlibat dalam proses tersebut.]
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Research Interests:
In March 2017, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN OHCHR) launched a “Faith for Rights” initiative. This initiative aims to gather the adherents of various religions around the world and show that they... more
In March 2017, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN OHCHR) launched a “Faith for Rights” initiative. This initiative aims to gather the adherents of various religions around the world and show that they support human rights as part of their religion. This Faith for Rights initiative hosted a workshop in Beirut, which resulted in a document titled “the Beirut Declaration and the 18 Commitments on Faith for Rights” which is the centre of this article. Islam is one of the faiths claimed to be represented in this initiative. However, is Islam truly represented properly? Did this initiative properly accommodate Islamic teachings? First, this article notes that Islam does believe in human rights and has its own concept of it. Second, this article continues by examining the Beirut Declaration and its 18 Commitments on Faith for Rights and seeing whether the points agreed are consistent with Islamic principles. It is found that this document does not accom...
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Research Interests: Sociology, Islamic Law, Human Rights Law, Human Rights, Political Science, and 14 moreInternational Human Rights Law, Islam and Human Rights, Islamic Studies, Islam, Islamic Political Thought, Philosophy and Thought in Islamic Science, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Cultural Relativism, Social Science Research Network, Islamic thought, Universalism, Aqidah, Prinsip Aqidah Islamiyah, and Aqidah dan Pemikiran
While considered archaic to some, the Islamic Sharia applies lashing as punishment for a number of penal offences. Aceh is a special province in Indonesia with the privilege to apply some level of Islamic Sharia. Among them is to apply... more
While considered archaic to some, the Islamic Sharia applies lashing as punishment for a number of penal offences. Aceh is a special province in Indonesia with the privilege to apply some level of Islamic Sharia. Among them is to apply lashing as punishment for crimes such as fornication, gambling, consuming alcoholic beverages, and many others. Some have criticized this punishment as a violation of the prohibition against torture and cruel treatment. Based on a mix of normative and empirical research, his article will explore the relevant sources of international law and examine whether or not such a claim is true. It will be found that the Islamic Sharia version of lashing as applied in Aceh does not violate this prohibition, except in a very narrow-minded view of international law which may be an intellectual legacy of colonialism towards the world.
Research Interests: Law, Islamic Law, Human Rights Law, Human Rights, Political Science, and 15 moreInternational Human Rights Law, Islam and Human Rights, Torture, Islamic Studies, Islam, Islamic Criminal Law, Sharia, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Maqasid al-Sharia (Purposes of Islamic Law), Corporal Punishment, Shariah and Law, Syariah, Convention, UN Convention against torture, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
The Indonesian legal system is not secular, but the legal education in non-Islamic universities are secular. This article will highlight the �Introduction to Jurisprudence� course (ITJ) at law undergraduate programs. More specifically,... more
The Indonesian legal system is not secular, but the legal education in non-Islamic universities are secular. This article will highlight the �Introduction to Jurisprudence� course (ITJ) at law undergraduate programs. More specifically, one chapter will be analyzed i.e. �Classification of Norms� because it is an early fundamental chapter in ITJ which shapes the jurisprudential reasoning of the law students. This article uses a literature study to observe the most used textbooks for the (ITJ) course in the top law schools in Indonesia. It will be found that the approached used by these textbooks are secular and incompatible with the Indonesian non-secular legal system. Islamization of knowledge is needed to �de-secularize� this �Classification of Norms� chapter.
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Terrorism seems to be accepted as a grave act of international concern, but has not yet been accommodated explicitly in the International Criminal Court (ICC). This article explores the prospect of including terrorism under the crime of... more
Terrorism seems to be accepted as a grave act of international concern, but has not yet been accommodated explicitly in the International Criminal Court (ICC). This article explores the prospect of including terrorism under the crime of aggression in cases transcending boundaries, by examining whether terrorism can fit into its’ elements. While terrorism can be conducted by state and non-state actors, it will be shown that it is possible for states committing terrorism to have their officials prosecuted for the crime of aggression. For the more infamous terrorism by non-state actors, however, do not seem to satisfy the required elements. Terorisme sudah diterima sebagai kejahatan yang menjadi perhatian internasional, tetapi belum diakomodasi secara eksplisit dalam hukum pidana internasional melalui Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC). Artikel ini akan mengamati kemungkinan memasukkan terorisme dalam tindak pidana agresi, terutama dalam kasus terorisme yang melampaui batas-batas Nega...
