Of late, the pattern of tax revenues and its nexus with economic growth in developing countries become an increasing concern for policy framers and researchers. Since tax revenue is one of the important sources of government revenue, a... more
Of late, the pattern of tax revenues and its nexus with economic growth in developing countries become an increasing concern for policy framers and researchers. Since tax revenue is one of the important sources of government revenue, a tax policy assumes significance as a vehicle for a viable and long-term source of revenue and economic growth. Similarly, economic growth has augmenting effects on the tax revenue of a country. This study investigates tax responsiveness to the changes in gross domestic product in Ethiopia in the period 1981–2014. It mainly focuses on the components of agricultural tax revenue: agricultural income tax and land use fee. In addition, it also studies personal income tax and business profit income. Understanding and analyzing the level of sensitivity of tax revenue to discretionary policy measures and GDP are essential in formulating fiscal policy. The empirical evidence on Ethiopia suggests that the trends in agricultural income tax and land use fee collection are highly inconsistent. Agricultural income tax and land use fee are not buoyant, indicating that the growth of the agricultural sector has no statistically significant impact on agricultural income tax buoyancy. However, personal income tax revenue, business profit revenue, and total direct tax revenue are responsive to changes in non-agricultural GDP in Ethiopia. In light of these findings, some policy interventions for improving tax revenue are suggested.
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It is not possible to achieve a controversial goal, such as gender equality, without a clear strategic plan setting out policy, objectives, action, time frame and resources. Any organizational entity of the public or private sector nature... more
It is not possible to achieve a controversial goal, such as gender equality, without a clear strategic plan setting out policy, objectives, action, time frame and resources. Any organizational entity of the public or private sector nature should contribute to enhancing greater gender equality in order to minimize the widely expanding gender equality gap between men and women. It should be able to contribute substantively to greater gender equality by having the appropriate gender mainstreaming structures, policies and procedures in place. The objective of this article was to show the existing situation of organizational (input) level factors towards the promotion of gender equality in the Gambella Peoples’ National Regional State of Ethiopia. The study has shown that the basic policy documents did not exist in several public sector organizations. Certain basic gender and gender-related strategies to implementing the gender and gender-related policy documents were not practiced in th...
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The first dilemma that millions of poor in urban areas of the developing world face and which is likely to persist for a long period is the question of adequate housing. In this regard, 70 per cent of the urban population of Ethiopia is... more
The first dilemma that millions of poor in urban areas of the developing world face and which is likely to persist for a long period is the question of adequate housing. In this regard, 70 per cent of the urban population of Ethiopia is living in slums and squatter settlements. This article is on accessibility of land for residential purpose and existing squatter settlements in Burayu town in Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. The population of Burayu town is 100,200 (2010) and the town is located about 15 kilo meters from the city limits of Addis Ababa metropolis, the capital of Ethiopia. The town is characterized by many land related problems like proliferation of squatter settlements, expansion of slums and other illegal land developments. This article tries to identify the root causes for squatting and assess the major local government responses in Burayu town. By the combination of random and purposive sampling method, 246 squatter households were selected from different...
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This paper evaluates the implementations of assessment and certification in the Ethiopian TVET system based on review of government documents and a descriptive analysis of primary data. The primary data are obtained by administering... more
This paper evaluates the implementations of assessment and certification in the Ethiopian TVET system based on review of government documents and a descriptive analysis of primary data. The primary data are obtained by administering questionnaires to 184 TVET heads and 547 students/trainees that are drawn from 40 public, private and NGO TVET institutions in Addis Ababa and by administering interviews to 10 key informants. It is found that assessment is being carried out based on regulations/guidelines and assessment tools in accredited assessment centers by accredited assessors. Implementation of the system has directed the effort of stakeholders towards enhancing learners’ competence and has influenced learning. As a result, the number of candidates who passed the assessment in Addis Ababa has increased from 14.3% in 2009/10 to 61.7% in 2015. Findings also point out that the implementation of assessment is to some extent in line with some of the principles (criteria) proposed in th...
