- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Archeology, Department Memberadd
Philippopolis in Arabia, Damascus and Neapolis in Samaria were, besides Thessalonica, the last colonies founded by the Romans. They were established under Philip I, who originally came from the region where they were located, thus they... more
Philippopolis in Arabia, Damascus and Neapolis in Samaria were, besides Thessalonica, the last colonies founded by the Romans. They were established under Philip I, who originally came from the region where they were located, thus they had a reason for being grateful. On the one hand, the authorities of Damascus and Neapolis decided to implement patterns of colonial coinage and to integrate with the local tradition. On the other hand, ephemeral coinage of Philippopolis highlighted the bonds with the imperial family. This paper reconsiders the coinage of the latest Roman colonies.
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ABSTRACT: Between AD 235–275, 36 Roman colonies emitted their final coins, with more than five hundred iconographic motifs represented. On the one hand, “veteran” colonies, having a long tradition of colonial coinages, maintained the... more
ABSTRACT: Between AD 235–275, 36 Roman colonies emitted their final
coins, with more than five hundred iconographic motifs represented. On the one hand, “veteran” colonies, having a long tradition of colonial coinages, maintained the Roman character of their issues. On the other hand, most colonies created in the 3rd
century, recognised by scholars as “titular”, since no colonists were sup-
posed to be settled there, also decided to follow the pattern of universal colonial coinage. The use of Latin, the exposure of status and typical colonial motifs such as a “foundation scene”, military emblems and Marsyas were exploited in the final issues of the Roman colonies. Even though the Romanitas of many colonies was merely superficial, coins performed the role of a medium which manifested the Roman nature of the colonies.
coins, with more than five hundred iconographic motifs represented. On the one hand, “veteran” colonies, having a long tradition of colonial coinages, maintained the Roman character of their issues. On the other hand, most colonies created in the 3rd
century, recognised by scholars as “titular”, since no colonists were sup-
posed to be settled there, also decided to follow the pattern of universal colonial coinage. The use of Latin, the exposure of status and typical colonial motifs such as a “foundation scene”, military emblems and Marsyas were exploited in the final issues of the Roman colonies. Even though the Romanitas of many colonies was merely superficial, coins performed the role of a medium which manifested the Roman nature of the colonies.
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One of the most common iconographic motifs of Roman colonial coinage is the 'foundation scene'. Colonies modelled on Rome were established according to the aratrum ritual, in imitation of the manner in which, according to myths, Romulus... more
One of the most common iconographic motifs of Roman colonial coinage is the 'foundation scene'. Colonies modelled on Rome were established according to the aratrum ritual, in imitation of the manner in which, according to myths, Romulus founded Rome. Veteran colonies, established between the 1 st century BCE and the 2 nd century CE, gladly exploited that motif to commemorate the colonial foundation and to manifest their bond with Rome. However, colonies set up under Septimius Severus and later were considered as purely titular foundations. Nevertheless, they also occasionally presented the foundation scene on civic coins. If they were not colonists, the question arises as to the message that such coins conveyed. In this paper, the author makes an attempt to examine the foundation scene on Roman colonial coins from the Near East in the 3 rd century CE. The concepts of veteran and titular colonies are contrasted. It is a noteworthy that while the colonies in northern Syria and Mesopotamia (except Rhesaena) never introduced the foundation scene on their coinages, the southern colonies (except Philippopolis) proudly manifested their connections with Rome. Eventually, the foundation scene disappeared from colonial coins of the Near East in the mid-3 rd century.
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Coinage of Sidon and Tyre flourished under Elagabalus. An unprecedented amount of iconographic types was introduced at that time. As Sidon gained colonial title, Tyre seems to have lost it. The changes of civic status of both cities... more
Coinage of Sidon and Tyre flourished under Elagabalus. An unprecedented amount
of iconographic types was introduced at that time. As Sidon gained colonial title, Tyre seems to have lost it. The changes of civic status of both cities determined the selection of iconographic motives; Tyre demonstrated it glorious mythical past and contribution in development of Mediterranean world. Sidon manifested Romanitas and the local tradition. Both cities highlighted their colonizing achievements.
of iconographic types was introduced at that time. As Sidon gained colonial title, Tyre seems to have lost it. The changes of civic status of both cities determined the selection of iconographic motives; Tyre demonstrated it glorious mythical past and contribution in development of Mediterranean world. Sidon manifested Romanitas and the local tradition. Both cities highlighted their colonizing achievements.