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The suicide attack is an infamous method of warfare mostly associated with Islamic militant groups. While there are numerous aspects from which to discuss this method of warfare from a fiqh al-siyar (Islamic international law)... more
The suicide attack is an infamous method of warfare mostly associated with Islamic militant groups. While there are numerous aspects from which to discuss this method of warfare from a fiqh al-siyar (Islamic international law) perspective, this article specifically highlights suicide attacks when they disguise as civilians which they often do. Few contemporary jurists discuss this particular aspect of suicide attacks, and even those have mostly missed one issue: it might be an impermissible treasonous deception. This article explores whether suicide attacks disguising as civilians constitutes as an act of treason in fiqh al-siyar . It is found that such method of attack is not in itself treasonous therefore not in itself impermissible. However, suicide attacks disguising as civilians may become treasonous depending on the circumstances. Further, even when it is not treasonous it can be impermissible due to other reasons such as modern International Humanitarian Law (IHL), or maṣlaḥat.
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Research Interests: Islamic Law, Terrorism, Political Science, Islamic Studies, International Humanitarian Law, and 10 moreArmed Conflict, Law of Armed Conflict, Jihad, Salafi-jihadist groups, Islamic Classical Jurisprudence (fiqh), Jihadism, Humanitarian Action, Jihadism and Radical Islamism, Islamic law and jurisprudence, and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
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Can the Muslim Ummah contribute to the international community? Muslims all around the world take part to contribute to the world in many ways as display of the great character and value of Islam. However, the international world is a... more
Can the Muslim Ummah contribute to the international community? Muslims all around the world take part to contribute to the world in many ways as display of the great character and value of Islam. However, the international world is a world of state politics and international law. It is a reality that the ummah barely exists on this plane except the recent military alliances and diplomatic tensions. Despite the necessities behind all this, is this really all there is to the Islamic world? This paper examines how role of the Islamic world is minimum (conflict-response at best), while the United Nations in maintaining international peace and security would also facilitate the law making a platform from which to conduct peaceful international relations. An overwhelming part of international law is consistent with Islamic law –albeit some friction—,Muslim nations individually ratify international conventions because ‘they are compatible with Islam’ leaving no trace of Islamic identity i...
Research Interests: Islamic Law, International Law, Public International Law, Islamic Political Thought, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, and 15 moreIslamic International Law, Islamic Movements and Political Islam, Maqasid al-Sharia (Purposes of Islamic Law), Islamic Law and Legal Theory, Usul al Fiqh, Islamic Classical Jurisprudence (fiqh), Fatwa and Islamic Shariah Law, Ushul Fiqh, Islamization, Islamization of Knowledge, Siyasah, Islamic International Relations, International Islamic law, PTK TENTANG PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS ICT MAPEL FIQH MADRASAH ALIYAH, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
The concept of limited liability has been a very important component of the development of the global economy. However, while limited liability is currently a reality all over the world including in the Islamic nations, it is not without... more
The concept of limited liability has been a very important component of the development of the global economy. However, while limited liability is currently a reality all over the world including in the Islamic nations, it is not without discourse among the Muslim jurists. The debate mainly revolves around two core issues. The first issue is the concern of some jurists that the only acknowledged legal entity in Islamic law are natural persons, and that legal persons (like limited liability corporations) are ‘fictitious’. The second issue is concerning how the owners of the limited liability companies have rights to residual profits of the company, but do not bear the liability towards the debt when insolvency occurs. Some jurists are concerned because the Shari‘ah dictates that paying debts is a very serious matter. Using a literature research method, this article will critically examine the debate between the jurists especially in the two issues mentioned earlier and determine whic...
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ABSTRACT Are we in favor of human rights protection? Or do we prefer tirany and persecution towards it? It seems like an easy choice, yet such questions are a false dilemma as if there are only two choices: ‘you are either with us or... more
ABSTRACT
Are we in favor of human rights protection? Or do we prefer tirany and persecution towards it? It seems like an easy choice, yet such questions are a false dilemma as if there are only two choices: ‘you are either with us or against us’. While we may have to critically ask: who is ‘us’? Is this ‘us’ the only truth, or the best truth?
