sustainability
Article
Examined in Theory—Applicable in Practice: Potentials of
Sustainable Industrial Heritage Conservation in a Contemporary
Context—The Case of Belgrade
Marko Nikolić , Jelena Šćekić * , Boško Drobnjak and Ena Takač
Faculty of Arhitecture, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
marko@arh.bg.ac.rs (M.N.); drobnjak.b@arh.bg.ac.rs (B.D.); takac.e@arh.bg.ac.rs (E.T.)
* Correspondence: jelena.scekic@arh.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights
the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context
and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and
industrial heritage, their values, authenticity and spirit of place, as well as the idea of the necessity
of integrating industrial heritage into the contemporary context, this paper aims to examine the
possibilities for the preservation of industrial heritage following theoretically established principles,
with the introduction of new uses and sustainable solutions. The analysis of the case studies of
Belgrade’s industrial heritage presented in this paper results from research conducted by the teachers,
associates and students of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture. The research focuses
on the possibilities of translating the principles of preserving cultural and industrial heritage from
their theoretical definition to practical application. The students’ conceptual solutions for protection,
revitalisation and presentation of the analysed case studies represent the research results. An im-
portant aspect of this paper is defining the criteria for valorising students’ conceptual solutions,
which are aligned with the principles of preserving cultural heritage and establishing sustainable
development. The valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions through a defined set of criteria
indicates real possibilities for the simultaneous preservation of all the values of industrial heritage
and its transformation into a social, ecological and economic resource of the contemporary city.
Citation: Nikolić, M.; Šćekić, J.;
Drobnjak, B.; Takač, E. Examined in
Keywords: principles of heritage preservation; industrial heritage; values; authenticity; the spirit of
Theory—Applicable in Practice:
place; integration; contemporary context; sustainable development; criteria for valorisation
Potentials of Sustainable Industrial
Heritage Conservation in a
Contemporary Context—The Case of
Belgrade. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072820 1. Introduction
Academic Editor: Humberto Varum
Even though industrial heritage is the focus of this research paper, in order to better
understand its values, principles of preservation and the possibility of its integration in
Received: 25 January 2024 accordance with the contemporary context and sustainable development, it is necessary
Revised: 2 March 2024 to first look at the meaning and significance of cultural heritage within which industrial
Accepted: 21 March 2024 heritage is a typology. The phenomenon of cultural heritage and the development of ideas
Published: 28 March 2024
concerning the importance of its preservation began in the 19th century, with the works of
authors from the field of conservation theory, among whom William Morris’s The Manifesto
of The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and The Seven Lamps of Architecture
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
from John Ruskin stand out [1,2]. A special contribution to the preservation of cultural
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. heritage as a testimony to future generations was provided by Alois Riegl, emphasising
This article is an open access article that “a monument is a work of man erected for the specific purpose of keeping particular
distributed under the terms and human deeds or destinies (or a complex accumulation thereof) alive and present in the
conditions of the Creative Commons consciousness of future generations” [3] (p. 69). However, the development of the cultural
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// heritage preservation field at a global level began in the 20th century after the Second World
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ War, with the establishment of internationally recognised organisations aimed precisely at
4.0/). the study of world heritage. Among them are the International Council on Monuments
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072820 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 2 of 36
and Sites (ICOMOS), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) and the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration
of Cultural Property (ICCROM), Council of Europe, which the author Nikolić points out
in his research [4]. The documents verified by these organisations provided important
definitions of the term heritage and a set of principles for its preservation, which are still
relevant and indispensable starting points for heritage research. Also, globally recognised
charters, declarations, conventions and recommendations represent an attempt to translate
the theoretical thought about the importance of cultural heritage preservation into its
practical application in the process of cultural heritage restoration in the contemporary
context. The analysis of the most important documents in the continuation of this paper
gives us a better insight into the definition of heritage and its values. It also points to
essential principles of heritage preservation and possibilities for their implementation
in practice.
1.1. Cultural Heritage and the Analysis of Relevant Documents
With the First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monu-
ments held in Athens in 1931, general principles in the field of cultural heritage preservation
related to the protection of monuments were set. Through the so-called Carta del Restauro
adopted in 1931, seven main resolutions were defined, the implementation of which would
be crucial for developing the field of cultural heritage preservation in the 20th century. The
Athens Charter from 1931 became the driving force for the formation of international organ-
isations in the field of cultural heritage preservation (Paragraph I), defining appropriate
measures for the protection of cultural heritage through the application of conservation
and restoration (Paragraphs II, IV, V), but also for the consideration of the importance of
preserving cultural heritage from the global to the local level (Paragraph III, VI, VII) [5].
