RITESH ARYA

Present paper is based on discovery of paleoclimatic signatures made by Indus glacier/river on the granites of Ladakh batholiths on the banks of river Indus since 11714 years.  Author discovered these signatures while exploring, drilling and developing groundwater on the borders of China(Changthang)  and Pakistan( Siachen, Kargil) in NW Indian Himalaya for Army and civil population for the last 12 years. These signatures resembles alphabet C, hence named Aryas C cycles. Cyclicity of cooling, warming and again cooling can be very well understood by writing alphabet C. The starting point of alphabet C represents the cooling phase (ICE age) and as we continue to draw the curve there is gradual curvilinear transformation from cooling maxima to warming phase. Half of the C curve represents the warming maxima (an event marked by flooding, cyclones, sea level rise, desertification, biodiversity explosion, increase in GHGs) and completion of alphabet C represents the culmination of the gradual curvilinear transformation from warming to cooling coinciding with ICE age (marked by squeezing and freezing of water resources, glaciations, desertification, competition, mass extinctions, decrease in GHGs). Transferring this sentence geologically means that since there is less water in the system during ICE age so there is less erosion hence we get starting and end of C cycle but as the temperature increases the rate of erosion increases hence the curvilinear depressions are created making the upper half of the warming cycling, center of alphabet C is marked by warming maxima. Then there is again gradual transformation from warming to cooling and as the water in the system decreases there is less erosion therefore we get a geomorphological feature which resembles the lower half of alphabet C finally ending into the ICE age.  So uniformity in the paleoclimatic signatures discovered in Ladakh Himalaya which resembles alphabet C , for the first time geologically and scientifically explains cooling, warming and again cooling phase in nature to be a natural climate cyclic process. Granites played important role in the preservation of these climatic signatures because they are very hard and compact as compared to other rocks found in the Himalayas which are fragile and susceptible to faster rate of weathering and erosion making preservation of the signatures tedious task. Taphonomical analysis of these C curves in massive Granites show great role of lithology and geomorphology in preservation and understanding the cyclicity of these climate signatures which have been beautifully preserved in the Ladakh Batholith in NW Himalaya.  Author observed 10 such cycles in the site,8 complete and 2 half cycle. Geomathematical modeling of these paleoclimatic signatures show that after every 4 cycles there is a half cycle. According to this model each complete C cycle is of 1338.6 years and half C cycle is 669.3 years. Based on this model author has tried to correlate the paleo climatic and geological events in the past and found that lot of events can be explained by Aryas C cycles.  Important question now is which part of the C cycle are we now. Seeing the paleoclimatic signature in the Batholiths of Ladakh we are presently in the warming maxima times and are curvilinearly moving into the cooling phase finally culminating into ICE age in 2344 years, represented by the lower part of alphabet C. So enjoy global warming by building sustainable habitats in geologically favorable locations because the next warming maxima will be in 3014. Author also tries to relate circumstantial evidences with the dates of warming and cooling proposed in this model which coincides with the same.
Keywords : Climate change, water resources Himalayas,  Aryas C cycle Lakes, Rivers, floods, submergence
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Interesting fossils found in Kasauli during late 1990’s  belonging to Garcinia, Gluta, Syzygium, Clinogene, Combretum and palms from Kasauli Formation and presented by the author  in Symosium organised GSI by 1994  had shown beyond doubt the similarity with the extant taxa from coastal regions of Indo-Malayan including Borneo and Sumatra and Andaman Nicobar Islands which indicate well hot humid equatorial climatic conditions of deposition with major representation of evergreen elements typical of near equatorial conditions and near shore coastal marine influence on otherwise terrestrial environment prevailed during those times. Fossils of mega plants all along the Indo Malayan Indonesian islands establish land connections for their migration during those times. This fact on environmental regime(near coastal / marine transgression) at the time of deposition is further supported by fossil and sedimentological findings in Kasauli, Dharamsala, Udhampur, Jammu, Kalakot, Kargil, Alchi., Stok , Kangri range and Nyoma in the northwestern Indian Himalayas  and further in Chitarwata Formation, west central Pakistan; and  the equivalent formation in Darjeeling ,West Bengal, North Eastern India and Bhutan In North eastern sector all shallow marine coastal regimes. All these localities marked on the map show an interesting structural pattern revealing a lot about the history of their genesis in geological time. Interestingly on ground all the fossil plant assemblage localities show great similarity in lithologies, fossils and type of preservations with each other. The most important being the taphonomic relationship between the fossil wood and the sandstone facies which is quiet homogenous with other homotaxial localities or basins described above and show unmatched similarity in the environments of the deposition specially in the basins of Kasauli-Dagsahi, Dharamsala, Murree and Indus in Ladakh
Based on the fossil findings of Mitrgyana from the Kasauli sediments by the author elevation was also found to be less then 1300m in contrast to the present height of about 2000meters.This really meant that the Himalayas attained sufficient height to block the rain laden winds and thus the concept of monsoons was born. Presence of diverse assemblage of fossil flowers shows that seasonal changes had initiated during those times.
Recent findings of Turetella,Venericardia Glyptoactys  Venericardia Cordiopsis and 100s of yet to be identified fossil specimen in authors collection from Nyoma in Ladakh along with oysters show close resemble from the fossils findings from Subathu Formation which confirms beyond doubt that  Subathu basin  extended uptil Nyoma and  enjoyed equatorial position during Lower Eocene times. 
Since fossils from Kasauli show similar affinities with extant taxa of Indo Malayan region it can be very well be interpreted that Kasauli Formation and its equivalent also enjoyed near coastal equatorial to subequatorial climatic conditions and latitudes may be around 5-10 degrees north of equator at the time of deposition in contrast to 32 degrees which the place is presently located. This implies that the major tectonic forces which were to give rise to the future Himalayas were not very active during those times. Northward dragging of the uplifted Tethyan basin(during Dagsahi Times)  along with the Indian subcontinent took place much later then18.2 million years (Based on the findings of Stephenochara ungri) .  If this theory is to be believed than the rate of northward drifting can be calculated and actual timing of collision and upliftment of Himalayas be known.

Present paper is based on extensive research carried in the high altitude, cold, mountain, deserts of Ladakh to find solutions to solve the water problem on sustainable basis. Prior to this study, the region with extreme temperate climatic conditions was considered to be devoid of groundwater resources. Entire system of water planning, its distribution and management was based on tapping/ pumping of surface water resource only and that too from shallow wells dug on the banks of streams / Indus River. This system is susceptible to various seasonal fluctuations i.e. flooding and silting of water in summers and freezing of source and water in the pipes in winters. Water is also distributed by water tankers to meet the ever increasing demand of drinking water, the region. In these conditions of uncertainty the water system remained unsustainable and uneconomical. Main aim of this paper is to advocate maximum utilization of groundwater resources and decentralization of water supply schemes in order to find sustainable water solutions to solve the drinking and agricultural water problem in the region.

“Hill stations near Chandigarh are geologically upside down hence prone to seismic activity”      Dr Ritesh Arya.

CHANDIGARH—
Earthquakes represent the Next tectonic event is expected in the Shivaliks along the path of the old Saraswati river and the present Ghaggar river, says Dr Ritesh Arya,Guinness world Record Holders and  an international famed Geologist of Chandigarh. He said that the foothill areas like Parwanoo, Pinjore and Panchkula fell into this zone. He feels that earthquake in Nepal is a warning to the authorities and private institutions bent on constructing cities with high-rise buildings and big industrial areas in North India especially if we are talking about Shimla, Solan, Parwanoo and Surajpur axis located near Chandigarh.
                            Dr Arya while talking to this reporter said that today these towns are located in zones which were geologically upside down by this he  meant that older rocks were resting on the younger rocks as a result of which the entire sequence was geologically very fragile and susceptible to greater damage in the event of epicenter being concentrated upon these zones or these towns.
                            Surajpur region is located on the Surajpur Thrust where Tehtyan Himalayan Limestone sequence is resting over the younger Shiwalik formation. In Parwanoo the Lower Shiwalik Formation (15 million years old) comprising of sandstone and shale representing fresh water terrestrial  environment is overlain by Subathu Limestone and black carboniferous (age approx 55 million years old) representing marine environment at the time deposition.“This gap in the depositional history is the matter of concern and is also the cause of concentration of seismic activity in the region,” warns Dr Arya.
He has done geological fieldwork around Surajpur-Shimla Highway and found that this section was very well exposed in the Parwanoo sector 4 Area where an experimental well was drilled few years back to monitor the earthquake but  there was few practical problems and the instrument started recording the movement of the trucks and heavy vehilcles and the project was prematurely abandoned