This lecture will engage in a discussion on human rights from an international law perspective with a postcolonial approach. It will be seen how colonialism was very sentral to the hegemony of western thought in the development of international law, and how the pattern has repeated itself in the modern era. This starts with the shaping of the concept of ‘sovereignty’ and then on ‘human rights’. It is hoped that scholars of international law and world leaders would –in their own capacities—lead and direct the development of international law especially on human rights so that it can be more fair and inclusive towards the diversity of views that exist.
INTISARI
Apakah kita menginginkan perlindungan hak asasi manusia? Ataukah menginginkan kedzoliman terhadapnya? Dua pilihan ini tampak terlalu mudah, tapi ternyata dalam penerapannya merupakan false dilemma seakan-akan pilihannya hanya dua: ‘you are either with us or against us’. Padahal, siapakah ‘us’ yang dimaksud? Apakah ‘us’ ini adalah satu-satunya yang benar, atau bahkan satu-satunya yang ada?
Sesi kali ini akan menyelami hak asasi manusia dari sudut pandang hukum internasional dengan pendekatan postkolonialisme. Akan dilihat bagaimana kolonialisme adalah sangat sentral pada hegemoni pemikiran barat dalam perkembangan hukum internasional, dan bagaimana di era modern ternyata polanya tampak berulang. Hal ini dimulai dari pembentukan konsep kedaulatan, dan kemudian juga pada hak asasi manusia. Para akademisi hukum internasional dan pemimpin dunia harus terus bergerak dengan bidangnya masing-masing untuk mengarahkan hukum internasional pada umumnya dan hukum HAM pada khususnya untuk lebih fair dan inklusif melibatkan keanekaragaman perspektif yang ada.
Are we in favor of human rights protection? Or do we prefer tirany and persecution towards it? It seems like an easy choice, yet such questions are a false dilemma as if there are only two choices: ‘you are either with us or against us’. While we may have to critically ask: who is ‘us’? Is this ‘us’ the only truth, or the best truth?
This lecture will engage in a discussion on human rights from an international law perspective with a postcolonial approach. It will be seen how colonialism was very sentral to the hegemony of western thought in the development of international law, and how the pattern has repeated itself in the modern era. This starts with the shaping of the concept of ‘sovereignty’ and then on ‘human rights’. It is hoped that scholars of international law and world leaders would –in their own capacities—lead and direct the development of international law especially on human rights so that it can be more fair and inclusive towards the diversity of views that exist.
INTISARI
Apakah kita menginginkan perlindungan hak asasi manusia? Ataukah menginginkan kedzoliman terhadapnya? Dua pilihan ini tampak terlalu mudah, tapi ternyata dalam penerapannya merupakan false dilemma seakan-akan pilihannya hanya dua: ‘you are either with us or against us’. Padahal, siapakah ‘us’ yang dimaksud? Apakah ‘us’ ini adalah satu-satunya yang benar, atau bahkan satu-satunya yang ada?
Sesi kali ini akan menyelami hak asasi manusia dari sudut pandang hukum internasional dengan pendekatan postkolonialisme. Akan dilihat bagaimana kolonialisme adalah sangat sentral pada hegemoni pemikiran barat dalam perkembangan hukum internasional, dan bagaimana di era modern ternyata polanya tampak berulang. Hal ini dimulai dari pembentukan konsep kedaulatan, dan kemudian juga pada hak asasi manusia. Para akademisi hukum internasional dan pemimpin dunia harus terus bergerak dengan bidangnya masing-masing untuk mengarahkan hukum internasional pada umumnya dan hukum HAM pada khususnya untuk lebih fair dan inklusif melibatkan keanekaragaman perspektif yang ada.
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Silahkan dilihat beberapa artikel review dari mahasiswa dari beberapa angkatan yang berbeda dan beberapa mata kuliah yang berbeda juga... Sebagaimana nampak di situ, tidak ada format yang pasti melainkan mahasiswa bebas menulis... more
Silahkan dilihat beberapa artikel review dari mahasiswa dari beberapa angkatan yang berbeda dan beberapa mata kuliah yang berbeda juga... Sebagaimana nampak di situ, tidak ada format yang pasti melainkan mahasiswa bebas menulis bagaimanapun yang penting (a) mencantumkan identitas pereview dan artikel yang direview, (b) sistematika dan alurnya memikirkan kira-kira bagaimana enak dibacanya, dan (c) review tidak didominasi oleh ringkasan artikel melainkan tinjauan kritis terhadapnya.
