Mihaela Daciana Natea

ABSTRACT The Intellectual Property (IP) international system is composed nowadays of two directions: international and regional system. The articles analyses the development of the regional IP system in the Middle East with a special focus on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries, in the context of international and geopolitical developments in the region.

The COVID-19 crisis, undoubtedly, raised a series of questions concerning aspects of national and human security. The crisis impact, per se, tested, in extremis, the medical systems and the political capacity to take swift decisions needed to protect the population. It is a general accepted thesis that the world will face a second wave of effects: economic and systemic. Regarding the last aspect, the current international system is constructed around many principles among them, relevant for our research are, global governance and national sovereignty. The manner in which the two concepts operate was tested during the pandemic. On one hand the international system of global governance failed to ensure a higher level of human security when facing a crisis. On the other hand, states were left to tackle the effects of the pandemic, more or less alone, as the entire international system was paralyzed. In this context state had to turn to classic concepts of national security, egocentric ...

The EU offers different funds to member states for investments and development in infrastructure, governance, economy, and society. They are targeted towards the EU priorities and national necessities, offering the chance for member states and partner states to adapt to the new challenges. The COVID 19 pandemic tested states, societies and economies, and pinpointed towards needs which previously occupied a less important role in EU funding. Moreover, European states needed tailor made solutions for the post-crisis context, which will help them recover fast from the domino effect of the pandemic. All these were gathered in the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which, based on national plans, offer funds for a rapid recovery and investments in key sectors. The mechanism revealed an entire philosophy in approaching resilience and recovery, as, even if states followed the same rules in developing the plan, they oriented funds for different investments, reforms or activities. The present...

Creating a brand is not an easy task nowadays because generating identities for product or services requires time, money and creative thinking. When it comes to countries regions or places the task is even harder but not because of the number of players that present similar offers but because these identities are based on cultural aspects that reflect from inside out, meaning - they must represent the community but also mean something to the outside world. An important subject developed in the broad subject of Intellectual property is the protection of traditional knowledge, or how a local community or a country can protect cultural and spiritual aspects and the way they can promote it through intellectual property aspects such as trademarks, geographical indications, patents, copyright and related rights. But this protection can raise certain conflicts between countries, because cultural aspects cannot be confined to the limit of a border. This can lead to disputes that have nation...

The Romanian Office for Trademarks and Patents has disclosed various data regarding the trademark registration for each year. Based on this data the research aims to identify trademark registration tendencies changes due to the process of Romania joining the EU. Beyond facts and figures there are the economic decisions of Romanian and foreign companies based on the joining process that we aim to analyze globally. This paper objective is to identify if there are any influences on the trademark registration process caused by Romania’s EU integration in 2007. The research will compare the number of trademark registrations before the year 2007, and after. Trough this we expect to measure the impact of the EU integration process over the trademark registration in Romania or at least the trends in registrations prior and after the integration. As a conclusion we identify some correlation between trademark registrations as a sign preceding trade volume, and the economic crisis.

We explore issues related to trademarks, from accounting recognition perspective. The research is a conceptual exploration emphasizing some issues on intellectual property interferences with accounting and some aspects that should be considered in audit practice.

The article objective is an analysis of a decade of trademark registrations and its influence over the international relations system. We analyze GDP evolution with Trademark Registrations using correlation on data covering the 1999-2009 decade. We attempt to explain the strong correlations between China's growth of GDP and trademark registration growth.

In the last 10 years a new dimension of branding was developed: national branding. The concept is as controversial as the concept of globalization; specialist either embraced or criticized it. But more and more countries hire specialist in order to shape a national brand, attractive for other individuals, residents in foreign countries. The concept is meant to create or emphasize national identity in a globalised world. But the national brand is not just a concept, some fliers and maybe a video or two. The national brand is influenced by the country’s economy, and the intellectual property rights made representative for that state. New patented inventions, new successful brands, the promotion of traditional knowledge can help enhance the international image of a nation. The paper explores the structure of the national brand meaning the elements that put together form the image of a nation and how intellectual property (IP) aspects can be found or not in these elements. The goal is t...

The Intellectual Property (IP) international system is composed nowadays of two directions: international and regional system. The articles analyses the development of the regional IP system in the Middle East with a special focus on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries, in the context of international and geopolitical developments in the region..

Nowadays the system of international protection of IP (intellectual property) rights offers new possibilities for companies to protect its intellectual assets. From all the IP rights we choose to present the case of trademarks and patents because they represent important assets for companies and sometimes they are subject of IP rights infringement. In the context of the development of the new means of communications and the new informational technologies companies faces new challenges in regards of IP rights protection. Piracy of products, technologies and trademarks is a highly profitable business undermining the rightful owners of Intellectual Property (IP) rights and thus it diminishes the benefits of innovation. The research explores the trends in IP protection at international level and generates some conclusions for innovation management purposes.