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Initial modes of transportation for human beings were non-motorized. However, due to development in transport technology and requirement, these modes have been partly or fully replaced by motorized vehicles depending on the development... more
Initial modes of transportation for human beings were non-motorized. However, due to development in transport technology and requirement, these modes have been partly or fully replaced by motorized vehicles depending on the development level of the given country. Invention in motorization contributed for further advancements. Motorization has multifaceted benefits. However, individual risks ranging from property damages, health problems, injuries and deaths from traffic accidents and environmental problems due to construction of infrastructure and gas emissions are also the serious threats. Consequently, many nations of the world have started to incorporate non-motorized modes in their transportation systems in order to tackle such negative effects of motorization. Acceptance in non-motorized transport is getting a wide horizon at the world scale because it is economically feasible, environmentally less damaging and socially inclusive. As true for many developing countries, dominant...
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<p>(A) PBMC from AIDS subjects were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated Abs. CD14 and CD16 expression identified three Mo subsets: CD14<sup>high</sup>CD16<sup>−</sup> (gate R2),... more
<p>(A) PBMC from AIDS subjects were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated Abs. CD14 and CD16 expression identified three Mo subsets: CD14<sup>high</sup>CD16<sup>−</sup> (gate R2), CD14<sup>high</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> (gate R3), and CD14<sup>low</sup>CD16<sup>+</sup> (gate R4). (B) The frequency of each Mo subset was compared in AIDS (<i>n = 11</i>) and uninfected subjects (<i>n = 8</i>). The expression of CD69 (C) and CCR5 (D) was analyzed for each Mo subset from AIDS (<i>n = 9–11</i>) and uninfected subjects (<i>n = 5–9</i>). Median values are indicated as horizontal lines, and statistical significance in 6B–D was calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.</p
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Expansion of squatter settlements and burgeoning of slum are among the challenges being posed by rapid rate of urbanization especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Burayu town is one of the fastest growing towns in Oromia... more
Expansion of squatter settlements and burgeoning of slum are among the challenges being posed by rapid rate of urbanization especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Burayu town is one of the fastest growing towns in Oromia National Regional State of Ethiopia. The town is located about 15 kilometers from the center of Addis Ababa metropolis, the capital of Ethiopia. The population of Burayu town was 4,138 in 1984; 10,027 in 1994; 63,873 in 2007 (Census) and has grown to 150,000 in 2014 (estimated), showing that the population of the town has increased by more than 36 folds within the past 20 years. The town is characterized by many land related problems like proliferation of squatter settlements, expansion of slums and other illegal land developments. This article tries to identify characteristics of squatter houses in Burayu town in relation to location of the houses in environmentally sensitive areas, construction materials of the houses and accessibility of the houses to ...
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It is not possible to achieve a controversial goal, such as gender equality, without a clear strategic plan setting out policy, objectives, action, time frame and resources. Any organizational entity of the public or private sector nature... more
It is not possible to achieve a controversial goal, such as gender equality, without a clear strategic plan setting out policy, objectives, action, time frame and resources. Any organizational entity of the public or private sector nature should contribute to enhancing greater gender equality in order to minimize the widely expanding gender equality gap between men and women. It should be able to contribute substantively to greater gender equality by having the appropriate gender mainstreaming structures, policies and procedures in place. The objective of this article was to show the existing situation of organizational (input) level factors towards the promotion of gender equality in the Gambella Peoples’ National Regional State of Ethiopia. The study has shown that the basic policy documents did not exist in several public sector organizations. Certain basic gender and gender-related strategies to implementing the gender and gender-related policy documents were not practiced in the public sector offices. The existing gender and gender-related strategies to implementing such gender policy documents were not clear to the civil servants. Gender focal point networking were absent in the public sector organizations. It has also shown that equal hiring or employment opportunities or practices were existing, gender unit department (division) activities were incorporated in the basic organizational core policy goals, objectives, and projects, and job responsibilities and mandates for the gender unit departments or divisions were existing in the public sector offices. The human resources development aspect and the work organization aspect of the organizational human resource practices were not building the capacity of the public sector staff in terms of a number of elements. But, documenting, updating, respecting, and utilizing the existing job descriptions for the GU staff were practiced as the organizational human resource practices to building the capacity of the public sector staff at the regional and local administrative level in the Gambella regional state.