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This is a critical article review of an article titled "The Use of Flogging as a Punishment in Saudi Arabia from the Perspective of International Human Rights Law", by Hind Sebar and Shahrul Mizan Ismail, published by the IIUM Law Journal... more
This is a critical article review of an article titled "The Use of Flogging as a Punishment in Saudi Arabia from the Perspective of International Human Rights Law", by Hind Sebar and Shahrul Mizan Ismail, published by the IIUM Law Journal Vol. 29(1), 2021
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This short essay discusses what I think are the challenges brought by modern international law which would change what subjects should be discussed by fiqh al-siyar. It used to be as simple as how the Dar al-Islam relates with the rest of... more
This short essay discusses what I think are the challenges brought by modern international law which would change what subjects should be discussed by fiqh al-siyar. It used to be as simple as how the Dar al-Islam relates with the rest of the world (war, diplomacy, trade).
I argue that, in a more "universalised" model of international law in the world we live in today, fiqh al-siyar must be particularly adept in explaining the fiqh of Dar al-Islam and its (or their) participation in the international law making process.
I argue that, in a more "universalised" model of international law in the world we live in today, fiqh al-siyar must be particularly adept in explaining the fiqh of Dar al-Islam and its (or their) participation in the international law making process.
Research Interests: Islamic Law, International Relations, International Law, Postcolonial Studies, Islamic Philosophy, and 8 morePublic International Law, Islamic Studies, Islamic Political Thought, Contemporary Islamic Thought, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Islam and International Relations, TWAIL - Third World Approaches to International Law, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
Indonesian Abstract: Diskursus antara Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional (HHAMI) dan Islam telah ada sejak lama dan hingga kini tidak habis-habis. Akan tetapi, ternyata tidak semua mata kuliah HHAMI yang diajarkan di fakultas-fakultas... more
Indonesian Abstract: Diskursus antara Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional (HHAMI) dan Islam telah ada sejak lama dan hingga kini tidak habis-habis. Akan tetapi, ternyata tidak semua mata kuliah HHAMI yang diajarkan di fakultas-fakultas hukum Indonesia mencakupi HAM Islam sebagai salah satu pokok bahasan. Penelitian yang bersifat normatif ini akan mengkaji urgensi memasukkan konsep HAM Islam ke dalam kurikulum HHAMI, dan ditemukan bahwa hal tersebut memang memiliki urgensi. Ditemukan dua alasan utama untuk melakukan hal tersebut. Pertama, sebagai salah satu counter terhadap naratif Eurosentrisme dalam diskursus HHAMI. Kedua, ternyata ada beberapa perbedaan yang bersifat paradigmatic antara HHAMI dan Islam, yang apabila tidak dikenal maka akan sulit mendudukkan diskursus HHAMI dan Islam dengan akurat apalagi mengkaji isu-isu turunan dengan tepat. Perbedaan paradigmatic ini ada dua, yaitu pada tatanan epistemology serta konstruksi antara hak dan kewajiban.
Research Interests: Legal Education, Human Rights Law, Human Rights, International Human Rights Law, Islam and Human Rights, and 14 moreIslamic Philosophy, Human Rights Education, Comparative Legal Education, Islamic Studies, Islam, Islamic Political Thought, Islamic Thought & Philosophy, Philosophy and Thought in Islamic Science, Contemporary Islamic Thought, Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Modern Islamic Thought, Islamic thought, Hak Asasi Manusia, and Islamic Thought and Theology
This mini-paper takes context of a Muslim mind in the current discourse of (Western) Universalism versus Exceptionalism/Particularism in international law. Typically an international human rights discussion is at the center of this. I... more
This mini-paper takes context of a Muslim mind in the current discourse of (Western) Universalism versus Exceptionalism/Particularism in international law. Typically an international human rights discussion is at the center of this. I observe that most Muslim international law scholars with righteous aqeedah choose to argue Exceptionalism/Particularism. I argue that, while they may be righteous in their intentions, but the Exceptionalism/Particularism argument is actually founded and leads to an unislamic road. It is my contention that there is a third path, and that this is the true path that a Muslim international law scholar must take at least as a long term path. It is my hope that this short mini-paper can open up a new discussion on the matter.