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The aim of the present article is to summarize a current state of research on the problem of inflow of Roman provincial coins into Lesser Poland in antiquity. The term "provincial coinage" as used here refers to coins from the... more
The aim of the present article is to summarize a current state of research on the problem of inflow of Roman provincial coins into Lesser Poland in antiquity. The term "provincial coinage" as used here refers to coins from the mints producing coinages for the purpose of provincial circulation, as well as to the so-called pseudo-autonomous and autonomous coinages struck by various local mints. We consider coins produced in mints located in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire, beginning from Dacia and Moesia, and farther east and south to the provinces of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt as well as these struck by the rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom. The chronological scope of this presentation is defined by the final decades of the Roman Republic/the beginning of the Roman Empire and the Diocletian's reform (AD 294). We shall concentrate on the relevant finds of bronze coinage and the so-called billon coins. Only one brief paragraph is devoted to silver issues. ABSTRAKT Cel...
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Roman colonies minted coins that stood out among provincial coinage by way of their Latin legends and choice of iconographic motifs. The two main subjects that were used referred to the history of the colonies. The first was the... more
Roman colonies minted coins that stood out among provincial
coinage by way of their Latin legends and choice of iconographic motifs. The two
main subjects that were used referred to the history of the colonies. The first was
the foundation scene, in which the priest indicated the city’s boundaries in imitation
of Romulus, who indicated the boundaries of Rome with the help of two oxen
and a plow. The second type that was popular referred to the colonists’ military
past, showing legionary emblems. Besides these motifs, other Roman myths also
appeared, like the Lupa Romana, Aeneas with Anchises and Ascanius retreating
from Troy, or Marsyas, who symbolized freedom. These motifs were dominant in
the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Over time, local pre-Roman foundation myths began
to appear on colonial coinage. Finally, in the 3rd century AD, as Roman and local
elements became integrated, foundation myths of various origins were made use
of and in certain situations even combined.
coinage by way of their Latin legends and choice of iconographic motifs. The two
main subjects that were used referred to the history of the colonies. The first was
the foundation scene, in which the priest indicated the city’s boundaries in imitation
of Romulus, who indicated the boundaries of Rome with the help of two oxen
and a plow. The second type that was popular referred to the colonists’ military
past, showing legionary emblems. Besides these motifs, other Roman myths also
appeared, like the Lupa Romana, Aeneas with Anchises and Ascanius retreating
from Troy, or Marsyas, who symbolized freedom. These motifs were dominant in
the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Over time, local pre-Roman foundation myths began
to appear on colonial coinage. Finally, in the 3rd century AD, as Roman and local
elements became integrated, foundation myths of various origins were made use
of and in certain situations even combined.
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Mallus became a Roman colony during the rule of Severus Alexander. After the foundation, the largest emissions of coins presented a multifigural scene. The emperor is standing in the middle, offering a small statue of Marsyas (symbol of... more
Mallus became a Roman colony during the rule of Severus Alexander. After the foundation,
the largest emissions of coins presented a multifigural scene. The emperor is standing
in the middle, offering a small statue of Marsyas (symbol of liberty) to Tyche who is the
city goddess. The emperor is crowned by Amphilochus – the mythic founder of Mallus.
A pair of oxen located in front of the emperor signifies the colonial foundation.
The composition of local deities (Amphilochus, Tyche) with a typical colonial motive
(yoke of oxen) and the Roman emperor indicates a high level of cultural integration. In
this paper I will examine these components and reconsider the meaning of the scene as
well as the identity manifested on the coins of Mallus.
the largest emissions of coins presented a multifigural scene. The emperor is standing
in the middle, offering a small statue of Marsyas (symbol of liberty) to Tyche who is the
city goddess. The emperor is crowned by Amphilochus – the mythic founder of Mallus.
