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- History, Cultural History, Military History, Early Modern History, Political History, Oral history, and 27 moreColonialism, Early Modern Europe, Memorias de soldados del Siglo de Oro, Courts and Elites (History), Nobility, History of Military Technology, Early Modern Catholicism, 17th Century Dutch Republic, War Studies, Habsburg Studies, Ottoman Balkans, Early Modern Italy, History of The Netherlands, Renaissance Studies, Honour, History of the Spanish-Habsburg Netherlands, Violence, 17th-Century Studies, War and society, Aristocracy, Thirty Years' War, Ottoman-Habsburg relations, Social History, Spanish Monarchy, Dutch Revolt, Early modern Ottoman History, and Court historyedit
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The Dutch province of Holland has solicited much research in the context of the link between war and political development, an important theme in early modern historiography. During the Dutch Revolt in the late sixteenth century it became... more
The Dutch province of Holland has solicited much research in the context of the link between war and political development, an important theme in early modern historiography. During the Dutch Revolt in the late sixteenth century it became the core and financial bedrock of a new, powerful, and very prosperous polity: the Dutch Republic. Why Flanders and Brabant, larger and traditionally wealthier, failed where Holland succeeded and were retaken by King Philip II’s army has never been explained. One difference was the structurally narrower political base in Brabant and Flanders; compared to Holland fewer people had a part and stake in the government. But the main problem in the former provinces was a structural lack of finances. From 1578 the war was right on top of them, which made the collection of newly introduced taxes impossible and attempts at administrative reorganization fruitless. War destroyed the tax base in Brabant and Flanders, while Holland’s taxes were the foundation of...
Research Interests: Early Modern History, War Studies, Early Modern Europe, State Building, Political History of Belgium, and 10 moreBelgian History, Dutch History, History of Finance, Dutch Revolt, Financial History, Tax Policy (History), History of taxation, Early Modern State-Formation, Early Modern Low Countries, and State Building and Administration in Early Modern Europe
This article analyses the failed Dutch Religious Peace of 1578 through the lens of security. As Wayne te Brake recently argued in Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe, creating security for all parties is key for an... more
This article analyses the failed Dutch Religious Peace of 1578 through the lens of security. As Wayne te Brake recently argued in Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe, creating security for all parties is key for an effective religious peace. In the sixteenth century, communal security was deemed a collective responsibility. In practice this meant that religious peace – suppressing and preventing violence and threats between Protestants and Catholics – was framed as a matter of preserving the common peace. Theological questions were dissimulated or kept out of peace settlements. In 1578, the religious peace proposed that Catholics and Calvinists were to live in the Netherlands side by side, each allowed to worship publicly. Some 27 Dutch towns introduced this religious peace. Yet the municipal magistrates mostly did so reluctantly and generally declined to share political power, thus contributing to its failure. Moreover, there were different, conflicting concept...
An analysis of the court of Maurice of Nassau. What did it look like? How did it function? Who had access to the Stadholder and why? Primary source material unfortunately turned out to be quite scarce.
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Looks at William of Orange as a sixteenth-century warrior noble. Wilst not brilliant he was not the useless fish out of water some have made him out te be either. He learned forming and leading an army in the 1550s. Contemporaries... more
Looks at William of Orange as a sixteenth-century warrior noble. Wilst not brilliant he was not the useless fish out of water some have made him out te be either. He learned forming and leading an army in the 1550s. Contemporaries certainly respected his military capabilities.
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Analyses Louis of Nassau's invasion in Groningen in 1568 as part of a larger plan, whilst using contemporary frames regarding planning and strategy.