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Antologi tulisan karya akademisi-akademisi hubungan dan hukum internasional yang tergabung dalam INSIERA
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Buku teks untuk belajar hukum internasional. Berbentuk "Chapter Book"
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This book is an anthology of reworked selected undergraduate thesis from the International Law Department, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada. The contributors of this book, who are graduates of this department, of the wrote various... more
This book is an anthology of reworked selected undergraduate thesis from the International Law Department, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada. The contributors of this book, who are graduates of this department, of the wrote various aspects of international criminal law and their dynamics.//Buku ini merupakan antologi dari beberapa tugas akhir pilihan dari Departmen Hukum Internasional, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Para kontributor, semuanya telah lulus dari departmen tersebut, menulis tentang beraneka aspek hukum pidana internasional beserta dinamikanya.
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Buku yang ditulis oleh Muhammad Jasir Nashrullah (saya hanya upload saja, tapi ndak bisa menghapus nama saya dalam daftar penulis di Academia) untuk membela Syaikh Al-Albani dari tuduhan-tuduhan Hasan Saqqaf
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Buku ini berbentuk antologi, isinya kumpulan tulisan dari peneliti-peneliti AILA dan Center for Gender Studies terkait RUU-PKS yang telah diterbitkan sebelumnya di media lain, tetapi telah direvisi ulang. Tim Penulis: Meyrinda R.... more
Buku ini berbentuk antologi, isinya kumpulan tulisan dari peneliti-peneliti AILA dan Center for Gender Studies terkait RUU-PKS yang telah diterbitkan sebelumnya di media lain, tetapi telah direvisi ulang.
Tim Penulis: Meyrinda R. Hilipito, Helmi Al-Djufri, Fajri M. Muhammadin, Ayu Arba Zaman, Esty Dyah Imaniar, Henri Shalahuddin, Dinar Dewi Kania, Kholili Hasib, Nurul Amalia, dan Sarah L. Mantovani. (tidak saya cantumkan sebagai co-author dalam post academia ini, karena ia mewajibkan email masing-masing penulis sedangkan saya tidak memiliki semua email mereka)
Tulisan saya sendiri ada dua yang dimuat di sini:
1. Marital Rape dalam Pandangan Islam (versi awal terbit di web CGS)
2. RUU PKS dan Jalan Pancasila (versi awal terbit di Republika)
Tim Penulis: Meyrinda R. Hilipito, Helmi Al-Djufri, Fajri M. Muhammadin, Ayu Arba Zaman, Esty Dyah Imaniar, Henri Shalahuddin, Dinar Dewi Kania, Kholili Hasib, Nurul Amalia, dan Sarah L. Mantovani. (tidak saya cantumkan sebagai co-author dalam post academia ini, karena ia mewajibkan email masing-masing penulis sedangkan saya tidak memiliki semua email mereka)
Tulisan saya sendiri ada dua yang dimuat di sini:
1. Marital Rape dalam Pandangan Islam (versi awal terbit di web CGS)
2. RUU PKS dan Jalan Pancasila (versi awal terbit di Republika)
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English Abstract: This section challenges the concept of universality in human rights from a post-colonial approach towards international law. It argues that such claim of universality is based on a logic endorsed through colonial... more
English Abstract: This section challenges the concept of universality in human rights from a post-colonial approach towards international law. It argues that such claim of universality is based on a logic endorsed through colonial hegemony, which persists even after the decolonization period until today. The reality is that there is neither true nor strong basis from which to conclude that there is really a universal human rights in international law.
Indonesian Abstract: ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Tulisan ini adalah kritik terhadap konsep universalitas Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dengan pendekatan post-kolonial terhadap hukum internasional. Akan diajukan bahwa klaim universalitas ini adalah berdasarkan sebuah pemikiran yang dilahirkan melalui hegemoni kolonial, dan ini terus bertahan dan didorong bahkan setelah periode dekolonialisasi hingga sekarang. Realitanya adalah tidak ada dasar yang benar maupun tepat untuk menyimpulkan adanya universalitas HAM dalam hukum internasional.
Catatan: Tulisan ini adalah bagian dari sebuah buku (antologi) yang diterbitkan untuk merayakan ulang tahun Deklarasi Universal HAM oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tahun 1948, di Universitas Jember, 10 Desember 2017. Bukunya sudah terbit dalam bentuk hardcopy, dan kami masih menunggu versi softcopy-nya (akan diupload di sini nanti inshaaAllah). Yang diupload di sini adalah versi yang saya kirimkan sebagai revisi terakhir kepada editor.