A pair of oxen located in front of the emperor signifies the colonial foundation.
The composition of local deities (Amphilochus, Tyche) with a typical colonial motive
(yoke of oxen) and the Roman emperor indicates a high level of cultural integration. In
this paper I will examine these components and reconsider the meaning of the scene as
well as the identity manifested on the coins of Mallus.
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On the famous Lyon Tablet, speech of Claudius was transcripted. The emperor made a long-winded digression about the early history of Rome. He pointed out that at the beginning of the Roman Kingdom, plenty of eminent citizens and kings... more
On the famous Lyon Tablet, speech of Claudius was transcripted. The emperor
made a long-winded digression about the early history of Rome. He pointed out that at the
beginning of the Roman Kingdom, plenty of eminent citizens and kings were non- Romans.
The ruler used the example from the past to accomplished his own plan. Claudius was eager
to extend the privileges to provincial communities. Members of local elites were granted
the Roman citizenship. The process of integration was introduced in Roman Empire. The
colonies which were Roman enclaves surrounded by indigenous inhabitants, followed this process too. The evidence of integration between Roman colonists and local aborigines are the colonial coins.
made a long-winded digression about the early history of Rome. He pointed out that at the
beginning of the Roman Kingdom, plenty of eminent citizens and kings were non- Romans.
The ruler used the example from the past to accomplished his own plan. Claudius was eager
to extend the privileges to provincial communities. Members of local elites were granted
the Roman citizenship. The process of integration was introduced in Roman Empire. The
colonies which were Roman enclaves surrounded by indigenous inhabitants, followed this process too. The evidence of integration between Roman colonists and local aborigines are the colonial coins.
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Przemiany, które zaszły wraz z wykrystalizowaniem się nowej formy władzy za panowania Oktawiana Augusta dotyczyły wszystkich dziedzin życia ludzi żyjących w tamtych czasach, takich jak kultura, religia, czy społeczeństwo.System stworzony... more
Przemiany, które zaszły wraz z wykrystalizowaniem się nowej formy władzy za panowania Oktawiana Augusta dotyczyły wszystkich dziedzin życia ludzi żyjących w tamtych czasach, takich jak kultura, religia, czy społeczeństwo.System stworzony przez pierwszego princepsa był kontynuowany przez jego bezpośrednich następców, jak i późniejszych cesarzy wywodzących się z innych dynastii.Dzięki nowemu systemowi władzy rodzina julijska (gens Iulia), a także klaudyjska (gens Claudia) zostały połączone i wywyższone ponad inne. Dzięki Oktawianowii dokonano konsekracji (consecratio) pierwszego Rzymianina, czyli Juliusza Cezara czczonego jako Divus Iulius. Sam twórca pryncypatu mógł się od tego czasu tytułować jako Divi Flilius, co również wyniosło go ponad zwykłych śmiertelników. August dążył również do swojej deifikacji co stało się po jego śmierci za panowania jego następcy Tyberiusza. Kolejnymi członkami dynastii julijsko-klaudyjskiej, którzy dostąpili tego zaszczytu zostali: Julia Druzylla, Liwi...
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into... more
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into European Barbaricum. The interest in Roman coinage at the Jagiellonian University pre-dates archaeology and can be traced back to the 16th century and the professors of the Kraków Academy (the name of the university at that time) Maciej of Miechów (1457–1523) and Stanisław Grzebski (1524–1570). In the 19th century, Roman coins discovered in the vicinity of Kraków attracted the interest of Jerzy Samuel Bandtke (1768–1835). However, the time when this area of research enjoyed particular development falls to the last years before WWII and the post-war period. A significant role in this respect was played by researchers either representing the JU Institute of Archaeology, like Professors Rudolf Jamka (1906–1972), Kazimierz Godłowski (1934–1995), and Piot...