Free movement of patients is a core condition of the functioning of European free market rules in health’s case. Nowadays, uniformizing practices and policies across Europe in patient’s rights and access to medical care, based on EU norms,are important steps in generating a greater convergence and better opportunities for European citizens. In this context cross-border healthcare becomes a cornerstone in ensuring European citizens health especially if they cannot find suitable healthcare at home. In Romania more than 650 cases of E112/S2 forms are approved every year, on various diagnostic category. From all the cases, we followed in particular the ones regarding diseases and disorders of the circulatory system with a special emphasis on the septal defect cases approved for treatment abroad. From our findings, from all E112/S2forms approved cases most of them concern diseases and disorders of the circulatory system, and, from this,a significant part, are procedures correcting septal...

Content Forword ............................................................................................................. 5 PART I. OVERVIEW ON TRADEMARKS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 13 1. Trademarks evolution .................................................................................... 13 1.1. The historical landmarks .......................................................................... 14 1.2. The International Science Exhibition of Vienna as a premise for the formation of the modern system of trademarks and geographical indications ....................................................................................................... 18 2. Trademarks and geographical indications in the present ............................... 22 2.1. The concept of trademarks ....................................................................... 22 2.1.1. From intellectual prop...

ABSTRACT The article explores the system of intellectual property (IP) protection in the former African French and British colonies. The period chosen, 1945-1989, is extremely relevant because of the colonies evolution and their international legal regime during the contemporaneous era. During the same time frame the international system of IP protection has evolved significantly, reaching new levels of protection complexity and international cooperation. An important issue in this complex evolution is the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization, in 1970, which later become a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). One of the key areas is the transition from the colonial statute to that of an independent country and how this change was reflected in the IP protection system.

Trademarks and geographical indications are a highly internationally debated topic, mainly because of their economic value. This is why new international laws are created in order to keep up with the advances in economics, communications and internet. The article aims to study the international sources of law in trademarks and geographical indications field, in order to underline the applicable legislation.

Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis, undoubtedly, raised a series of questions concerning aspects of national and
human security. The crisis impact, per se, tested, in extremis, the medical systems and the political capacity to take
swift decisions needed to protect the population. It is a general accepted thesis that the world will face a second
wave of effects: economic and systemic. Regarding the last aspect, the current international system is constructed
around many principles among them, relevant for our research are, global governance and national sovereignty.
The manner in which the two concepts operate was tested during the pandemic. On one hand the international
system of global governance failed to ensure a higher level of human security when facing a crisis. On the other
hand, states were left to tackle the effects of the pandemic, more or less alone, as the entire international system was
paralyzed. In this context state had to turn to classic concepts of national security, egocentric and protectionist, but
needed to ensure one of its fundamental functions – providing the security of its citizens.
As others crisis are expected to unfold in a domino like effect, redefining national security will be essential for states
and regional organizations. But in this process decisions could collide with assumed international obligations. In
this context the article explores this impact of the COVID 19 over the how states define their national security
concepts. In this context a special attention will be given, as an example, to the industry sector in the context of the
green deal, as European states will be pioneering in implementing new standards in climate protection policies that
will affect certain sectors of the economy. Rethinking the national security agenda will certainly face aspects which
impose the protection of certain sectors that have a higher negative impact over climate change.

Articolul urmărește modul în care politica de comunicare a statelor se manifestă în era digitală prin analiza modului în care statele comunică prin intermediul mijloacelor digitale. În acest sens am urmărit pârghiile de comunicare ale instituțiilor statale în presă, internet și social media. Studiul se aplecă pe cazul Ucrainei și a modului în care a comunicat în criza recentă privind sechestrarea navelor în strâmtoarea Kerch . Am urmărit modul în care Ucraina și Rusia au comunicat oficial, articolele și modul de reflectare a conflictului în mass media și modul în care au fost utilizate paginile de social media pentru a reflecta propria poziție.