Secara substansi, versi hardcopy sama dengan versi upload ini, kecuali bahwa tim editor menghapus sebuah kutipan dari Syed Naquib al-Attas yang saya cantumkan sebagai pembuka. Versi submisi ini masih memuat quote tersebut, dan merupakan pembuka yang sangat cetarrr terhadap isinya.
Note: Downloadable document is available in Indonesian.
Keywords: human rights, universality, international law, post-colonial, Hak Asasi Manusia, Universalitas, Hukum Internasional, Post-Kolonialisme
Indonesian Abstract: ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Tulisan ini adalah kritik terhadap konsep universalitas Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dengan pendekatan post-kolonial terhadap hukum internasional. Akan diajukan bahwa klaim universalitas ini adalah berdasarkan sebuah pemikiran yang dilahirkan melalui hegemoni kolonial, dan ini terus bertahan dan didorong bahkan setelah periode dekolonialisasi hingga sekarang. Realitanya adalah tidak ada dasar yang benar maupun tepat untuk menyimpulkan adanya universalitas HAM dalam hukum internasional.
Catatan: Tulisan ini adalah bagian dari sebuah buku (antologi) yang diterbitkan untuk merayakan ulang tahun Deklarasi Universal HAM oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tahun 1948, di Universitas Jember, 10 Desember 2017. Bukunya sudah terbit dalam bentuk hardcopy, dan kami masih menunggu versi softcopy-nya (akan diupload di sini nanti inshaaAllah). Yang diupload di sini adalah versi yang saya kirimkan sebagai revisi terakhir kepada editor.
Secara substansi, versi hardcopy sama dengan versi upload ini, kecuali bahwa tim editor menghapus sebuah kutipan dari Syed Naquib al-Attas yang saya cantumkan sebagai pembuka. Versi submisi ini masih memuat quote tersebut, dan merupakan pembuka yang sangat cetarrr terhadap isinya.
Note: Downloadable document is available in Indonesian.
Keywords: human rights, universality, international law, post-colonial, Hak Asasi Manusia, Universalitas, Hukum Internasional, Post-Kolonialisme
Research Interests:
While the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholarship rapidly develops over the past decade in the international law discourse, there have been some-albeit not very many-Islamic law contributions. Utilizing Al-Attas's... more
While the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholarship rapidly develops over the past decade in the international law discourse, there have been some-albeit not very many-Islamic law contributions. Utilizing Al-Attas's 'Islamization', which follows a different school of postcolonialism that gave birth to TWAIL, our research critically analyzes the extent to which Islamic scholarship can work with the TWAIL bandwagon and examines the prospects and challenges in how Islamic scholarship could and should navigate the Islam and international law discourse. We find that the 'Ulama should navigate carefully in developing Islamic scholarship through the TWAIL movement.
Research Interests:
Makalah yang disampaikan pada Pidato Kebudayaan Bentala Syuhada, 11 Oktober 2023. Isi Pidato adalah menyambung dialektika human rights dan Islam, serta mempertanyakan ke arah mana sebaiknya kita membawa diskursus tersebut dari sudut... more
Makalah yang disampaikan pada Pidato Kebudayaan Bentala Syuhada, 11 Oktober 2023. Isi Pidato adalah menyambung dialektika human rights dan Islam, serta mempertanyakan ke arah mana sebaiknya kita membawa diskursus tersebut dari sudut pengembangan ilmu.
Research Interests:
10th of July 2017, the President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2017 (known as 'Perppu Ormas') to revise the Law No. 17 of 2013 concerning Societal Organization (known as 'UU Ormas'),... more
10th of July 2017, the President of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2017 (known as 'Perppu Ormas') to revise the Law No. 17 of 2013 concerning Societal Organization (known as 'UU Ormas'), and finally legalized by the House of Representatives as a revised Law. This law is claimed to safeguard the state ideology of Pancasila by disbanding Anti-Pancasila societal organizations (SO). The first change is that previously only atheism and communism/Marxism-Leninism is considered as 'Anti-Pancasila'. Now it includes 'changing Pancasila and the constitution'. The second change is that previously to disband an SO would require a court ruling, now such court ruling is no longer required. With a doctrinal legal research, two things will be found: the first change is a minor one considering the framework of UU Ormas, while the second change is a major one because it is an issue of potential infringement of constitutional rights. Surely the Pancasila was never intended to violate a constitutional right. However, does the media do any better to defend the Pancasila? With a content analysis research, the extent of coverage Government online media on the Perppu Ormas issue will be observed. It is found that there is a tendency of Government online media to very heavily provide coverage of the first change is so heavily extensive, despite it being a minor change. It is found also that the second change receives very little coverage, despite it being a major change. With the same method, some online mainstream media is observed. It is found that there is still a tendency to highlight the first change more, but much less drastic. As shown above, this research is primarily a content analysis research but also combined with a doctrinal legal research. It is concluded that the contrast of coverage can distort and mislead the public in supporting the Perppu Ormas and newly revised UU Ormas. Further, the online media is doing a better but not sufficient role in this.