                              Dwelling on his study, he said that in Barog or Solan, the Subathu formation which was 55 Million years old was being overlain or thrusted by Krol Formation which was more than 400 Million years old.
Similarly in Shimla town, the metamorphosed Shilma Slates are overlying the younger sedimentary tertiary sequence of Subathu, says he.
                            “The Indian subcontinent has had its share of earthquakes. From mild, to moderate and to devastating ones, Earthquakes happen every year in India. One of the reasons why this happens is because there is a tectonic shift of the Indian plate at a rate of forty seven millimeters a year towards Chinese plate. Geologically, the region is highly folded and faulted due to northward tectonic movement of Indian Plate which dragged for millions of years to finally collide with Chinese plate,” said Dr Arya.
                            Initially these towns were designed for a small population but today these have become crowded epicenters with tourism, educational institutes and industries coupled with high-rise buildings flocking these towns. All this has resulted upcoming of Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh belt and haphazard construction of various institutional buildings in the absence of proper geotechnical institutions to control and design the buildings and certify or lay standards necessary for them to withstand the seismic activity the whole concept of sustainable development goes for a six. Need of the hour is to inspect the old buildings and make stringent laws for the new buildings so that in case of eventuality minimum damage is done.
                              Today there is no institute dedicated to study and monitor or predict earthquakes inspite of the fact that earthquakes have the greatest impact and cause instant devastation on the crowded habitations. Dr Arya said that there was need of setting up of geotechnical institute and monitor data collected from the bore wells to seriously study and reinterpret data for predicting earthquakes and to understand the global warming phenomenon.  Need of the hour is to not to stop construction but take all the necessary precaution to nullify the impact of any seismic activity upto Richter scale 9.  He revealed that during the earthquake at Latur it was found a surge in the level of ground water several hours before the event occurred. It had been observed that the water level either increased or decreased sharply before a tremor hits an area. Besides, its chemical composition was also altered due to an increase in Radon gases because of excessive of radioactivity before and after the event.
                            These along with the natural springs and geysers (hot springs) like the ones at Manikaran and Tattapani are important precursors of geothermic activity which precedes an earthquake.
                           
                            From 1819 to1950, the country had experienced five earthquakes of 8 or more magnitude at Richter Scales. On June 16, 1819, an earthquake of 8 magnitude at Richter Scales was occurred in Kutch (Gujarat); June 12, 1897 of 8.7 magnitude in Shillong; in 1905 of 8 magnitude in Kangra (Himachal Pradesh); January 15, 1934 of 8.3 magnitude on Bihar-Nepal Border; August, 1950 of 8.5 magnitude in Arunachal Pradesh. Since 1950, country had experienced earthquake of less than 6.5 magnitude at Richter Scales.  EOM

Introduction : Formation of Natural Lake in Zanskar due to landslide blocking the Phutkal  river at  33°17'51.38"N and 77°16'59.82"E  at an elevation of 12902 feet  leading to  forming a 16km lake on 31st December 2014 is a natural phenomenon and there is nothing artificial about it. Present report is an effort to see an opportunity to use this blockade as a means to check the silting and flooding problem by strengthening this natural blockade and creating a dam. If the situation permits the dam can be converted into hydel power project and energy produced on small scale to supply it to Phutkal Gompa and neighboring villages which have been deprived of this basic necessity till date. The slide is approximately 185.6kms from the Confluence of Zanskar river and Indus River at  Nimmu. Already further north 1.44kms Lake formed in a similar manner 100 of years ago already exists

The present paper is based on observations made by the author during hydrogeological investigations done at Tiger Male, an observation post in Changthang area about 200 miles from Leh..  It is located in the high altitude, cold mountain deserts of Ladakh Himalayas. The aim of this project was to provide sustainable drinking water to the troops stationed on the Indo-Tibetan (China) Border by developing groundwater resources from a borehole, drilled with the help of suitable rig mounted on a truck. 
However, unusual observations made by the author regarding the geology of the region and the abnormal behaviour of the animal (lizards) during the drilling/welding operations caught on a video, made him think otherwise. In the present paper the author has tried to correlate these annotations to propose a new theory for the selective extinction of Dinosaurs on one hand and on the other hand have tried to explain the taphonomic processes involved in their preservation in those uncertain geological conditions prevalent during the K/T times.

Was near coastal/marine equitorial or tropical influence prevalent in Kasauli and homotaxial Formation in the North Indian subcontinent around 18 million years back?

Ritesh Arya , 168 Arath bazaar Kasauli Himachal Pradesh India

aryadriller@gmail.com

09417040106

Probably yes and this is what reinterpretation of the fossils and sedimentological data found from Kasauli Formation (dated to be Lower Miocene,Aquitanian on the basis of charophytes, Stephenochara ungri, Lychnothamnus¹) and its equivalent in the Himalayas indicate ¹ ². The sites from where fossils have been collected for the present paper lie in Kasauli, Dharamsala, Udhampur, Jammu, Kalakot Kargil,Alchi. Stok Kangri range and Nyoma in the northwestern Indian Himalayas³. All these localities marked on the map and show an interesting structural pattern revealing a lot about the history of their genesis in geological time. Interestingly on ground all the fossil plant assemblage localities show great similarity in lithologies, fossils and type of preservations with each other. The most important being the taphonomic relationship between the fossil wood and the sandstone facies which is quiet homogenous with other homotaxial localities or basins described above and show unmatched similarity in the environments of the deposition specially in the basins of Kasauli-Dagsahi, Dharamsala, Murree² and Indus in Ladakh³

Interesting observations made in the papers published earlier are reinterpreted based on the recent observations and fossil findings made by the author from different localities along the Indus River in the high altitude, cold temperate climatic conditions of Ladakh to decipher the age, environment, paleo latitudinal position, geographic, phytogeographic distribution and various processes involved in evolution, proliferation and diversification of biotic(angiosperms and mammals) and abiotic (climatologically and geological ) events in those times ¹ ³. Preliminary studies show that there was close similarity of the fossils of Garcinia, Gluta, Syzygium, Clinogene, Combretum and palms reported from Kasauli Formation 4 with the extant taxa from coastal regions of Indo-Malayan including Borneo and Sumatra which indicate well established land connections for their migration during those times. Hot humid and tropical conditions of deposition with major representation of evergreen elements typical of near equatorial conditions and near shore coastal marine influence on otherwise terrestrial environment prevailed during those times 4. This fact on environmental regime at the time of deposition is further supported in Chitarwata Formation, west central Pakistan 5,6; Ladakh, North India 7,8 Jammu, North India 9,10 Dharamsala, Northwestern India 2,11,12,13,14,; Kasauli, Northwest India 2,10,12, Darjeeling ,West Bengal, North Eastern India and Bhutan15,16. Based on the fossil findings of Mitrgyana from the Kasauli sediments elevation was also found to be less then 1300m in contrast to the present height of about 2000meters 17. This really meant that the Himalayas attained sufficient height to block the rain laden winds and thus the concept of monsoons was born. Presence of diverse assemblage of fossil flowers shows that seasonal changes had initiated during those times18. However more data is still required to rebuild the paleogeographic map based on these interpretation.It is very well documented fact that Subathu Formation enjoyed equatorial position during Lower Eocene times and from the above findings it can be interpreted that Kasauli Formation and its equivalent also enjoyed near coastal equatorial to tropical climatic conditions and latitudes may be around 10-20 degrees north of equator at the time of deposition in contrast to 32 degrees.

References

1.

Arya R., Workshop on Himalayan Foreland basin Organised by Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 1998, pp 12-14
2 Srivastava,V.K. and Cashyap,S.M. , Geol.Soc., 1983,24(3), 134-147

3.Arya R., Seminar on contributions to Himalayan geology, Organised by Wadia Institute of Himalayan geology 2001

4.Arya,R and Awasthi,N Proc.Symp. N.W.Himalaya and foredeep. Geol Surv.India. Spl. Publ., 1994, 104-106.