On the other hand, only with the verification of The Venice Charter in 1964 was a more ex-
plicit coverage of cultural heritage given through the definition of the historic monuments
(Article 1) and guidelines for their preservation through the application of conservation
(Articles 4–8) and restoration (Articles 9–13) [6]. The importance of viewing “ancient mon-
uments as a common heritage” [6] (p. 1) and their preservation “for future generations” [6]
(p. 1) is particularly emphasised, which indicates not only cultural–historical, architectural
or aesthetic monument values, but also human values as equally important. However, the
first definition that directly determines the scope of cultural heritage was given in the Con-
vention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage framework in 1972.
According to the Convention, the existence of cultural and natural heritage was recognised,
and within the framework of cultural heritage, monuments, groups of buildings and sites
were defined [7] (Article 1). Given that the Convention made the first division of heritage
into cultural and natural, as well as that “the outstanding universal value” [7] (Articles 1–2)
is highlighted within the definitions of the scope of these categories of heritage, the question
of the value of cultural heritage and its relationship with the natural environment was
raised. The question of value becomes the focus of further research in the field of cultural
heritage preservation and the adoption of internationally recognised documents.
1.1.1. Cultural Heritage and the Question of Its Values
Within the Recommendation considering the safeguarding and contemporary role of historic
areas, defined in 1976, in addition to the recognised cultural, social, architectural and historic
values of cultural heritage, the importance of property value and market/rental value is
highlighted [8] (Paragraphs 12, 33, 38). Recognising these typologies of values raises the
issue of integrating and using cultural heritage in the contemporary context in a way that
responds to the needs of the local community and the place where it is located. The Burra
Charter, verified in 1979, is particularly important for understanding the value of cultural
heritage and its significance, within which “cultural significance means aesthetic, historic,
scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations” [9] (Article 1).
In its later version from 2013, in addition to those mentioned above, it is emphasised that
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 3 of 36
cultural significance is “embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations,
meanings, records, related places and related objects” [10] (Article 1, Paragraph 1.2). The
importance of cultural heritage understood in this way indicates the necessity of preserving
all its values, which are not only related to the protection of tangible aspects of cultural
heritage but also of intangible ones, connected with people. That cultural heritage is
inseparable from people is also confirmed through the Convention for the Protection of the
Architectural Heritage of Europe from 1985, within which the importance of fostering “public
awareness of the value of conserving the architectural heritage” is indicated [11] (Article 15,
Paragraph 1) through appropriate education and the promotion of cultural heritage values.
However, the official recognition of intangible aspects of cultural heritage at the global
level was achieved only in 2003, with the verification of the Convention for the Safeguarding
of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. According to the definition, the intangible cultural her-
itage “means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills—as well as the
instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith—that communities,
groups and, in some cases, individuals recognise as part of their cultural heritage” [12]
(Article 2, Paragraph 1). Within the framework of the Convention, the changeability of
intangible cultural heritage is particularly emphasised, which is conditioned by the context
in which it exists and the people who modify it over time; also, the importance of preserving
and passing on intangible cultural heritage to future generations as part of their identity is
highlighted. The great importance of the Convention is reflected in the definition of a set of
guidelines for the preservation of intangible cultural heritage at the local and international
levels, as well as through highlighting the education and participation of local communities,
groups and individuals in the processes of preservation of intangible cultural heritage [12]
(Paragraphs 11–18). The inclusion of local communities in the processes of preserving cul-
tural heritage is the focus of the Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society from
2005, which also recognises a particular type of community—“heritage community” [13]
(Article 2, Paragraph b)—aimed at nurturing the values of cultural heritage and preserving
them for future generations.
Although the previously presented documents indicate the complexity of the cultural
heritage phenomenon, its values, the relationship between cultural heritage, context and
people, the most comprehensive interpretation of cultural heritage is provided within The
Québec Declaration on the Preservation of the Spirit of the Place, verified in 2008. Through the
definition of the spirit of the place “as the tangible (buildings, sites, landscapes, routes,
objects) and the intangible elements (memories, narratives, written documents, rituals,
festivals, traditional knowledge, values, textures, colors, odors, etc.), that is to say, the
physical and the spiritual elements that give meaning, value, emotion and mystery to
place” [14] (p. 2), it is possible to see cultural heritage as a set of tangible and intangible
elements that are in a dynamic relationship of change with the environment in which they
are located and with the people who modify them over time. By defining the spirit of the
place, a step forward in the interpretation of the cultural heritage was encouraged, from
the previous static material remnant of the past towards a “living” dynamic and changing
cultural heritage that should be an integral part of the context in which it is located, and
that should reflect the values of the time in which it exists.