Research Interests:
This is a book review I wrote for the book titled "Muslim Conduct of State" by Muhammad Hamidullah.
Research Interests:
This is a review towards the book titled "CONTEMPORARY MUSLIMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT" written by Dr Umar Ahmad Kasule. This book is an important piece to clarify the true and proper understanding towards the... more
This is a review towards the book titled "CONTEMPORARY MUSLIMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT" written by Dr Umar Ahmad Kasule. This book is an important piece to clarify the true and proper understanding towards the relationship between Islam and Human Rights
Research Interests:
Since the perfection of Islam through the revelations to Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, Muslims have always been engaged in wars until this day, and the aḥadīth indicate that war will continue will until near the end of times. Throughout the ages,... more
Since the perfection of Islam through the revelations to Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ, Muslims have always been engaged in wars until this day, and the aḥadīth indicate that war will continue will until near the end of times. Throughout the ages, the trends of warfare has always developed in scale, means, and methods. Mostly through customary laws, rules regulating warfare have always been set and developed. While modern international humanitarian law (IHL) seems to have developed very rapidly within the past century to meet the new challenges of war, fiqh al-jihād seems to instead experience lethargy. It seems to be very difficult to find comprehensive and accurate rulings of fiqh regarding various aspects of modern warfare, especially in the means and methods. This research employs a doctrinal legal research to fill in the gap of scholarship specifically in the rulings related to the means and methods of warfare. It first explores the extent to which fiqh can develop, and whether it could be affected by the development of science and technology and international law. Second, this research examines three areas of the recent developments on the means and methods of warfare: (i) proportionality and precaution in attacks, (ii) means and methods which may cause unnecessary suffering and superfluous injuries, and (iii) treachery and perfidy; and explores the options to develop fiqh al-jihād rulings to cover what has yet to be covered or covered inaccurately. This research finds that certain areas of fiqh, especially rules related to maṣlaḥat such as which include much of fiqh al-jihād, can, to some extent, change depending on the circumstances which include developments of science, technology, and international law. However, these developments are only considered to the extent that it fulfils, and does not contradict, the principles and purposes of the Sharī‘ah. It is also found that the development of international law regarding means and methods of warfare in the aforementioned three areas can, to a large extent (but not all), be adopted into fiqh al-jihād.
منذ أن اكتمل الإسلام بنزول الوحي على النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، ظلّ المسلمون منخرطين في الحروب إلى وقتنا الحاضر، وقد جاء في أحاديث نبوية عديدة أن ذلك سيستمر حتى قيام الساعة. وعلى مر العصور، تطورت فنون الحرب من حيث الحجم والوسائل والأساليب، حتى تم وضع قواعد لتنظيم الحرب وتطويرها على شكل قوانين عرفية. في حين نجد أن القانون الدولي الإنساني الحديثInternational Humanitarian Law (IHL) قد تطور أيضًا بشكل سريع خلال القرن الماضي لمواجهة التحديات الجديدة للحروب. وعلى نقيض ذلك، يُرى أنّ "فقه الجهاد" يعاني من الركود، حيث يصعب العثور على أحكام فقهية شاملة ودقيقة في مختلف جوانب الحرب الحديثة، خاصة في جانب الوسائل والأساليب. يستخدم هذا البحث طريقة البحوث القانونية الفقهية أو التقليدية لسد نقص البحوث المتعلقة بقواعد ووسائل الحرب وأساليبها على وجه التحديد. ويقوم كذلك باستكشاف عدة محاور، منها: أولاً: مدى إمكانية تطوّر الفقه الإسلامي وتأثّره بتطور العلوم والتكنولوجيا والقانون الدولي. ثانياً، يتناول البحث ثلاث مجالات للتطورات الأخيرة التي شهدتها وسائل وأساليب الحرب وهي: (1) التناسب والحذر في الهجمات، (2) الوسائل والأساليب التي قد تُسبّب معاناة غير ضرورية وإصابات زائدة، (3) الخيانة والغدر. إضافة إلى ذلك، يقوم هذا البحث بالكشف عن خيارات أفضل لتطوير أحكام "فقه الجهاد" ولتغطية ما لم يتم تناوله بشكل دقيق ومفصّل. وخلُص البحث إلى أنّ بعض مجالات الفقه الإسلامي خاصة القواعد المتعلقة بـ "المصالح المرسلة" -والتي يشتمل "فقه الجهاد" على شيء كبير منها- يمكن أن تتغير إلى حد ما تبعًا للظروف المحيطة من تطورات في العلوم والتكنولوجيا وكذلك القانون الدولي؛ غير أن هذه التطورات لا يمكن أن يُعتدّ بها إلا إذا وافقت مبادئ ومقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية ولم تتعارض معها. كما خلُصت الدراسة كذلك إلى أنه من الممكن الاستفادة إلى حد كبير جزئيا من تطور القانون الدولي فيما يتعلق بوسائل الحرب وأساليبها في المجالات الثلاثة المذكورة أعلاه في "فقه الجهاد".