5.Downing,K.F, E.H.Lindsay,W.R.Downs and S.E.Speyer. Sedimentary Geology, 1993, 87, 25-37

6Lindsay,E.H & Downs,W.R Workshop on Himalayan Foreland basin Organised by Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology,1998, pp 41

7.Lakhanpal,R.N.,Sah,S.C.D.,Sharma,K.K & Guleria,J.S. in Geology of Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh(eds.V.C.Thakur and K.K.Sharma).Wadia Instutite of Himalayan geology,1983 .179-185

8.Lakhanpal,R.N.,Gyan Prakash,Thussu,.J.L & Guleria,J.S., Paleobotanist, 1984,31: 201-207

9.Mathur ,Y.K and Mathur,Kawal 1991 .Geoscience Journal, XII no.2,

10.Mathur ,Y.K and Mathur,Kawal India.Geoscience 1990,11

11. Dogra,N.N., Singh,R.Y and Mishra,P.S, Jour.Pal.Soc.India,1985, 30:63-67

12.Kapoor,R.,Dogra,N.N and Singh,R.Y., Jour. PAL Soc. India,1988, 33: 105-115

13.Kapoor,R and Singh R.Y.Workshop on Himalayan Foreland basin Organised by Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology,1998, 31

14 Singh,R.Y. Workshop on Himalayan Foreland basin Organised by Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 1998, 75-76

15 Acharyya ,S.k.,Bhatt,D.K. and Sen,M.K. Indian Mineral, 1987,41:31-37

16. Banerjee,M & Bera,S Workshop on Himalayan Foreland basin Organised by Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology,1998, pp19

17.Guleria,J.S,Srivastava,R and Arya,R., Paleobotanist 2000, 49,485-489

18. Arya.R.,Ambwani,K.,Sahni,S and Sahni,A., Journal Geological Socity of India 2004,Vol64, 317-324

Global warming is Natural Enjoy it Ritesh Arya
This was accepted for presentation in Global Conference on Global warming 2009 to be held in Turkey
Global warming is Natural Enjoy it
Ritesh Arya 405,GH7A,Sector 20 Panchkula Haryana India
Present paper is based on the data gathered for over a decade from the borewell samples drilled in the paleo-glaciated deposits of the  Indus basin in Ladakh, Indian Himalayan region. Borewell samples analysed from the wells drilled clearly show that global warming and cooling processes are like day and night. They are essential part of the global climate natural cycle which act in uniform to continuously change the various landforms on this mother earth and make it geomorphologicaly so beautiful.     
Holding man and his activities responsible for pollution is acceptable truth but holding him responsible for global warming is an Inconvenient Truth, because man is too small to cause any changes of global scale on sustainable basis.
This Paper emphasise the use of proper technology to improve production and decrease pollution on one hand and recommends use of renewable energy resources so that pure air can be made available to all. It also emphasises the need to re-examine the global warming definition as proposed by IPCC which holds man and his activities for increased global warming in recent years. Experiments carried by the author while drilling wells in the Indus Basin clearly show that major glaciers including the Indus Glacier which extended from Mansarovar in Tibet  to Arabian sea melted much before the advent of Industrialisation and rates of receding of glaciers though unknown were much faster then are being projected and related to the activities of man.
Global warming has to be viewed in a different perspective where it is related to the influx of increased water in the natural system so that sediments deposited during global cooling times can be transported to rivers and oceans. Act in a similar way as the scavengers cleaning the earth and transporting them in the oceans. Cyclones, tsunamis, Flash floods, sea level rise, land submergence and glacial retreat are prominent and natural agencies responsible for the various processes of the global warming and  helping her to transport the deposited material into the rivers/oceans. In this context man with his modern excavating machinery can also be called one of his agencies because he is also digging and at times transporting the deposits.  Time has come to put things about global warming, straight, before it is too late.
Associating global warming to activities of man as proposed by IPCC, contributing to increased green house gases, leading to enhanced temperatures, or faster melting rates of glaciers will only make things worse because the definition does not explain the process in totality.
With little precaution while selecting the site for habitation near the coasts or glacio-fluvial valleys impacts of global warming like cyclones, flash flooding, land submergence etc can be minimised. Today technicians (chemists, physics, biologists, and radiologist) have become doctors of mother earth, whereas geologists who are real doctors of mother earth are less listened to by the politicians for reasons best known to them.
Imagine living in Antarctica or Greenland for the rest of the life without water, without cyclones, without floods. It will lead to out extinction.
So it’s high time, we learn to ”Enjoy global warming” otherwise what are we going to do in global cooling times

Interesting fossils found in Kasauli during late 1990’s  belonging to Garcinia, Gluta, Syzygium, Clinogene, Combretum and palms from Kasauli Formation and presented by the author  in Symosium organised by GSI  1994  had shown beyond doubt the similarity with the extant taxa from coastal regions of Indo-Malayan including Borneo and Sumatra and Andaman Nicobar Islands which indicate well hot humid equatorial climatic conditions of deposition with major representation of evergreen elements typical of near equatorial conditions and near shore coastal marine influence on otherwise terrestrial environment prevailed during those times. Fossils of mega plants all along the Indo Malayan Indonesian islands establish land connections for their migration during those times. This fact on environmental regime(near coastal / marine transgression) at the time of deposition is further supported by fossil and sedimentological findings in Kasauli, Dharamsala, Udhampur, Jammu, Kalakot, Kargil, Alchi., Stok , Kangri range and Nyoma in the northwestern Indian Himalayas  and further in Chitarwata Formation, west central Pakistan; and  the equivalent formation in Darjeeling ,West Bengal, North Eastern India and Bhutan In North eastern sector all shallow marine coastal regimes. All these localities marked on the map show an interesting structural pattern revealing a lot about the history of their genesis in geological time. Interestingly on ground all the fossil plant assemblage localities show great similarity in lithologies, fossils and type of preservations with each other. The most important being the taphonomic relationship between the fossil wood and the sandstone facies which is quiet homogenous with other homotaxial localities or basins described above and show unmatched similarity in the environments of the deposition specially in the basins of Kasauli-Dagsahi, Dharamsala, Murree and Indus in Ladakh
Based on the fossil findings of Mitrgyana from the Kasauli sediments by the author elevation was also found to be less then 1300m in contrast to the present height of about 2000meters.This really meant that the Himalayas attained sufficient height to block the rain laden winds and thus the concept of monsoons was born. Presence of diverse assemblage of fossil flowers shows that seasonal changes had initiated during those times.
Recent findings of Turetella,Venericardia Glyptoactys  Venericardia Cordiopsis and 100s of yet to be identified fossil specimen in authors collection from Nyoma in Ladakh along with oysters show close resemble from the fossils findings from Subathu Formation which confirms beyond doubt that  Subathu basin  extended uptil Nyoma and  enjoyed equatorial position during Lower Eocene times. 
Since fossils from Kasauli show similar affinities with extant taxa of Indo Malayan region it can be very well be interpreted that Kasauli Formation and its equivalent also enjoyed near coastal equatorial to subequatorial climatic conditions and latitudes may be around 5-10 degrees north of equator at the time of deposition in contrast to 32 degrees which the place is presently located. This implies that the major tectonic forces which were to give rise to the future Himalayas were not very active during those times. Northward dragging of the uplifted Tethyan basin(during Dagsahi Times)  along with the Indian subcontinent took place much later then18.2 million years (Based on the findings of Stephenochara ungri) .  If this theory is to be believed than the rate of northward drifting can be calculated and actual timing of collision and upliftment of Himalayas be known.

Publication Name:
National Conference on Paleogene of the Indian Subcontinent” scheduled during April 23-24, 2015, at Lucknow organised by Geological Survey of India, Lucknow and Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow.