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest podsumowanie aktualnego stanu badań na temat napływu monet prowincjonalnych zarejestrowanych na obszarze historycznej Małopolski. Pod pojęciem „mennictwa prowincjonalnego” rozumiane są tutaj zarówno monety... more
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest podsumowanie aktualnego stanu badań na temat napływu monet prowincjonalnych zarejestrowanych na obszarze historycznej Małopolski. Pod pojęciem „mennictwa prowincjonalnego” rozumiane są tutaj zarówno monety prowincjonalne bite w mennicach produkujących monety na użytek danej prowincji, jak i tzw. monety pseudoautonomiczne i autonomiczne bite w mennicach lokalnych. W niniejszym tekście uwzględnione zostały monety produkowane w mennicach zlokalizowanych we wschodniej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego poczynając od Dacji i Mezji, i położonych dalej na Wschód i Południe aż po prowincje w Azji Mniejszej, Syrię i Egipt, jak również monety bite przez władców Królestwa Bosporańskiego. Ramy chronologiczne niniejszych rozważań wyznaczają końcowe dziesięciolecia Republiki / początek Cesarstwa oraz reforma Dioklecjana (294 r. n.e.). Pod uwagę zostały wzięte przede wszystkim znaleziska monet brązowych i tzw. bilonowych. Jedynie krótki akapit poświęcony został monecie sre...
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The aim of the present article is to summarize a current state of research on the problem of inflow of Roman provincial coins into Lesser Poland in antiquity. The term "provincial coinage" as used here refers to coins from the... more
The aim of the present article is to summarize a current state of research on the problem of inflow of Roman provincial coins into Lesser Poland in antiquity. The term "provincial coinage" as used here refers to coins from the mints producing coinages for the purpose of provincial circulation, as well as to the so-called pseudo-autonomous and autonomous coinages struck by various local mints. We consider coins produced in mints located in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire, beginning from Dacia and Moesia, and farther east and south to the provinces of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt as well as these struck by the rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom. The chronological scope of this presentation is defined by the final decades of the Roman Republic/the beginning of the Roman Empire and the Diocletian's reform (AD 294). We shall concentrate on the relevant finds of bronze coinage and the so-called billon coins. Only one brief paragraph is devoted to silver issues. ABSTRAKT Cel...
Research Interests:
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into... more
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into European Barbaricum. The interest in Roman coinage at the Jagiellonian University pre-dates archaeology and can be traced back to the 16th century and the professors of the Kraków Academy (the name of the university at that time) Maciej of Miechów (1457–1523) and Stanisław Grzebski (1524–1570). In the 19th century, Roman coins discovered in the vicinity of Kraków attracted the interest of Jerzy Samuel Bandtke (1768–1835). However, the time when this area of research enjoyed particular development falls to the last years before WWII and the post-war period. A significant role in this respect was played by researchers either representing the JU Institute of Archaeology, like Professors Rudolf Jamka (1906–1972), Kazimierz Godłowski (1934–1995), and Piot...
Research Interests:
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into... more
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into European Barbaricum. The interest in Roman coinage at the Jagiellonian University pre-dates archaeology and can be traced back to the 16th century and the professors of the Kraków Academy (the name of the university at that time) Maciej of Miechów (1457–1523) and Stanisław Grzebski (1524–1570). In the 19th century, Roman coins discovered in the vicinity of Kraków attracted the interest of Jerzy Samuel Bandtke (1768–1835). However, the time when this area of research enjoyed particular development falls to the last years before WWII and the post-war period. A significant role in this respect was played by researchers either representing the JU Institute of Archaeology, like Professors Rudolf Jamka (1906–1972), Kazimierz Godłowski (1934–1995), and Piot...
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The coins struck in Philippi differed from the coins struck in colonial mints. Common symbols that appeared on coins were the plough and legionary standards, however in Philippi there were only few such emissions. The main motive shown on... more
The coins struck in Philippi differed from the coins struck in colonial mints. Common symbols that appeared on coins were the plough and legionary standards, however in Philippi there were only few such emissions. The main motive shown on the coins from
Philippi, that of Augustus being crowned by Julius Caesar, emerged during the reign of Augustus and endured till the reign of Commodus. This juxtaposition is extraordinary and there are no strict analogies. Of great significance is the place where these types occurred. Philippi is known as the place where Julius Caesar was avenged.