1.1.2. Cultural Heritage and the Question of Its Authenticity
A change in the interpretation of cultural heritage from static to dynamic, i.e., change-
able over time, raised the question of understanding its authenticity. The concept of
authenticity was defined in 1994 in The Nara Document on Authenticity, based on the premise
that preserving cultural heritage implies preserving all its values throughout the various
periods of its duration. Special focus is on relevance, i.e., the authenticity of the source of
information, of which the study enables learning about the cultural heritage and its values.
In this regard, authenticity is interpreted “as the essential qualifying factor concerning
values” [15] (Paragraph 10). Defined in this way, the notion of authenticity becomes the
determinant by which a monument, group of objects or site is determined as cultural
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 4 of 36
heritage. In the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
from 2005, a list of information sources was established to determine the authenticity of
cultural heritage [16] (Paragraph 82). Jokilehto et al., in their study from 2008, further
developed this list into “three main headings: (a) creative-artistic authenticity, (b) historical-
material authenticity, and (c) social-cultural authenticity” [17] (p. 43). The fulfilment of
the aforementioned authenticity criteria implies the preservation of the authenticity of the
material, form and purpose of cultural heritage, as the author Nikolić points out in his
work [4].
Studying the authenticity of cultural heritage is also significant in determining “the
outstanding universal value of the cultural heritage”, based on which a particular monu-
ment, group of objects or site qualifies for Unesco’s World Heritage List [18], thus confirming
their global importance. Although the definition of the term “the outstanding universal
value” is missing, it is interpreted, like the authenticity of cultural heritage, through a
set of six criteria that are used to analyse the following: exceptional artistic or aesthetic
achievement, excellence in witnessing a vanished civilisation or a civilisation in develop-
ment, excellence in construction and technical–technological achievements, excellence in
the presentation of lifestyles, beliefs, ideas, as well as excellence in the exchange of human
values [19]. Like cultural heritage, the criteria for determining “the outstanding universal
value” are conditioned by the context in which the cultural heritage is located; they are
dynamic and have undergone certain modifications over time, as shown in the work of the
author Vahtikari [20].
In addition to the concept of authenticity, integrity plays an important role in re-
searching cultural heritage and its values. It represents “a measure of the wholeness and
intactness of the natural and/or cultural heritage and its attributes” [16] (Paragraph 88).
Concerning the concept of authenticity, which fosters the preservation of all values of
cultural heritage created in different historical periods of its duration, the definition of the
concept of integrity is often interpreted as the preservation of the original state of cultural
heritage, which does not represent its adequate understanding. In contrast, the concept of
integrity should be seen as “a measure of the wholeness and intactness of the elements that
together form a reference for its importance” [21] (p. 15). While the concept of authenticity
is related to the credibility of the source of information about the cultural heritage that
needs to be preserved, the concept of integrity indicates the credibility of the cultural
heritage in situ. Viewed in this way, the notions of authenticity and integrity of cultural
heritage are complementary, with the common goal of shedding light on the credibility of
cultural heritage over time by studying available sources of information and searching for
their tangible and intangible fragments in space. Research on the authenticity and integrity
of cultural heritage is a prerequisite for preserving its tangible and intangible values, but
also for considering the possibility of integrating cultural heritage into the contemporary
context, precisely through the sustainable conservation, presentation and promotion of
its values.
1.1.3. Cultural Heritage and the Question of Its Sustainable Conservation
The development of the concepts of cultural tourism, cultural landscape and cultural
routes at the beginning of the 20th century represents a consequence of the search for
an integral and sustainable model of protection, presentation and promotion of cultural
heritage in the contemporary context. The leading idea of these concepts is the perception of
cultural heritage in a broader spatial, natural, cultural–historical and social context and the
preservation of all aspects that participate in forming cultural heritage and its environment.