Geothermal Energy – Safe Free Energy for future Ritesh Arya

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in Earth. Temperatures at the core may reach 6000°C. This heat is continuously radiated to the earth’s crust which helps to maintain ambient global temperatures of 6-15 °C, 15m below the surface suitable to heat and cool buildings almost anywhere in the world using Ground Source Heat pump and save upto 40% energy locally. Sometimes rock and water is heated up to 370 °C in geologically favorable locations, making it the most sustainable energy resource for heating and electric production. 
Hot springs have been used for bathing and for space heating since Aryans, Romans and Greek times. In Manikaran Indian Himalayas food has been cooked in the HOT springs and distributed free to all visitors for the last 600 years. Since time immemorial Amchi (local geothermal traditional doctors) have been curing patients using medicinal properties of hot water (84°C) in the Higher Indian  Himalaya.        The Blue lagoons in Iceland have emerged as geothermal tourist destination. In modern times geothermal is now better known for electricity generation and heat pumps. The Larderello geothermal power plant in Italy built in 1904 has been successfully running for over 100 years 24 x 365 hours now with nearly one GW base load power. Geothermal power plants use hot steam (Flash, Binary or Dry) from a reservoir to power turbines in USA, Indonesia, Philippines, Iceland New Zealand.  Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are also in the development stage in Australia and America which use heat from hot rocks to generate electricity by injecting water into hot dry rocks (HDR). Krafla geothermal project successfully concluded after drilling into Magma at 2100 meters generating temperatures of more than 900°C capable of generating many Giga Watt (GW) of power.  Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) and GEOCOGEN are advanced geothermal energy concepts aimed to produce plenty of GWh clean energy by tapping lava energy in geologically favorable environments.
Geothermal energy is seen as a most economical energy in present days. The International Geothermal Energy Association (IGA) has reported that 11,765 MW of installed geothermal power capacity in 24 countries and  expect to generate 18,500 MW by 2015 from more than 700 plants. In 2010, the USA led the world in geothermal electricity production with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power plants. The Philippines is second with 1,904 MW followed by Indonesia, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand. Iceland has the highest percentage share of geothermal energy (4600 GWh) of their national electricity production. The country is planning to export the surplus geothermal energy to Scotland through submarine cables and later to Europe. Similarly, Africa has great potential and initial experiments in the Kenya Rift valley & Ethiopia have yielded good results. After the Fukushima Nuclear disaster the Japanese government was forced to shut down >40 nuclear plants and shift its focus to geothermal energy to meet its energy requirements. With a total estimated potential to the tune of 23 million kW of energy Japan has identified 60 potential sites and will soon inaugurate its 1st geothermal power plant on the Southern island of Kyushu, in Kumamoto Prefecture, a region known for its natural hot springs and volcanic activity.
Geothermal holds the key to solve the energy problem of over 1 Billion population of India with its known geothermal potential of around 10,000 MW in peninsular and Himalayan regions. Gujarat, Delhi, Mumbai and Madras are potential geothermal sites in India due to their typical geological and tectonic conditions. Andaman and Nicobar have the potential to become a future Geothermal energy centre like Iceland. The historic TATTAPANI  (Tatta means hot and Pani is water) geothermal site near Shimla in the Indian Himalaya will be submerged in the KOL dam reservoir in 2014. Puga geothermal field can provide green energy to army in China Border. There is urgent to frame a National Geothermal Policy for R&D investments in geothermal exploratory wells to provide green clean energy to the people.
The United Nations designated 2012 as “Year and Decade of Sustainable Energy for All” coupled with the International Energy Organizations commitments of achieving universal energy access by 2030. Geothermal Energy holds one of the golden keys to fulfilling these objectives. The future of this resource however depends on policy shift, drilling technology, energy prices and subsidies. The heat and electricity costs of 2 to 5 US cents per kWh can recover the investments in a few years. According to ISEO geothermal solutions not only provide sustainable but also abundant Economical and SAFE energy for all by 2050.                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                        .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                .                                                                                    Dr Ritesh Arya, Director, Geothermal Energy section of ISEO

Since time immemorial, civilizations (Indus Valley, Mesopotamian, etc.) have flourished in and around rivers or water bodies, and the same at the time of flooding/flash flooding have been the cause of their destruction.
The present paper highlights the history of groundwater development in the mountains of the Indian Himalayas. The attempt is based on studying the groundwater structures developed by our ancestors since time immemorial in the form of identifying and protecting natural springs later wells dug initially in the inter mountain valley region gradually shifting  on the peaks of mountains in the form of manually digging wells for the forts constructed in the 16th century. Sustainability of the water source in the forts had to be developed for 24  365 hours per year. There was gradual transformation from exploring wells in the inter mountain valley regions to the top of the mountain, and this transformation could be related to the flash flooding activity in the past which might have washed out the major civilization/societies/kingdoms located on the banks of rivers or in the inter mountain valley regions.
The accuracy in the techniques for exploration and development of groundwater resources in the mountain peaks was at its peak until the early 18th century. This is evident from the wells found in all the forts located on the peaks of Banasar, Malaon, Bilaspur and Bhota visited by the author in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
This traditional science of hydrogeological exploration, however, died an unnatural death in 1815 when the tanks of the British defeated the Gorkhas in the Battle of Malaon. The ancestral science of exploration was based on sound lithological knowledge coupled with intuition (dowsing) which was the basis of our traditional scientific knowledge. After the industrial revolution, the British brought pumps with them and lifted water from rivers/springs to the peaks of the hills of Subathu, Kasauli, Dagshai and Shimla, which were in one of the oldest cantonments in the Himalayan subcontinent. The hydrogeologists of the past were not able to communicate with the new rulers. Thus language and advent of new technology was the cause of unnatural death of the traditional water wisdom.
The scenario changed and there was major shift from developing groundwater resources to the tapping of surface water resources, and pumping machinery was developed to pump more and more water from different localities to the tops of the hills. The science of hydrogeology suffered and was almost a forgotten chapter in the mountains of the Himalayas. Until the early 1990s, the hills were considered to be devoid of groundwater resources. However, with the modernization of drilling equipment and the growing demand for water, an attempt was made to tap groundwater resources in the Himalayan region. In the first phase, Kangra Valley was identified and groundwater resources were developed there. However, later, exploration techniques were developed which were again using the traditional wisdom to locate the sites to tap groundwater resources in the mountains. Satellite imagery and geophysical methods are not at all applicable in the investigation of these groundwater resources in the mountain terrain. In 1997–1998 the first wells were explored and drilled by the author across the Indus Tsangpo suture zone. By then more than 25 000 wells had been drilled in different hydrostratigraphic zones of the Himalayas identified by author in 1996.
The history of groundwater development can therefore be summarized as science which was at its peak before the arrival of the British in 1815 in the Indian Himalayan Kingdom. This was followed by death of this science almost for 200 years.
The ancient intuitive science of hydrogeology was again rejuvenated in 1990 when groundwater was to be developed in the hill states. With efforts by the author, the intuitive
dowsing technique is today again at its peak and forms integral part of exploration for groundwater development; the author founded the company and is working on the principle of “NO Water NO Money” basis i.e. in case no groundwater is encountered after drilling no money will be charged. Providing sustainable drinking water to the Tibetans who fled Tibet in 1959 following Chinese aggression and settled in Sonamling Tibten Settlement in regions bordering Tibet in Leh Ladakh was the first project undertaken by the author using this concept in 1998. The concept was sponsored by Water Aid for His Holiness The Dalai Lama to provide sustainable drinking water to 10000 migrant Tibetans residing in various camp in this high altitude cold mountain deserts of Ladakh which experienced extreme climatic conditions. By 2000 the entire Tibetan community had 24x365  pure drinking water and the situation has remained the same since then. Prior to groundwater development they were forced to fetch drinking water from Indus river(prone to flooding/silting in summers and freezing in winters or wait for erratic water supply from the govt tankers. Also, borewells have been drilled at 4725 m (15 500 feet) at North Polu, and artesian conditions encountered at 4356 m (14 260 feet) at Chuchul by the author (which helped him to enter Guinness world record for drilling the highest well in the world), showing the sustainability of the resource using this traditional technique.
After detailed analysis of more than 20000 borewells, the author classified the Himalayas into 7 hydrostratigraphic zones (Hydrostratigraphic zones name coined by author) based on the dominant lithological formation and hydrogeological considerations. Author tired to Conceptualise model to explain occurrence and movement of groundwater resources in the HKH range and is of the firm opinion that groundwater holds the key to solving the water problem on a sustainable basis, but also holds the key to ushering in a green revolution for the mountain community in future.

“God give me the courage to change the things I can (pollution and technology), accept the things I cannot change (climate change) ,serenity and wisdom to know the difference”.  Old proverb modified by Dr Arya to explain climate change.
Present paper is based on discovery of paleoclimatic signatures made by Indus glacier/river on the granites of Ladakh batholiths on the banks of river Indus since 11714 years.  Author discovered these signatures while exploring, drilling and developing groundwater on the borders of China(Changthang)  and Pakistan (Siachen,Kargil )in NW Indian Himalaya for Army and civil population for the last 12 years.
These signatures resembles alphabet C, hence named Aryas C cycles. Cyclicity of cooling, warming and again cooling can be very well understood by writing alphabet C. The starting point of alphabet C represents the cooling phase (ICE age) and as we continue to draw the curve there is gradual curvilinear transformation from cooling maxima to warming phase. Half of the C curve represents the warming maxima (an event marked by flooding, cyclones, sea level rise, desertification, biodiversity explosion, increase in GHGs) and completion of alphabet C represents the culmination of the gradual curvilinear transformation from warming to cooling coinciding with ICE age (marked by squeezing and freezing of water resources, glaciations, desertification, competition, mass extinctions, decrease in GHGs). Transferring this sentence geologically means that since there is less water in the system during ICE age so there is less erosion hence we get starting and end of C cycle but as the temperature increases the rate of erosion increases hence the curvilinear depressions are created making the upper half of the warming cycling, center of alphabet C is marked by warming maxima. Then there is again gradual transformation from warming to cooling and as the water in the system decreases there is less erosion therefore we get a geomorphological feature which resembles the lower half of alphabet C finally ending into the ICE age.  So uniformity in the paleoclimatic signatures dicoererd in Ladakh Himalaya which resembles alphabet C , for the first time geologically and scientifically explains cooling, warming and again cooling phase in nature to be a natural climate cyclic process.
Granites played important role in the preservation of these climatic signatures because they are very hard and compact as compared to other rocks found in the Himalayas which are fragile and susceptible to faster rate of weathering and erosion making preservation of the signatures tedious task. Taphonomical analysis of these C curves in massive Granites show great role of lithology and geomorphology in preservation and understanding the cyclicity of these climate signatures which have been beautifully preserved in the Ladakh Batholith in NW Himalaya.  Author observed 10 such cycles in the site,8 complete and 2 half cycle. Geomathematical modeling of these paleoclimatic signatures show that after every 4 cycles there is a half cycle. According to this model each complete C cycle is of 1338.6 years and half C cycle is 669.3 years.
Based on this model author has tried to correlate the paleo climatic and geological events in the past and found that lot of events can be explained by Aryas C cycles.  Important question now is which part of the C cycle are we now. Seeing the paleoclimatic signature in the Batholiths of Ladakh we are presently in the warming maxima times and are curvilinearly moving into the cooling phase finally culminating into ICE age in 2344 years, represented by the lower part of alphabet C. So enjoy global warming by building sustainable habitats in geologically favorable locations because the next warming maxima will be in 3014.