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Co-prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines increases overdose risk. A paucity of literature exists evaluating strategies to improve safety of co-prescribing. This study evaluated an electronic intervention to improve safety for patients... more
Co-prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines increases overdose risk. A paucity of literature exists evaluating strategies to improve safety of co-prescribing. This study evaluated an electronic intervention to improve safety for patients co-prescribed chronic opioids for pain and benzodiazepines at 3 and 6 months. A prospective cohort study was conducted from December 2015 through May 2016 at San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System. A clinical dashboard identified 145 eligible patients prescribed chronic opioids and benzodiazepines. Individualized taper and safety recommendations were communicated to prescribers via electronic medical record progress note and encrypted e-mail at baseline. Primary outcome was number of patients co-prescribed chronic opioids and benzodiazepines. Secondary outcomes included daily dose of opioids and benzodiazepines and number prescribed ≥100 mg morphine equivalent daily dose. Safety outcomes included number with opioid overdose education and n...
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The purpose of this study was to identify patterns of postdischarge prescription fills following an opioid-related hospitalization. Using the 2010-2014 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database, this analysis identified the... more
The purpose of this study was to identify patterns of postdischarge prescription fills following an opioid-related hospitalization. Using the 2010-2014 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database, this analysis identified the percentage of patients (N=36,719) with an opioid-related inpatient admission who received substance use disorder treatment medications within 30 days of being discharged. Thirty-five percent of the sample did not have any prescription fills in the 30-day postdischarge period. Less than a quarter (16.7%) of patients received any FDA-approved opioid dependence medication in the 30 days following discharge. Forty percent of patients in the sample received antidepressants, 15.6% received antipsychotics, 13.9% filled a prescription for a benzodiazepine, and 22.4% filled a prescription for an opioid pain medication. More effort is needed to ensure that patients hospitalized for opioid misuse are receiving recommended services.
Research Interests: Adolescent, Medicine, Prescription drug misuse, Humans, United States, and 15 moreFemale, Male, Young Adult, Benzodiazepines, Middle Aged, Adult, Psychiatric Services, Opioid, Benzodiazepine, Antipsychotic agents, Patient discharge, Opiate substitution treatment, Antidepressive agents, Drug prescriptions, and Medical prescription
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Initial modes of transportation for human beings were non-motorized. However, due to development in transport technology and requirement, these modes have been partly or fully replaced by motorized vehicles depending on the development... more
Initial modes of transportation for human beings were non-motorized. However, due to development in transport technology and requirement, these modes have been partly or fully replaced by motorized vehicles depending on the development level of the given country. Invention in motorization contributed for further advancements. Motorization has multifaceted benefits. However, individual risks ranging from property damages, health problems, injuries and deaths from traffic accidents and environmental problems due to construction of infrastructure and gas emissions are also the serious threats. Consequently, many nations of the world have started to incorporate non-motorized modes in their transportation systems in order to tackle such negative effects of motorization. Acceptance in non-motorized transport is getting a wide horizon at the world scale because it is economically feasible, environmentally less damaging and socially inclusive. As true for many developing countries, dominant...
Squatting is the process of illegally occupying land or buildings without the explicit permission of the owner. It is clear that squatter settlements help some households in solving their shelter problems. But, rising evidences on the... more
Squatting is the process of illegally occupying land or buildings without the explicit permission of the owner. It is clear that squatter settlements help some households in solving their shelter problems. But, rising evidences on the other side indicate that squatter settlements are the causes for remarkable public costs many of which are related to environmental degradation. Burayu town is one of the fastest growing towns in Oromia National Regional State of Ethiopia. The town is located about 15 kilometers from the center of Addis Ababa metropolis, the capital of Ethiopia. The population of Burayu town was 4,138 in 1984; 10,027 in 1994; 63,873 in 2007 (Census) and has grown to more than 150,000 in 2013 (estimated), showing that the population of the town has increased very rapidly especially during the past about seven years. The town is characterized by many environmental related problems like proliferation of squatter settlements, expansion of slums and other illegal land devel...