Within the framework of the International Cultural Tourism Charter Managing Tourism at
Places of Heritage Significance, verified in 1999, a special focus is directed at the potential of
using tourism in areas with heritage values, emphasising the importance of interactions
between visitors and the host community [22]. On the other hand, the Charter indicates
that poorly managed tourism can threaten cultural heritage, host communities’ lifestyles
and the visitor’s experience of the place. Therefore, the Charter emphasises the application
using tourism in areas with heritage values, emphasising the importance of interactions
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 between visitors and the host community [22]. On the other hand, the Charter indicates 5 of 36
that poorly managed tourism can threaten cultural heritage, host communities’ lifestyles
and the visitor’s experience of the place. Therefore, the Charter emphasises the application
of cultural
of cultural tourism,
tourism, in in which
which the the focus
focus isisononlearning
learningabout aboutother
othercultures,
cultures,customs,
customs, local
local
population’s lifestyle and the values of the places visited, based
population’s lifestyle and the values of the places visited, based on which it is possible to on which it is possible to
improve the quality of life of the local community and the economic
improve the quality of life of the local community and the economic status of the place. status of the place.
Theneed
The needfor forthe
thesustainable
sustainableconservation
conservation of of cultural
cultural heritage
heritage andand its
its environment
environmentwas was
also confirmed through the verification of the Landscape Convention
also confirmed through the verification of the Landscape Convention in 2000, within which in 2000, within which
culturalheritage
cultural heritageofficially
officiallybegan
begantotobebe interpreted
interpreted within
within thethe framework
framework of aofbroader
a broader nat-
natural
ural context and human activity [23]. The term landscape
context and human activity [23]. The term landscape is seen as “an area, as perceived is seen as “an area, as perceived
by people,
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whose character
character is is the
the result
resultof ofthetheaction
actionand andinteraction
interactionofofnatural
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and/or
human factors” (Article 1, Paragraph a) [23], and cultural heritage
human factors” (Article 1, Paragraph a) [23], and cultural heritage is an integral part of is an integral part of it.
it.
Sustainable landscape
Sustainable landscape management
managementincludes includesthe theintegral
integralpreservation
preservation of of all
all constituents
constituents of of
the cultural
the cultural landscape,
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appropriate and and unified
unified protection,
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promotion aligned
promotion aligned with social, economic and and environmental
environmentalprocesses.
processes.
In the
In thecontext
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concept of of cultural
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routes, within which the principles of cultural tourism
routes, within which the principles of cultural tourism and cultural landscape and cultural landscape are united,
united,
stoodout.
stood out.By Byverifying
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ICOMOSCharter Charteronon Cultural
Cultural Routes
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in 2008 [24],
[24], the the phenome-
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thy are “context,
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are “context, cross-cultural significance
cross-cultural as a whole,
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as a whole, character,
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setting” [24] (pp. 3–4) as key elements of the cultural route of
and setting” [24] (p. 3–4) as key elements of the cultural route of which adequate protec- which adequate protection,
presentation
tion, presentation and promotion
and promotion enable the establishment
enable the establishment of sustainable development
of sustainable development of all
of
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Figure1.1.
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Figure Themain
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documents related to cultural
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to cultural sustainable
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vided by authors:
(provided Nikolić
by authors: M., Šćekić
Nikolić J., Drobnjak
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and Takač
1.2.
1.2. Industrial
Industrial Heritage
Heritage and
and the
the Analysis
Analysis ofof Relevant
RelevantDocuments
Documents
The
The previously presented documents in the field
previously presented documents in the field of
ofcultural
culturalheritage
heritagepreservation
preservation
point
point to the development of ideas about cultural heritage in the 20th century,
to the development of ideas about cultural heritage in the 20th century, initiated
initiated by
by
the Athens Charter in 1931. Although cultural heritage research at the global
the Athens Charter in 1931. Although cultural heritage research at the global level covers level coversa
aperiod
periodofof almost
almost a century,
a century, certain
certain typologies
typologies of cultural
of cultural heritage,
heritage, such such as industrial
as industrial herit-
heritage, have been unjustifiably neglected for a long time. The actualisation
age, have been unjustifiably neglected for a long time. The actualisation of the issue of the of the issue
of the position
position of industrial
of industrial heritageheritage as a typology
as a typology of cultural
of cultural heritageheritage thatenjoy
that should should enjoy
a certain
adegree
certainofdegree of protection, presentation and promotion begins with
protection, presentation and promotion begins with the Council of Europe’s the Council of
Europe’s Recommendation No. R (87) 24 from 1987 and Recommendation No.