Climate change natural:  Disasters and impact on water resources in Himalaya
Global Climate change (warming and cooling) is natural cyclic process (Aryas C-Cycle) responsible for erosion and transportation of sediments deposited during global cooling times to oceans, flash floods and cyclones (commonly referred to as Disasters) are its main agents. So all disasters are natural phenomenon occur in their natural places encroached by man ignoring the natural geological reasoning.
Present paper highlights the impact of climate change in Himalaya which is headwater regions of entire river systems in Indian Subcontinent.  It also tries to understand the so called disasters associated with  present warming phase which is causing global melt of the glaciers in the higher Himalayas, increasing the Flash floods in valleys, sedimentation in deltas and enhancing intensity of cyclones in coastal regions.
So called disasters occur in places which have been encroached by man due to hydel power projects, haphazard urbanization in mountain, industrialization in intermountain valley region and coastal development near sea/ocean. 
Flash floods, sedimentation and cyclones complement each other in the cycle of global warming. Man lived happily with warming when he built habitats in geologically favorable locations. But ignorance of this basic fact led to disastrous situation, our civilization is facing. UNIPCC successive reports blaming global warming for all disasters have worsened the situation. Global warming is best part to be on this planet earth. Imagine living in Antarctica and Arctic and this is what is to be living in global cooling times. UNIPCC has wrongly without trial and evidence put entire blame on warming. Pollution and warming are 2 different identities. Pollution can be controlled using better technology but global warming is natural. Playing carbon credit games suggested by UNFCCC can help control pollution but not warming impact. Building sustainable habitats in geologically favorable situation away from shores and river channels is best answer to live happily with warming.

Climate change natural – Impact on water resources in Himalaya
Ritesh Arya,                                 aryadrillers@gmail.com, www.aryadriler.com

Abstract:

“God give me the courage to change the things I can (pollution and technology), accept the things I cannot change (climate change) ,serenity and wisdom to know the difference” Dr Ritesh Arya .

Present paper is based on discovery of paleoclimatic signatures made by Indus glacier/river on the granites of Ladakh batholiths on the banks of river Indus since 11714 years.  Author discovered these signatures while exploring, drilling and developing groundwater on the borders of China(Changthang)  and Pakistan(Siachen, Kargil) in NW Indian Himalaya for Army and civil population for the last 12 years.
These signatures resembles alphabet C, hence named Aryas C cycles. Cyclicity of cooling, warming and again cooling can be very well understood by writing alphabet C. The starting point of alphabet C represents the cooling phase (ICE age) and as we continue to draw the curve there is gradual curvilinear transformation from cooling maxima to warming phase. Half of the C curve represents the warming maxima (an event marked by flooding, cyclones, sea level rise, desertification, biodiversity explosion, increase in GHGs) and completion of alphabet C represents the culmination of the gradual curvilinear transformation from warming to cooling coinciding with ICE age (marked by squeezing and freezing of water resources, glaciations, desertification, competition, mass extinctions, decrease in GHGs). Transferring this sentence geologically means that since there is less water in the system during ICE age so there is less erosion hence we get starting and end of C cycle but as the temperature increases the rate of erosion increases hence the curvilinear depressions are created making the upper half of the warming cycling, center of alphabet C is marked by warming maxima. Then there is again gradual transformation from warming to cooling and as the water in the system decreases there is less erosion therefore we get a geomorphological feature which resembles the lower half of alphabet C finally ending into the ICE age.  So uniformity in the paleoclimatic signatures discovered in Ladakh Himalaya which resembles alphabet C , for the first time geologically and scientifically explains cooling, warming and again cooling phase in nature to be a natural climate cyclic process.
Granites played important role in the preservation of these climatic signatures because they are very hard and compact as compared to other rocks found in the Himalayas which are fragile and susceptible to faster rate of weathering and erosion making preservation of the signatures tedious task. Taphonomical analysis of these C curves in massive Granites show great role of lithology and geomorphology in preservation and understanding the cyclicity of these climate signatures which have been beautifully preserved in the Ladakh Batholith in NW Himalaya.  Author observed 10 such cycles in the site,8 complete and 2 half cycle. Geomathematical modeling of these paleoclimatic signatures show that after every 4 cycles there is a half cycle. According to this model each complete C cycle is of 1338.6 years and half C cycle is 669.3 years.
Based on this model author has tried to correlate the paleo climatic and geological events in the past and found that lot of events can be explained by Aryas C cycles.  Important question now is which part of the C cycle are we now. Seeing the paleoclimatic signature in the Batholiths of Ladakh we are presently in the warming maxima times and are curvilinearly moving into the cooling phase finally culminating into ICE age in 2344 years, represented by the lower part of alphabet C. So enjoy global warming by building sustainable habitats in geologically favorable locations because the next warming maxima will be in 3014.
Author also tries to relate circumstantial evidences with the dates of warming and cooling proposed in this model which  coincides with the same.

Arya’s  C cycles and Climate change natural
Ritesh Arya,405,7a,Sector 20, Panchkula 134116,Haryana India                                          aryadrillers@gmail.com,    www.ritesharya.com
“God give me the courage to change the things I can (pollution and technology),accept the things I cannot change( climate change) ,serenity and wisdom to know the difference”.  Old proverb modified by Dr Arya to explain climate change.
Present paper is based on discovery of paleoclimatic signatures made by Indus glacier/river on the granites of Ladakh batholiths on the banks of river Indus since 11714 years by the author while exploring, drilling and developing groundwater on the borders of China(Changthang)  and Pakistan(Siachen,Kargil )in NW Himalaya for the last 12 years.
These signatures resembles alphabet C, hence named Aryas C cycles. Cyclicity of cooling, warming and again cooling can be very well understood by writing alphabet C. The starting point of alphabet C represents the cooling phase (ICE age) and as we continue to draw the curve there is gradual curvilinear transformation from cooling to warming phase. Half of the C curve represents the warming maxima (an event marked by flooding, cyclones, sea level rise) and completion of alphabet C represents the culmination of the gradual curvilinear transformation from warming to cooling coinciding with ICE age. Transferring this sentence geologically means that since there is less water in the system during ICE age so there is less erosion hence we get starting and end of C curve but as the temperature increases the rate of erosion increases hence the curvilinear depressions are created making the upper half of the warming cycling center of alphabet C is marked by warming maxima. Then there is again gradual transformation from warming to cooling and as the water in the system decreases there is less erosion therefore we get a geomorphological feature which resembles the lower half of alphabet C finally ending into the ICE age.  So paleoclimatic signatures in Ladakh Himalaya which resembles alphabet C , for the first time geologically and scientifically explains cooling, warming and again cooling phase in nature to be a natural climate cyclic process.
Granites played important role in the preservation of these climatic signatures because they are very hard and compact as compared to other rocks found in the Himalayas which are fragile and susceptible to faster rate of weathering and erosion making preservation of the samples a tedious task. Taphonomical analysis of these C curves in massive Granites show great role of lithology and geomorphology in preservation and understanding the cyclicity of these climate signatures which have been beautifully preserved in the Ladakh Batholith in NW Himalaya.  Author observed 10 such cycles in the site,8 complete and 2 half cycle. Geomathematical modeling of these paleoclimatic signatures show that after every 4 cycles there is a half cycle. According to this model Each complete cycle is of 1338.6 years and half cycle is 669.3 years.
Based on this model author has been trying to correlate the paleo climatic and geological events in the past and found that lot of events can be explained by Aryas C cycles.  Important question now is which part of the C cycle are we now. Seeing the paleoclimatic signature in the Batholiths of Ladakh we are presently in the warming maxima times and are curvilinearly moving into the cooling phase finally culminating into ICE age in 2341 years, represented by the lower part of alphabet C. So enjoy global warming by building sustainable habitats in geologically favorable locations because the next warming maxima  will be in 3014.