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Dutch historian Robert Fruin in 1895 concluded that the siege of Haarlem (1572-1573) was decisive for the fate of the rebellious Netherlands, even more so than the succeeding siege of Alkmaar. I discovered this too late to include in this... more
Dutch historian Robert Fruin in 1895 concluded that the siege of Haarlem (1572-1573) was decisive for the fate of the rebellious Netherlands, even more so than the succeeding siege of Alkmaar. I discovered this too late to include in this article. It is close the the central conclusion of this article, which uses contemporary strategic culture as a frame. Defensive warfare was attritional, grinding down the enemy's resources, money and will to fight. Lenghty sieges were very effective in this. Haarlem was eventually taken by the Habsburg troops after nearly eight months, but at enormous cost in men, morale and money. It was a Pyrrhic victory that contributed significantly to the Habsburg failure at Alkmaar and the survival of the rebellion.
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This article deals with military justice in the Netherlands in roughly the second half of the 16th century. It analyses the disappearance of the cooperative landsknecht system of military justice and its replacement with garrison... more
This article deals with military justice in the Netherlands in roughly the second half of the 16th century. It analyses the disappearance of the cooperative landsknecht system of military justice and its replacement with garrison courts-martial. The change occurred in the rebel territories between circa 1572 and 1600. The driving force was the desire to curb excesses against the civilian population.
Research Interests: Military History, History of The Netherlands, Military Revolution, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Dutch History, and 8 moreDutch Revolt, Landsknechte, Late medieval and early modern military history, Military Justice, William of Orange, Early Modern Military History, 15th & 16th Century history of the Netherlands, and Early Modern Netherlands
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This article appeared in Spanish in the popular historical magazine Desperta Ferro. Historia Moderna nr. 1 (2012). In this form it is unpublished. Please do not use without the author's consent.
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This article appeared in Spanish in the popular historical magazine Desperta Ferro nº especial VII: “Los Tercios (II) 1600-1660”. In this form it is unpublished. Please do not use or quote without the author's consent.
Research Interests: Military History, Military Revolution, 17th Century Dutch Republic, History of the Spanish-Habsburg Netherlands, Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), and 10 moreEarly modern Spain, Dutch Revolt, Golden Age Spain, Spanish Military History, Spanish early modern History, Habsburg dynasty, Tercios, Maurice of Nassau, Early Modern Military History, Habsburg Military History, and Ambrogio Spinola
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Research Interests: Military History, History of Mathematics, State Formation, State Building, Social History, and 11 moreMilitary and Politics, Early Modern economic and social history, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Dutch History, History of military Engineering, Fortifications, intellectual history, social history, history of the Dutch Golden Age, Military Engineers, Military Engineering, Leiden University, and Dutch engineers
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The Dutch province of Holland has solicited much research in the context of the link between war and political development, an important theme in early modern historiography. During the Dutch Revolt in the late sixteenth century it became... more
The Dutch province of Holland has solicited much research in the context of the link between war and political development, an important theme in early modern historiography. During the Dutch Revolt in the late sixteenth century it became the core and financial bedrock of a new, powerful, and very prosperous polity: the Dutch Republic. Why Flanders and Brabant, larger and traditionally wealthier, failed where Holland succeeded and were retaken by King Philip II's army has never been explained. One difference was the structurally narrower political base in Brabant and Flanders; compared to Holland fewer people had a part and stake in the government. But the main problem in the former provinces was a structural lack of finances. From 1578 the war was right on top of them, which made the collection of newly introduced taxes impossible and attempts at administrative reorganization fruitless. War destroyed the tax base in Brabant and Flanders, while Holland's taxes were the foundation of its success. It is impossible to manage a small family well, much less an entire country, especially in time of war, without means of money, and … daily experience teaches us that the most frequent problems exist in the field of finance, such that we would surpass our common enemy in every way, if we could only bring the contributions of money on a secure footing, and put aside all particular considerations. Gerhard Prouninck to the government of Antwerp, 1581 1
Research Interests: Early Modern History, War Studies, Early Modern Europe, State Building, Financial History (History), and 12 morePolitical History of Belgium, Belgian History, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Dutch History, History of Finance, Dutch Revolt, Financial History, Tax Policy (History), History of taxation, Early Modern State-Formation, Early Modern Low Countries, and State Building and Administration in Early Modern Europe
The honour of the polity, closely tied to military success, was of great importance in seventeenth-century European international relations. This article provides an analysis of the importance of the honour of the polity in the early... more
The honour of the polity, closely tied to military success, was of great importance in seventeenth-century European international relations. This article provides an analysis of the importance of the honour of the polity in the early Dutch Republic – the late sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth-century – and the role of military success and failure as crucial matters in this. It also contributes to the debate about the position of the Republic, now no longer seen as an anomaly, in European relations. In existing research scant attention is paid to the role of military glory in this. A military defeat, the loss of Breda in 1625, functions as an analytical tool. Analysing the manner in which this defeat was dealt with enables an assessment of the importance of the Republic's honour in a 'national' and international context.