منذ أن اكتمل الإسلام بنزول الوحي على النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، ظلّ المسلمون منخرطين في الحروب إلى وقتنا الحاضر، وقد جاء في أحاديث نبوية عديدة أن ذلك سيستمر حتى قيام الساعة. وعلى مر العصور، تطورت فنون الحرب من حيث الحجم والوسائل والأساليب، حتى تم وضع قواعد لتنظيم الحرب وتطويرها على شكل قوانين عرفية. في حين نجد أن القانون الدولي الإنساني الحديثInternational Humanitarian Law (IHL) قد تطور أيضًا بشكل سريع خلال القرن الماضي لمواجهة التحديات الجديدة للحروب. وعلى نقيض ذلك، يُرى أنّ "فقه الجهاد" يعاني من الركود، حيث يصعب العثور على أحكام فقهية شاملة ودقيقة في مختلف جوانب الحرب الحديثة، خاصة في جانب الوسائل والأساليب. يستخدم هذا البحث طريقة البحوث القانونية الفقهية أو التقليدية لسد نقص البحوث المتعلقة بقواعد ووسائل الحرب وأساليبها على وجه التحديد. ويقوم كذلك باستكشاف عدة محاور، منها: أولاً: مدى إمكانية تطوّر الفقه الإسلامي وتأثّره بتطور العلوم والتكنولوجيا والقانون الدولي. ثانياً، يتناول البحث ثلاث مجالات للتطورات الأخيرة التي شهدتها وسائل وأساليب الحرب وهي: (1) التناسب والحذر في الهجمات، (2) الوسائل والأساليب التي قد تُسبّب معاناة غير ضرورية وإصابات زائدة، (3) الخيانة والغدر. إضافة إلى ذلك، يقوم هذا البحث بالكشف عن خيارات أفضل لتطوير أحكام "فقه الجهاد" ولتغطية ما لم يتم تناوله بشكل دقيق ومفصّل. وخلُص البحث إلى أنّ بعض مجالات الفقه الإسلامي خاصة القواعد المتعلقة بـ "المصالح المرسلة" -والتي يشتمل "فقه الجهاد" على شيء كبير منها- يمكن أن تتغير إلى حد ما تبعًا للظروف المحيطة من تطورات في العلوم والتكنولوجيا وكذلك القانون الدولي؛ غير أن هذه التطورات لا يمكن أن يُعتدّ بها إلا إذا وافقت مبادئ ومقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية ولم تتعارض معها. كما خلُصت الدراسة كذلك إلى أنه من الممكن الاستفادة إلى حد كبير جزئيا من تطور القانون الدولي فيما يتعلق بوسائل الحرب وأساليبها في المجالات الثلاثة المذكورة أعلاه في "فقه الجهاد".
Research Interests: Islamic Law, War Studies, Islamic Contemporary Studies, Islamic Studies, International Humanitarian Law, and 7 moreIslam, Methodologies of jurisprudence usul al-fiqh (أصول الفقه), Human Rights under International Law and Islamic Law, Jihad, Konsep Hukum Islam, Hukum Islam, and Islamic law and jurisprudence
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