Philippi, that of Augustus being crowned by Julius Caesar, emerged during the reign of Augustus and endured till the reign of Commodus. This juxtaposition is extraordinary and there are no strict analogies. Of great significance is the place where these types occurred. Philippi is known as the place where Julius Caesar was avenged.
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The colonial coinage is a special section of the Roman provincial coins. In the time of Augustus the system was developed and was continued by his successors. The colonies located in distant lands of empire struck similar issues. One of... more
The colonial coinage is a special section of the Roman provincial coins. In the
time of Augustus the system was developed and was continued by his successors. The
colonies located in distant lands of empire struck similar issues. One of their determi-
nant is a legend. Inscriptions used on coins were Latin. The legal status of colonies were
placed in three ways: as full name (COLONIA), shorten version (CO/COL/COLO) or
as a simple C. In few examples the status is omitted. The name of colony was shown in
a similar way: some as full name, some as abbreviation. The additional status like Iulia or
Augusta were added in the same mode. To comprehend the system of abbreviations, spe-
cial matrix was introduced. This table contains every possible model of use the titulature
of colonies that was put on coins during the reign of Augustus. Every known colonial is-
sue was put under analysis. The main conclusion is that every colony followed the system
of abbreviations, no matter of its origins, geographical location or neighbourhood.
time of Augustus the system was developed and was continued by his successors. The
colonies located in distant lands of empire struck similar issues. One of their determi-
nant is a legend. Inscriptions used on coins were Latin. The legal status of colonies were
placed in three ways: as full name (COLONIA), shorten version (CO/COL/COLO) or
as a simple C. In few examples the status is omitted. The name of colony was shown in
a similar way: some as full name, some as abbreviation. The additional status like Iulia or
Augusta were added in the same mode. To comprehend the system of abbreviations, spe-
cial matrix was introduced. This table contains every possible model of use the titulature
of colonies that was put on coins during the reign of Augustus. Every known colonial is-
sue was put under analysis. The main conclusion is that every colony followed the system
of abbreviations, no matter of its origins, geographical location or neighbourhood.
Research Interests:
The colonial coinage is a special section of the Roman provincial coins. In the time of Augustus the system was developed and was continued by his successors. The colonies located in distant lands of empire struck similar issues. One of... more
The colonial coinage is a special section of the Roman provincial coins. In the
time of Augustus the system was developed and was continued by his successors. The
colonies located in distant lands of empire struck similar issues. One of their determi-
nant is a legend. Inscriptions used on coins were Latin. The legal status of colonies were
placed in three ways: as full name (COLONIA), shorten version (CO/COL/COLO) or
as a simple C. In few examples the status is omitted. The name of colony was shown in
a similar way: some as full name, some as abbreviation. The additional status like Iulia or
Augusta were added in the same mode. To comprehend the system of abbreviations, spe-
cial matrix was introduced. This table contains every possible model of use the titulature
of colonies that was put on coins during the reign of Augustus. Every known colonial is-
sue was put under analysis. The main conclusion is that every colony followed the system
of abbreviations, no matter of its origins, geographical location or neighbourhood.
time of Augustus the system was developed and was continued by his successors. The
colonies located in distant lands of empire struck similar issues. One of their determi-
nant is a legend. Inscriptions used on coins were Latin. The legal status of colonies were
placed in three ways: as full name (COLONIA), shorten version (CO/COL/COLO) or
as a simple C. In few examples the status is omitted. The name of colony was shown in
a similar way: some as full name, some as abbreviation. The additional status like Iulia or
Augusta were added in the same mode. To comprehend the system of abbreviations, spe-
cial matrix was introduced. This table contains every possible model of use the titulature
of colonies that was put on coins during the reign of Augustus. Every known colonial is-
sue was put under analysis. The main conclusion is that every colony followed the system
of abbreviations, no matter of its origins, geographical location or neighbourhood.