Internationally, there are some concerns of state institutions and producers’ associations related to the protection of geographical indications which have a significant economic value. These concerns are related to a perception that certain goods from specific areas have qualities superior to other similar products. The best known examples are found in the production of wines such as the sparkling wine produced in the Champagne region of France, of the sweet wines produced in the Tokaji region (Hungary and Slovakia), and in Porto, where there is an assumption that the specific local elements generate a unique environment and thus higher quality products. There are specific associations between product and area in other cases as well, such as with Parmesan (Parmegiano
Reggiano), cigars (Cuban cigars), coffee or other products. The objective of the present study is to identify historical arguments used by international actors in conflicts concerning geographical indications and their impact within the legal conflict settlement, in the form of acceptation by
the courts of such arguments in the issued decisions. The research method consists of studying the conflicts of interest and lawsuits related to geographical indications in the international and national courts, and the filed counterclaims, as well as the study of the motivation for refusing
registration in various states. From the many existing cases we propose to consider only those disputes which are of great significance due to their international exposure. Studying the protection of these international designations of areas defined as “geographical indications” we have found
that both in the international courts and in bilateral and multilateral negotiations, various historical arguments were frequently used.
Keywords
Geographical indications, historical arguments, conflicts, international courts, Lisbon Agreement.

Nowadays the system of international protection of IP (intellectual property) rights offers new possibilities for companies to protect its intellectual assets. From all the IP rights we choose to present the case of trademarks and patents because they represent important assets for companies and sometimes they are subject of IP rights infringement. In the context of the development of the new means of communications and the new informational technologies companies faces new challenges in regards of IP rights protection. Piracy of products, technologies and trademarks is a highly profitable business undermining the rightful owners of Intellectual Property (IP) rights and thus it diminishes the benefits of innovation. The research explores the trends in IP protection at international level and generates some conclusions for innovation management purposes.

In the last 10 years a new dimension of branding was developed: national branding. The concept is as controversial as the concept of globalization; specialist either embraced or criticized it. But more and more countries hire specialist in order to shape a national brand, attractive for other individuals, residents in foreign countries. The concept is meant to create or emphasize national identity in a globalised world. But the national brand is not just a concept, some fliers and maybe a video or two. The national brand is influenced by the country's economy, and the intellectual property rights made representative for that state. New patented inventions, new successful brands, the promotion of traditional knowledge can help enhance the international image of a nation. The paper explores the structure of the national brand meaning the elements that put together form the image of a nation and how intellectual property (IP) aspects can be found or not in these elements. The goal is to offer pictures of how IP aspects can help the enhancement of a nation's image.

The Romanian Office for Trademarks and Patents has disclosed various data regarding the trademark registration for each year. Based on this data the research aims to identify trademark registration tendencies changes due to the process of Romania joining the EU. Beyond facts and figures there are the economic decisions of Romanian and foreign companies based on the joining process that we aim to analyze globally. This paper objective is to identify if there are any influences on the trademark registration process caused by Romania's EU integration in 2007. The research will compare the number of trademark registrations before the year 2007, and after. Trough this we expect to measure the impact of the EU integration process over the trademark registration in Romania or at least the trends in registrations prior and after the integration. As a conclusion we identify some correlation between trademark registrations as a sign preceding trade volume, and the economic crisis.

The present paper studies the way intellectual property rights may encourage sustainable medical tourism, meaning the advantages that a patent, traditional knowledge, a trademark, or other IP right may offer to a hospital in order to attract foreign patients. The analysis is done trough the Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics "Ana Aslan" case study, seen not from a medical point of view but from the perspective of the intellectual property importance for the development of medical tourism. The Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics "Ana Aslan" was founded in 1952 and become an international renowned center in the study and the diminishing of old age effects. Many celebrities (artist and state presidents) came to receive treatment here, even though Romania had, at that time, a communist regime.

The article objective is an analysis of a decade of trademark registrations and its influence over the international relations system. We analyze GDP evolution with Trademark Registrations using correlation on data covering the 1999-2009 decade. We attempt to explain the strong correlations between China's growth of GDP and trademark registration growth.

Abstract: Medical tourism is usually seen as means of reducing treatment costs and allows access to high end
medical facilities. Mainly medical tourism is targeting out-of-pocket financed treatments. In EU the rules of a free
internal market create a favorable environment for medical tourism. While rational consumer approach generates a
flow of customers from high-cost towards low-cost, we have identified an opposite flow from low cost to high cost,
facilitated by a complex causes within the healthcare system of Romania within the EU free-market. Our study is
generated by a rapid growth in international payments of Romanian National Health Insurance House threatening
its future financial balance caused by Romanian insured people using their rights of free choice of medical services.
The research points out that the Romanian Health Insurance house needs to change the way insured benefits are
granted towards an individual benefits value.

Abstract: The European Union has developed two Eastern policy projects - the Black Sea Synergy and the Eastern
Partnership. Their aim is to create a political area with harmonized practices leading to economic and social
development. One of the priority areas is that of intellectual property. The article follows the policy of adhering to
the international treaties on the intellectual property of the Eastern Partnership states: Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, and the impact on trends in the registration of trademarks
and patents.