Dr Ritesh Arya, a Chandigarh-based hydro-geologist, holds the Guinness Record for successfully drilling the highest tube well in the world at over 11,000 feet in the Himalayas. He is the Indian coordinator heading a tri-nation initiative — Norway, Iceland, India — aimed at developing new green technologies based on geothermal energy resources in the Himalayas. He was invited to present his innovative concept at the World Sustainable Energy Conference organised by the United Nations’ International Sustainable Energy Organisation in 2012. His concept of Agneyodgara Urja (Energy from Lava) aims to provide free, safe and renewable energy to all by 2050 and intends to make India an energy surplus country in a sustainable manner. In an interview to Upendra Singh, he discusses the potential of geothermal energy and the alleged hazards associated with it.

Was near coastal/marine, equatorial influence prevalent in North Indiasubcontinent 18.2 million years ago?
Ritesh Arya
168 Arath Bazaar, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh
email: aryadrillers@gmail.com
Probably yes and this is what reinterpretation of the fossils and sedimentological data found from Kasauli Formation (dated to be Lower Miocene) and its equivalent in the Himalayas indicate. The sites from where fossils have been collected for the present study lie in Kasauli,Dharamsala, Udhampur, Jammu, Kalakot, Kargil, Alchi., Stok , Kangri range and Nyoma inthe northwestern Indian Himalayas. All these localities marked on the map and show an interesting structural pattern revealing a lot about the history of their genesis in geological time. Interestingly on ground all the fossil plant assemblage localities show great similarity in lithologies, fossils and type of preservations with each other. The most important being the taphonomic relationship between the fossil wood and the sandstone facies, which is quiet homogenous with other homotaxial localities or basins described above and show unmatched similarity in the environments of the deposition specially in the basins of Kasauli-Dagsahi, Dharamsala, Murree and Indus in Ladakh. Interesting observations made in the papers published earlier were reinterpreted based on the recent observations and fossil findings made by the author from differentlocalities along the Indus River in the high altitude, cold temperate climatic conditions of Ladakh, which indicate warmer and more humid climatic conditions at the time of deposition. Preliminary studies show that there was close similarity of the fossils of Garcinia, Gluta, Syzygium, Clinogene, Combretum and palms reported from Kasauli Formation with the extant taxa from coastal regions of Indo-Malayan including Borneo and Sumatra which indicate well hot humid equatorial climatic conditions of deposition withmajor representation of evergreen elements typical of near equatorial conditions and near shore coastal marine influence on otherwise terrestrial environment prevailed during thosetimes. Fossils of mega plants all along the Indo Malayan Indonesian islands establish land connections for their migration during those times. This fact on environmental regime (nearcoastal / marine transgression) at the time of deposition is further supported in Chitarwata Formation, west central Pakistan; Ladakh, North India Jammu, North India Dharamsala, Northwestern India; Kasauli, Northwest India Darjeeling,West Bengal, North Eastern Indiaand Bhutan. Based on the fossil findings of Mitrgyana from the Kasauli sediments elevation was also found to be less then 1300m in contrast to the present height of about 2000meters.This really meant that the Himalayas attained sufficient height to block the rain laden winds and thus the concept of monsoons was born. Presence of diverse assemblage of fossil flowers shows that seasonal changes had initiated during those times. It is very well documented fact that Subathu Formation enjoyed equatorial position during Lower Eocene times. From the above findings it can be interpreted that Kasauli Formation and its equivalent also enjoyed near coastal equatorial to subequatorial climatic conditions and latitudes may be around 5-10degrees north of equator at the time of deposition in contrast to 32 degrees. This implies that the major tectonic forces which were to give rise to the future Himalayas were not very active during those times . Northward dragging of the uplifted ztethyan basin (during Dagshai times) along with the Indian sub continent took place much later then 18.2 million years ago.

This Paper was presented in the World Water Week Conference August  2009 Stockholm
Groundwater,Global warming, Glacial retreat,flooding in Himalayas                       
Dr Ritesh Arya, 405,GH7A,Sector 20,Panhkula 134120,Haryana, India                          aryadrillers@gmail.com                                                                                         
Introduction
Groundwater is poorly understood subject in Himalayan mountains specially  the high altitude cold mountain deserts of Ladakh, Himalayas. Geological complexity, geographical inaccessibility, climatic extreme variability and unavailability of hydro geological data all combine to make groundwater, a mystery to understand and difficult to develop as a resource for policy makers and politicians. Present paper tries to bridge this gap by compiling the available data from the wells drilled and establishes the relationship between groundwater, glacier, floods and global warming in mountains so that groundwater could be understood and used in totality to solve the day to day water problem.
On one hand paper laments that global warming is natural cyclic process and glacial melting will lead to increased water in the  natural mountain system which supports  increased evolution and diversification of life forms on other it advocates steps required to cope with floods induced due to glacial melt which pose  great threat to  habitants in mountain valleys.

Present paper highlights the significance of groundwater exploration for sustainable water development in the Himalayas.
Case Study
To explain the relationship of groundwater,glaciers,global warming in Himalayas the title I am presenting a Case study of Khardungla catchment which houses the Khardungla glacier and  Leh town finally culminating at Indus river
Borelog samples  and Indus glacier
Based on the observation of the bore log samples collected while drilling borewells to develop groundwater resources to provide drinking water for the army and civil population in the high altitude, cold, mountain deserts of Ladakh, Indian Himalayas which are geologically complex and geographically isolated for more then 6 months due to extreme cold climatic conditions.  The author was able to find evidences of Indus Glacier deposits in the borewell samples at depth varying from 70 feet below the ground to 130 feet below the ground.This glacier might have extended from Mansrovar in Tibet to Arabian sea  >2000 metres length in geological past before ice age.
Indus Glacier : Source of groundwater                                                                                                                                                                  The presence of paleo Indus glaciated channels at these depths is the source of rich reservoir of groundwater resources for meeting the drinking water requirement for Leh town now and in near future.
Khardungla Glaicer: Source of surface as well as groundwater
The Khardungla glacier located at top of the Batholithic hill is the main source of water both surface and groundwater to the Leh town. This glacier  extended upto  Spituk in geological past. But today it has receded more then 18 kms) and is on the verge of extinction and is confined only to the peeks of Khardungla at 18000 feet above the mean sea level.
Groundwater:  a household commodity
Experiments carried by the author in the end of the 20th century laid the foundation for sustainable development of  groundwater resources in the recent past. The groundwater today has become a household commodity and everyone is enjoying the fruits of the resource which was considered to be nonexistent about a decade ago.
Life of groundwater α glacial melt
The important question here is how long are these resources going to last. The global warming has already taken its toll and the Khardungla glacier has already receded considerably. It is a matter of time and the groundwater will last till the snow cover last in the Khardungla.
No Glacier …..No Water
No Glacier means  no water in Leh catchment All the streams and the spring sources would dry up or become seasonal.
Global warming, glacial recede, glacial extinction and MAN
This is the story of all the glacial mountain catchments the world over. All the major glaciers world over had already receded much before the advent of man or industrialisation. Today these  mountain glaciers are on the verge of extinction. The impact of man and his activities was negligible in those times but still the rates of receding of glaciers were very high.
Indus glacial extinction:  a natural process
The Indus glacier (itself owe its extinction from the Indus basin to global warming which happens to be the natural cyclic process initiated since last ice age  and has nothing  to do with man or his activity or rather to any geological activity on sustainable basis.
Impact of glacial melt in Himalayas: Groundwater increase
The author after studying more then 1000 wells drilled in different hydrostratigraphic formation across the Himalayas clearly shows that global warming has resulted in melting of glaciers since time immemorial. Immediate impact of this activity is increased groundwater and their storage in the mountains. This will lead to increased moisture in the soil and thus pave way for ushering green revolution in the mountains specially the high altitude cold mountain deserts of Ladakh
Mountain flash flooding and destruction
Long term impact would be their activity leading to flash flooding once the storage capacity of these hills exceeds the threshold .This activity will first lead to mountain bursting and cause flash floods which have the capacity to wash anything which comes in its way downstream within seconds. If cyclones and hurricanes are talked about and feared events in the coastal areas, Mountain flash flooding is an event to be watched in near future in mountains.
Economic Compulsion and geologic ignorance
Today economic compulsions and geological ignorance is forcing the habitations to flourish along the valley regions which were considered to be geologically fragile few decades ago but negligence of the geological data will lead them to pay a heavy prise for their activity. A simple flood will lead to heavy loss of life and property in the mountain state.
Groundwater solutions for sustainable development
Though the glaciers are the main source of groundwater recharge in the mountains the other side of glacial melting (FLASH FLOODING) due to global warming is very dangerous event threatening the very existence of the communities residing in the hills or mountain valleys,  if proper precautions are not made while selecting the habitations. This subject and phenomenon is poorly understood  but holds the key for our very existence in the mountains in near future.
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About Dr Arya
Dr Ritesh Arya,specialises in groundwater exploration and development in Indian Himalayas  for  providing sustainable water solutions to people living in high altitude cold mountain deserts of Ladakh, which were considered to be devoid of it. He prepared  model to explain occurrence and groundwater movements  in Himalayas.  Providing 24 hours  water , on NO WATER NO MONEY  to  Tibetan’s (who fled Tibet following Chinese aggression  1959) in Leh, for Water Aid & His Holiness Dalai Lama was his important achievement .  Arya holds Guinness World record for drilling highest artesian condition in world. He used  borewell data and geomorphological observations to show  “Global Warming is Natural: Enjoy it” accepted for presentation in Global Conference on Global warming Turkey,  2009.
Presently working on a film CONVENIENT TRUTH  to show global warming is part of natural cyclic process,majority of glaciers had receded in the geological past much before industrialisation or advent of man and his activities, rates of receding could have been very high in the past as compared to today??? CO2 and other green houses gases are essential for our very survival. These gases are required by plants to feed the growing population  now and in years to come, CO2 reduction is therefore a wrong step...........................................                                          Pollutions and emmisioins is man made and can be controlled by using better technologies....
Film will show this truth CONVENIENTLY.........and end with message Enjoy Global warming:Its Natural  how to enjoy warming you have to wait for the release of the film........