Research Interests: Military History, International Relations, Early Modern History, Early Modern Europe, Political History, and 14 moreCivil Society and the Public Sphere, Military and Politics, Newspaper History, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Seventeenth Century Pamphlets, Public Sphere and Public Space, Public and private spheres, Honour, Early Modern Dutch History, Early Modern Pamphlet Culture, Early Modern Pamphlets, News Pamphlets, History of Newspapers, and History of the Public Sphere
... Author: Swart, Erik. Date: 2007. ... Swart, Erik - Van malefijtsrecht naar garnizoenskrijgsraden: de transformatie van de militaire rechtspraak in de Nederlanden in de tweede helft van de zestiende eeuw - In: Militair rechtelijk... more
... Author: Swart, Erik. Date: 2007. ... Swart, Erik - Van malefijtsrecht naar garnizoenskrijgsraden: de transformatie van de militaire rechtspraak in de Nederlanden in de tweede helft van de zestiende eeuw - In: Militair rechtelijk tijdschrift, 100:9(2007), p. 317-327. ...
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Disclaimer/Klachtenregeling Meent u dat de digitale beschikbaarstelling van bepaald materiaal inbreuk maakt op enig recht dat u toekomt of uw (privacy)belangen schaadt, dan kunt u dit onderbouwd aan de Universiteitsbibliotheek laten... more
Disclaimer/Klachtenregeling Meent u dat de digitale beschikbaarstelling van bepaald materiaal inbreuk maakt op enig recht dat u toekomt of uw (privacy)belangen schaadt, dan kunt u dit onderbouwd aan de Universiteitsbibliotheek laten weten. Bij een gegronde klacht zal de ...
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This is a lecture held at the IXth Conference of Spanish, Belgian and Dutch historians at Nijmegen on 27th May 2016. The conference dealt with The Institutions of the Habsburg Low Countries (XVI-XVIII c.). It is unpublished. Please do not... more
This is a lecture held at the IXth Conference of Spanish, Belgian and Dutch historians at Nijmegen on 27th May 2016. The conference dealt with The Institutions of the Habsburg Low Countries (XVI-XVIII c.). It is unpublished. Please do not use or quote without the author's permission.
Research Interests: Military History, Habsburg Studies, Spanish History, Military Revolution, 17th Century Dutch Republic, and 8 moreHistory of the Spanish-Habsburg Netherlands, Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), Early modern Spain, Dutch History, Dutch Revolt, Habsburg Monarchy, History of (Early) Modern Nobility, administrative history, Dutch Republic, and Army of Flanders
Its a book about the ahitname (or with old term Capitualtion) from 1612 given By Sultan Ahmed I to the Dutch republic. This ahitname has been nominated by Dutch National Archives as one of the Top pieces and is now in exhibition until... more
Its a book about the ahitname (or with old term Capitualtion) from 1612 given By Sultan Ahmed I to the Dutch republic. This ahitname has been nominated by Dutch National Archives as one of the Top pieces and is now in exhibition until 5th january 2020, on the the exhibition Hall of Dutch national archives in the Hague. On the occasion of this nomination an publication of this book under my editorship with cooperation of Erik Swart and Bulent Ari has been published. The book contains after an introduction of Ottoman Ducth relations a facsimile of the document, transcription into Latin of the Ottoman text, Modern Dutch translation and a modern Turkish translation. The book is available with sending an email to next email adress sotapublishing@gmail.com