Alexander Grob

The possibility of a historically determined shift in developmental tasks of young adulthood was investigated. Personal goals at age 25 of participants from three cohorts spanning twentieth-century Swiss history were studied in an interview combining current and retrospective measures. Members of the oldest cohort (Between the Wars) were born beween 1920 and 1925. Members of the middle cohort (Early Baby

School engagement has been shown to be a strong predictor for school achievement. Previous studies have focused on the role of individual and contextual factors to explain school achievement, with few examining the role of siblings. This study used data of 451 adolescent sibling pairs from the Iowa Youth and Families Project to investigate the associations between school engagement and achievement in siblings by considering gender composition and birth order. Data were collected in families’ home and obtained for a target child in the 7th grade and for a sibling within 4 years of age. Average age of younger siblings (55% female) was 11.56 (SD = 1.27), while older siblings (49% female) had an average age of 13.92 (SD = 1.47). Using the two-member, four-group actor-partner interdependence model (APIM), results showed that older siblings’ engagement was positively related with younger siblings’ achievement in same-gender sibling pairs, but not in sibling pairs of opposite gender. Younger siblings’ engagement was independent of older siblings’ achievement regardless of siblings’ gender. Implications for parents and professionals suggest that support for older siblings could also benefit younger siblings in same gender pairs.

BACKGROUND The embodied cognition hypothesis implies a close connection between motor and cognitive development. Evidence for these associations is accumulating, with some studies indicating stronger relations in clinical than typically developing samples. AIMS The present study extends previous research and investigates relations between fine motor skills and intelligence in typically developing children (n = 139, 7-13 years) and same-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 46). In line with previous findings, we hypothesized stronger relations in children with ADHD than in typically developing children. METHODS AND PROCEDURE Fine motor skills were assessed using the standardized Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Intelligence was measured with the standardized Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Regression analyses indicated significant relations between fine motor skills and full-scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Moderation analyses identified stronger relations between fine motor skills and full-scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, and verbal comprehension in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Results suggest a close relation between fine motor skills and intelligence in children with and without ADHD, with children diagnosed with ADHD showing stronger relations. Findings support combined motor-cognitive interventions in treating children with ADHD.

We have had a productive year at the editorial offices of the European Psychologist. Since our last editorial (Grob & Lavallee, 2011), outlining the new direction and scope of the journal, we have made a lot of progress in changing direction from mostly empirical articles to nearly exclusively integrative papers. Starting with this first issue of 2013, expect to see reviews and synthesizing articles on cutting-edge topics, current directions in the field, and directions for the broad base of psychologists in both research and practice. European Psychologist is moving into the future as a showcase of relevant and intriguing research from across Europe as well as from further afield. In the current issue, we present challenging ideas and topics that you may find relevant to your own research, or simply of interest to you or your students. For example, we have an article by researchers from Switzerland and The Netherlands on the use of cell phones in data collection (Kuntsche & Labhart, 2013) that brings us up to speed on how to apply this near-universal technology to research. As social science modernizes, and paper and pencil questionnaires fade toward obsolescence, we are challenged to adapt and change our methods, and to gain many advantages in so doing. Ecological momentary assessment (i.e., sampling behavior in real time and in naturalistic environments) in general, and mobile phone data collection in particular, allows for data collection in real time, can provide many more data points and much more accuracy than standard methods, and can be used to assess unique aspects of human behavior previously unexplored, such as geographic movement within a population. Kuntsche and Labhart outline past and present uses for cell phones, and provide an easy-to-use example of how it might work in practice. In addition to this new direction, we also have overviews of several different topic areas. Researchers from the UK provide a comprehensive review on resilience, a broad and important topic that spans multiple areas of psychology (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2013). We also have a review from Germany on procrastination, a very highly prevalent behavior, engaged in by the majority of people in academia and about a fourth of the general population, yet consistently unpleasant, counterproductive, and undesirable (Klingsieck, 2013). Klingsieck illuminates this fascinating and (in academia) seemingly ubiquitous phenomenon for us in light of research on personality, motivation, and clinical disorders, and differentiates it from more rational and less negative strategic delay. Colleagues from the UK and Poland elucidate cognitive aspects of subclinical depression that include potentially beneficial attentional processes (von Hecker, Sedek, & Brzezicka, 2013), adding to our knowledge of other beneficial processes associated with depressed mood, such as creativity (Verhaeghen, Joorman, & Khan, 2005). Italian and Dutch colleagues provide an indepth meta-analysis on the unique patterns of attachment found in the Italian population – the first large-scale culture-specific meta-analysis of attachment specific to Italy (Cassibba, Sette, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2013). They found cultural differences indicating that avoidant attachment may be more prevalent in nonclinical Italian samples of infants and mothers, while adult unresolved loss appears to be lower than in the comparison North American population. The authors theorize that this may be due to cultural differences in parenting styles, with this meditational possibility ripe for further research. In one of our few remaining empirical articles to be published in European Psychologist, Albert, Ferring, and Michels (2013) address intergenerational family values in native and migrant families in Luxembourg. As borders are increasingly permeated, and once homogeneous enclaves within Europe become more heterogeneous and diverse, an understanding of migrants and the culture and values they bring to new countries is critical. This particular study enriches our understanding of the complex processes at work in immigrant families and the acculturationgapbetweengenerations in family values related to obligations toward the family. In the coming months, we will present synthesizing articles on topics addressing educational outcomes, multiculturalism in Europe, environmental conservation, forgiveness, and the impact of violent media on behavior.

Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht die Messinvarianz über das Geschlecht und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenz mit den Intelligence and Development Scales-Preschool (IDS-P; Grob, Reimann, Gut & Frischknecht, 2013 ) und Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS; Grob, Meyer & Hagmann-von Arx, 2013 ). Die IDS-P (3.0 to 5.11) und IDS (5.0 to 10.11) erfassen die allgemeine Intelligenz anhand von 7 Untertests. Die Studie verwendete die Normierungsstichproben mit N(IDS-P) = 700 und N(IDS) = 1 330 (je 50 % Jungen). Beide Verfahren wiesen latente partielle Messinvarianz auf Ebene der Untertests sowie auf Ebene der allgemeinen Intelligenz auf. Auf manifester Ebene zeigten sich keine Mittelwertdifferenzen für die allgemeine Intelligenz. In einigen Untertests ergaben sich Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern: Jungen zeigten im Durchschnitt in Denken Bildlich in beiden Verfahren, Mädchen in Aufmerksamkeit Selektiv und in Gedächtnis Auditiv bessere Leistungen in den IDS-P. Die mani...

. Personality has been found to play an important role in predicting satisfaction in couples. This review presents dyadic research on the association between Big Five traits and both life and relationship satisfaction in couples focusing on self-reported personality, partner-perceived personality (how the partner rates one’s own personality), and personality similarity. Furthermore, special attention is given to possible gender effects. The findings indicate the importance of self-reported as well as partner-perceived reported personality for the satisfaction of both partners. Specifically, the majority of studies found intrapersonal and interpersonal effects for neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness on life or relationship satisfaction. For the partner-perceived personality, intrapersonal and interpersonal effects were present for all Big Five traits. Partners’ similarity in personality traits seems not to be related with their satisfaction when controlling for partners’ personality.

Data from groups often have a multimember multigroup (MMMG) structure. Examples are two‐parent families with a female or male child (three members, two groups), two same‐gender and opposite‐gender peers of different status (two members, four groups), or gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples (two members, three groups). To analyze such data, a framework called MMMG actor–partner interdependence model (MMMG APIM) is presented considering group composition. Three models are discussed in detail: the three‐member two‐group APIM, the two‐member four‐group APIM, and the two‐member three‐group APIM. Structural equation modeling and cross‐sectional and longitudinal data are used to illustrate the approach. To ease the interpretation of APIM findings, a proposal of a general classification scheme is made.

... broad comparative framework allowed us to escape the con-fines of a one-society perspective. ... and the nature of this system of relations remains an open question for future ... on individual competences within cultural settings, but is strongly dependent on time-specific knowledge ...

It is well established that goals energize and direct behaviour across the lifespan. To better understand how goals are embedded in people's lives across adulthood, the present research examined life goals’ content (health, personal growth, prosocial engagement, social relations, status, work), dynamics (interplay between goal importance and goal attainability), and outcomes (subjective well–being) from a developmental perspective. We argue that people rate those goals as important and attainable that enable them to master developmental tasks, that they adapt their goals to personal capacities, and that goals predict subjective well–being after 2 and 4 years. The sample included 973 individuals (18–92 years old, M = 43.00 years) of whom 637 participated 2 years later and 573 participated 4 years later. Goal importance and well–being were assessed at all occasions and goal attainability at the first two occasions. Results indicated that age was negatively associated with importan...

In this book, an international group of leading scientists present perspectives on the control of human behavior, awareness, consciousness, and the meaning and function of perceived control or self-efficacy in people's lives. The book breaks down the barriers between subdisciplines, and thus constitutes an occasion to reflect on various facets of control in human life. Each expert reviews his or her field through the lens of perceived control and shows how these insights can be applied in practice.

In this research we analyzed the interactions between two family types (one-parent vs. two-parent families), their daily hassles, the adolescents' coping reactions, and their well-being. A total of 418 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 (367 from two-parent families; 51 from one-parent families) answered a questionnaire. Adolescents living in one-parent families reported more family-specific hassles than adolescents living in two-parent families; the two groups did not differ in the level of their coping reactions and well-being. A strong problem-oriented coping reaction helped only adolescents living in one-parent families to regain a higher level of well-being. On the other hand, emotion-oriented coping decreased only the well-being of adolescents living in two-parent families.

We tested the structure of adults' subjective well-being, its age related variations, and the effects of significant life-events upon well-being. 280 subjects ranging in age between 20 and 94 years answered the Berne Questionnaire of Subjective Well-Being (adult form). They identified those life-events which they perceived as having long lasting effects on their Life. (1) The factor pattern of subjective well-being across the life span was comparable with the factor structure across adolescence. (2) The subjects' age did not influence the degree of reported life satisfaction. (3) Some life-events correlated with specific ages, whereas other life-events were not related to the subjects' age. (4) The number of significant life-events decreased with age. (5) There were specific negative life-events which decreased subjective well-being. (6) In general, the subjects reported a lower well-being, the more negative life-events they experienced.

The fourth edition of the Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder und Jugendliche (HAWIK-IV; Petermann & Petermann, 2007 ) is a German-language adaptation of the fourth revision of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003 ). The norming sample for the HAWIK-IV was composed of 1650 children in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. In order to investigate differences in HAWIK-IV results between Germany and Switzerland, this study compared the test results of 126 children from each country (on subtests, index and full-scale IQ level) and examined scale intercorrelation patterns. Two out of 15 cross-sample tests for means as well as 17 out of 55 tests for correlations indicated significant cross-national differences. We concluded that HAWIK-IV can be considered a test that may be used in the different German-speaking language regions with no need to refer to separate norms.

... les con-¯ its entre les parents, ont de bien plus grandes conse quences sur le bien-eÃtre des enfants que la structure familiale elle-meÃme (Fauber, Forehand, McCombs-Thomas, & Wierson, 1990, Grych ... Nous avons donc reÂalise une de marche par re gression multiple ...