History of groundwater development in Himalayas – A review

Dr Ritesh Arya Director Water and Geothermal section,  International Sustainable Energy organisation, Geneva CEO ARYA DRILLERS

History of groundwater in Himalayas can be dated to the advent of the human civilisations in the mountains when they flourished in and around the springs which were nothing but manifestation of groundwater. Later with passage of time kingdoms were made and forts were constructed on the top of the hills the major source of water in those forts was not springs but were shallow wells dug by man. These wells were not only perennial then but today also those sources are very well developed and water seeps to the top by capillary action and makes that part of the abandoned fort green. So those were the times when the hydrogeologists of the past were known as PANI wala babas /saints who would study the rocks and groundwater interaction and with 100%  accuracy would be able to locate their wells which would supply 24x7 water to the solders at the peaks.
At that time the mountain hydrogeology was at its peak and the success rate almost 100 % based on the study carried by the author by visiting various forts in Himachal since 1993. Starting from Panj Singho Ka Kila in Barsar to Malon ka Kila where the famous war between Gorkhas and Britishers was fought leading to their defeat and formation of 1st Gorkha Regiment. The advent of Britishers  who brought in pumping machinery with them led to the untimely death of the Pani walal Babas and in 100 years the age old science died an unnatural death.  It won’t be wrong to say that the advent of Bristhers in India led to the death of groundwater exploration in Indian Himalayas.
In 1991 groundwater development was started in Himachal Pradesh with exploration and drilling of few trial borewells and it turned out to be successful scheme to provide instant water. However initially the method of exploration was based on remote sensing which was more of hit and trial method and the traditional method of resistivity survey was not applicable due to non- homogeneity of the rocks in the Himalayas owing to complex folding and faulting.
In 1993 the author was posted as Hydrogeologist @ 82.80 paisa in Barsar and the Panj Singho Ka kila became the source of enlightment for establishing the method of exploration and development of the groundwater resources. Borewell drilled upto 300 feet in Barsar bus stand was dry near but the author was able to find 2 wells in the fort at an elevation of more than 1500 feet from the site. Prior to this incident  60-70% success rate based on remote sensing monitoring was considered to be 100% but with the traditional technique using NO SATTELITE IMAGERY and NO INSTRUMENTS even 99.99 per cent was not acceptable. It took 3 years based on borewell data of >5000 borewells across Himachal to master the traditional techquine of exploration and in 1996 the author presented the paper on Hydrostratigraphic zonation  in International Geological Congress China.  Word Hydrostratigraphic Zonation was coined and Principles of Isostasy and water balancing was used to explain the movement of groundwater in the 7 Hydrostratigraphic zones of the Himalayas.  6 Zones were identified in Himachal Himalaya and the 7th zone was in Indus Suture Zone in High Altitude cold Mountain deserts of Ladakh.
In 1997 the author got the opportunity to explore and develop groundwater in the High altitude cold mountain deserts of Ladakh by a project funded by Water Aid through his Holiness Dalai Lama to provide drinking water to the 3800 Tibetans who migrated from Tibet following Chinese aggression in 1959. Prior schemes were based on tapping surface water resources which were susceptible to seasonal fluctuations of silting in summers and freezing in winters. By1998 the entire Tibetan community in Ladakh @ altitude range from 11000 to 14500 feet had 24x7 water from groundwater. But these projects were all along or near the Indus Suture Zone and still the model had to be tested in exteme climatic conditions in the Trans Himalayan region. In 2000 I had the chance to explore and drill groundwater at Air Force Station Thoise, Field Research Laboratory Partapur and Siachen Glacier- The Highest Battlefield in the world. Prior to that the Airfield at Thoise were rendered non-functional in winters as the underground water pipes would burst. Similarly, the silt in pipes from Shyok river in summers would block the pipes and render the water in the agricultural fields to be useless. Moreover the soldiers in Siachen were forced to melt Ice to quench their thirst. In 2000 groundwater exploration and development was done and since then all the water problem is solved and agricultural production increased many fold and groundwater  boosted  the morale of our troops by providing them perineal water even in – 40 Degrees temperature when  groundwater was drilled at Bhimbat in Drass the coldest place in Asia and second coldest place in the world.
The entire Himalayas today have the potential to explore and develop groundwater. Groundwater is the cheapest form of clean safe water available to the hilly people on sustainable basis. While doing so the author was able to explore and drill artesian water conditions in Ladakh at altitude of 11500 feet and 14260 feet and earn his ame in Guinness world record.
It is pity that some reports in national and international media and scientific journal are still reporting depletion of groundwater resources and building a fearful picture but our practical studies have shown that not even 1cm of groundwater level has gone down in the last 27 years.

Geothermal energy is seen as a most economical 24 x 7 energy in present days. The United Nations estimates global reserves at about 200 GW. ENEL Green Power has reported 1'263 MW of installed geothermal power capacity in 2015 and expects 2'144 MW by 2020. In 2015 the USA led the world in geothermal electricity with 3450 MW production followed by the Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand. Iceland has the highest percentage share of geothermal energy (5245 GWh) of their national electricity production and is now planning to export the surplus geothermal energy to Europe through submarine cables. Africa has great potential and initial experiments in the Kenya Rift valley and in Ethiopia have yielded good results. Today geothermal energy is cheaper than Hydropower in Kenya and they have a much cheaper source of fuel to replace fossil fuels on a sustainable basis. After the Fukushima Nuclear disaster the Japanese government was forced to shut down over 40 nuclear plants and shifts its focus to more geothermal energy to meet its energy requirements. Geothermal holds the key to solve the energy problem of the far over 2 Billion population of India and China on one hand and provides sustainable cheap and safe energy solutions to the MENA region. Agneyodgara (Lava Energy)-GEOCOGEN geothermal energy concepts aimed to produce plenty of GWh clean energy by tapping lava energy in geologically favorable environments at shallow depths use waste water from municipal waste and geothermal heat from earth to produce clean water and energy. The United Nations calls for "Sustainable Energy for All " coupled with the International Energy Organization's commitments of achieving universal energy access by using 100% renewable energy. Geothermal Energy holds one of the golden keys to fulfilling these objectives besides ending nuclear power plants which are bombs for our future generation on one hand and on the other hand the dependence on fossil fuel must be reduced. According to the International Sustainable Energy Organization ISEO geothermal solutions will not only provide sustainable, but also abundant economical and SAFE energy for all by 2050. Biography Dr Ritesh Arya Guinness World record holder is doctor in geology with interest in Water, Energy and Climate. His Mission is "Right to Free Safe Sustainable " Water & Energy " for All by 2050. He started his carrier as hydrogeologist to provide sustainable drinking water solutions based on groundwater development on NO WATER-.NO MONEY basis for civil uses and army. He worked with WaterAid to provide water solutions for Tibetans who migrated from Tibet in 1959 and settled in the Ladakh High altitude cold mountain deserts of the Himalaya, India. Today this group has rightly titled Dr Ritesh Arya "The Incredible Waterman". The Agneyodgara (Lava Energy)-GEOCOGEN concept developed by him to produce Giga Watts of green, clean, safe, FREE sustainable energy for all and was rated as " He presented Arya's C cycle-based on paleo climatic signatures discovered by him to show Climate change is a natural cyclic process, but pollution is manmade and needs to be tackled by improving technology by the Global Conference on Global Warming in 2015.

Agneyodgara (Lava Energy)-Indian scenario and need for sustainable geothermal development Ritesh Arya Two years have passed since the 1 st Geothermal conference in PDPU was held paving way for CEGE formation, preparation of draft policy on geothermal by MNRE , exploration work on geothermal sites in Gujrat and tendering done to tap geothermal energy in Tatapani, but still the pace to develop the known potential of more than 10000 MWe geothermal energy resource is comparatively slower than other renewable resources. Private players like GIBBS have set up Geoexchange heating and cooling plants in India and are trying to show practically how geothermal energy exchange can help save electricity and provide sustainable round the year geo-conditioning solutions with the installation of GSHP besides saving million liters of water in the traditional air conditioning chillers. In comparison to this the world is moving fast on the geothermal front with 13GW added till 2015 to provide sustainable cheap electricity to millions who were without it or were using expensive fossil fuel which was the root cause of their bad economy. Here I will like to site the example of Kenya who have come a long way from investing in expensive Fossil fuel prices to uncertain Hyropower production as both were not able to power their house on sustainable basis for the simple reason and that is the uncertainty in terms of resource and its pricing. But with the functioning of Kenya's 280 MW Olkaria geothermal power plant, the largest in the world, things have turned the entire economy and provided sustainable energy source round the clock. The energy thus generated will power the homes, institutions, agriculture and help boost industry in that region on sustainable basis besides saving money on expansive fossil fuel. Within few months the energy from geothermal power plant has been cheaper and economically sustainable then hydropower and reduced dependency on expensive OIL. That is the power of geothermal development. India has been the masters of geothermal development and its utilistion in the past. Known records show that GURU Vashist (3000BC) after whom the Vashist Hot springs are named in Himalayas was the first to use the hot springs in his ashram and the concept of treating different alignment was well developed and is still practised by AMCHIS (traditional Tibetan doctors) in Chumathang and Puga Similarly Mani Karan in Himachal Pradesh shows that the art of extracting minerals, precious stones was very well know from the HOT spring sources in ancient times. Inspite of the fact that Guru nanak ji prepared the 1st Geothermal food in India more then 500 years ago and showed the world the way to utilise how FREE food could be cooked using this unheard Hot water energy resource. Little is done and today we are struggling to see India on the Geothermal map of the world. Now time has come and we should learn from the practical examples demonstrated by the ICELAND, US, New Zealand Italy Indonesia Philippines and see how they have managed to struggle and standardize the process of geothermal exploration and development so that we get the best of everything and learn from their mistakes to develop the best geothermal power plants in the world for our FUTURE Generations. Vision of Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) is to tap geothermal energy at shallow depths in geologically favorable locations to produce upto GIGA watts of power using the futuristic Geocogen technology and set up Agneyodgara sites worldwide to replace all the Nuclear Power Plants which are Nuclear bombs for our future generations.

Abstract Title
Hydrogeology of the Hindu kush Himalayas
Abstract Text
Present paper highlights the recent advances made in the hydrogeological sciences in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region based on the
data collected from 25000 borewells drilled in different hydrostratigraphic zones identified by Arya, 1996 to solve the drinking water
and meet the growing industrial and agricultural requirements in the hills states of north west Indian Himalayas Historical development
of groundwater resources and need of traditional methods of exploration will be highlighted to systematically develop the
groundwater resources in comparison to the modern geophysical and remote sensing methods. Borehole data from the wells drilled
on the snouts of highland glaciers in the cold mountain deserts of Ladakh will be used to know the extent and rates at which the
glaciers might have receded in the past. Preliminary investigations have revealed that global warming is a natural phenomenon and
man and his activities after the industrial revolution in 1600th century had little role to enhance the already receding glaciers most of
them have already become extinct in the lesser Himalayan region during those times. Attempt is made to use groundwater levels in
the borewells drilled along the major faults and contact boundaries in these Himalayan regions as a tool to monitor the crustal
movements and earthquakes. Borehole data will also be used to infer the paleo flooding activities in the past which led to the
extinction of major habitations and civilisations in the past. A cycle event (?) which can trigger today because of occupation of
agricultural lands for economic compulsions in the low lying regions along the banks of rivers.

Groundwater development in North Western Indian Himalayas: A review
Ritesh Arya, 405 ,GH7A sector 20, Panchkula, Haryana 134120
Email: aryadrillers@gmail.com
Phone : 0172-2552106;
Mobile: 09417040106


Present paper highlights the significance of groundwater exploration and its systematic exploitation for overall sustainable water development to solve the drinking, agricultural and industrial requirement of the people residing in the hill states of north western Indian Himalayas besides giving an historical perspective for the development of the resource.

With more then 15000 boreholes drilled in different hydrostratigraphic zones identified by Arya 1996, it can be said with certainty that groundwater resource development has been a success story in solving the water problem to some extent. Questions about its quantity and sustainability still remain unanswered. Moreover lack of any scientific documentation and its modeling has not led to its further development into a full fledged dependable water resource, which can be relied and used by the policy makers to plan major water supply schemes.

Therefore, inspite of the fact that millions of rupees are being spent in the name of providing drinking water by the government the overall situation in the hill state still remains a problem as the dependency and uncertainty associated with the schemes based on surface water has increased proportionately.

Paper also presents the success story of successfully encountering of the artesian conditions at altitude of more then 14000 feet by the author in the high altitude cold mountain deserts of Ladakh which clearly speaks volumes about the amount of groundwater prevalent in the heights of the Himalayan mountains. Successful flowing of groundwater resources from the artesian wells drilled 7 years ago and its successful availability in minus 20 degrees in Siachen Glacier shows the availability of this resource and its importance in solving the drinking water problem on sustainable basis in the extreme geological and climatic conditions.

Moreover the present study also focuses on the impact of global warming on the groundwater resources especially in the mountains. Paper also highlights the point that these resources play in activating flash flooding and inducing landslides leading to rock collapse in the mountain regions. Their role in helping to monitor earthquakes by studying groundwater fluctuation and its chemical composition will also be emphasized. .

This was accepted for presentation in Global Conference on Global warming 2009 to be held in Turkey

Global warming is Natural Enjoy it

Ritesh Arya 405,GH7A,Sector 20 Panchkula Haryana India

Present paper is based on the data gathered for over a decade from the borewell samples drilled in the paleoglaciated
deposits of the Indus basin in Ladakh, Indian Himalayan region. Borewell samples analysed from the
wells drilled clearly show that global warming and cooling processes are like day and night. They are essential
part of the global climate natural cycle which act in uniform to continuously change the various landforms on
this mother earth and make it geomorphologicaly so beautiful.
Holding man and his activities responsible for pollution is acceptable truth but holding him responsible for
global warming is an Inconvenient Truth, because man is too small to cause any changes of global scale on
sustainable basis.
This Paper emphasise the use of proper technology to improve production and decrease pollution on one hand
and recommends use of renewable energy resources so that pure air can be made available to all. It also
emphasises the need to re-examine the global warming definition as proposed by IPCC which holds man and
his activities for increased global warming in recent years. Experiments carried by the author while drilling
wells in the Indus Basin clearly show that major glaciers including the Indus Glacier which extended from
Mansarovar in Tibet to Arabian sea melted much before the advent of Industrialisation and rates of receding of
glaciers though unknown were much faster then are being projected and related to the activities of man.
Global warming has to be viewed in a different perspective where it is related to the influx of increased water
in the natural system so that sediments deposited during global cooling times can be transported to rivers
and oceans. Act in a similar way as the scavengers cleaning the earth and transporting them in the oceans.
Cyclones, tsunamis, Flash floods, sea level rise, land submergence and glacial retreat are prominent and
natural agencies responsible for the various processes of the global warming and helping her to transport the
deposited material into the rivers/oceans. In this context man with his modern excavating machinery can also
be called one of his agencies because he is also digging and at times transporting the deposits. Time has
come to put things about global warming, straight, before it is too late.
Associating global warming to activities of man as proposed by IPCC, contributing to increased green house
gases, leading to enhanced temperatures, or faster melting rates of glaciers will only make things worse
because the definition does not explain the process in totality.
With little precaution while selecting the site for habitation near the coasts or glacio-fluvial valleys impacts
of global warming like cyclones, flash flooding, land submergence etc can be minimised. Today technicians
(chemists, physics, biologists, and radiologist) have become doctors of mother earth, whereas geologists who
are real doctors of mother earth are less listened to by the politicians for reasons best known to them.
Imagine living in Antarctica or Greenland for the rest of the life without water, without cyclones, without floods.
It will lead to out extinction.
So it’s high time, we learn to ”Enjoy global warming” otherwise what are we going to do in global cooling
times.