Recommendation No. R (87) 24 from 1987 and Recommendation No. R (90) 20 from 1990 [25,26]. R (90) 20 from
1990 [25,26]. While the first Recommendation emphasises the need to regenerate indus-
trial cities as former carriers of economic development, the Recommendation from 1990
officially recognises the importance of industrial heritage as an integral part of Europe’s
cultural heritage. Further development of reflection on industrial heritage was encour-
aged by the establishment of The International Committee for the Conservation of the
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 6 of 36
Industrial Heritage (TICCIH) in 1999. Formed with the aim “of promoting and advanc-
ing the education and international cooperation of people in safeguarding, conserving,
investigating, documenting and researching all aspects of the industrial heritage in the
world” [27] (p. 1), TICCIH is the leading organisation in industrial heritage research and
the main initiator for improving its condition in a contemporary context. To date, the most
significant document in the field of industrial heritage preservation, verified by TICCIH
in 2003, is The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage [28]. The Charter recognises
the influence of the Industrial Revolution, which changed the way of life globally in the
18th and 19th centuries. Former industrial complexes, methods of production, machines,
but also the natural environment and cities within which production facilities were located
are beginning to be seen as cultural–historical and technical–technological testimonies
of a significant period of time for all of humanity. The Charter provided the first def-
inition of industrial heritage, which consists “of buildings and machinery, workshops,
mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining, warehouses and stores,
places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport and all its infrastructure,
as well as places used for social activities related to industry such as housing, religious
worship or education” [28] (p. 2). The particular importance of The Nizhny Tagil Charter
refers to defining a set of guidelines for approaching industrial heritage in practice, its
analysis, protection, presentation, promotion, adequate regeneration and integration into
the contemporary context. These guidelines were improved through the document Joint
ICOMOS—TICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas
and Landscapes, verified in 2011. The so-called Dublin Principles include four key categories
of principles through which industrial heritage research is approached in practice, and they
refer to the following: documenting and understanding industrial heritage (Paragraphs
3–5); protecting and conserving industrial heritage in an effective way (Paragraphs 6–9);
conserving and maintaining industrial heritage (Paragraphs 10–12); and presenting and
communicating industrial heritage dimensions and values to raise public and corporate
awareness and support training and research (Paragraphs 13–14) [29]. The Dublin Principles,
together with The Nizhny Tagil Charter, represent today’s current and indispensable docu-
ments in the research of industrial heritage and the possibility of its integration into the
contemporary context.
However, these documents tend to overlook the protection of movable industrial
heritage, including industrial machines and transport vehicles. On the other hand, impor-
tant documents dealing with the preservation of movable industrial heritage are The Turin
Charter, The Barcelona Charter and The Riga Charter [30–32], focused on preserving historic
vehicles [30], ships [31] and railroad vehicles [32]. They emphasise the need to develop
recommendations and principles for preserving specific movable industrial heritage typolo-
gies. Their inclusion in the process of industrial heritage preservation in practice, alongside
the previously mentioned Nizhny Tagil Charter and Dublin Principles, is the prerequisite for
the sustainable conservation of industrial heritage.
1.2.1. Industrial Heritage and the Question of Its Values
As with other types of cultural heritage, an important aspect of studying industrial
heritage is related to the analysis of its values. Once again, the importance of The Nizhny
Tagil Charter is confirmed, within which typologies of industrial heritage values were de-
fined for the first time, including historical, technological, social, architectural and scientific
value [28] (p. 2). These values are seen through the tangible remains of the industrial
heritage (objects, their architectural and constructive elements, machines), that indicate
the former way of production, technical–technological achievements, spatial–program
organisation and purpose, as well as through the intangible remains of the industrial
heritage that are related to its cultural–historical and social significance. Given that they
include a set of tangible and intangible values that reflect not only the characteristics of the
material remains that we call industrial heritage but also their relationship with the space
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 7 of 36
and people over time, the understanding of industrial heritage values is directly taken from
the preservation of cultural heritage and its values [8–14].
1.2.2. Industrial Heritage and the Question of Its Authenticity
In addition to the previously highlighted values of industrial heritage, an important
aspect of its preservation relates to its authenticity and integrity. The understanding of the
concepts of authenticity and integrity of industrial heritage is directly taken from previ-
ously verified documents in cultural heritage preservation [4,15–17,21]. Within The Nizhny
Tagil Charter, the question of preserving the authenticity and integrity of the industrial
heritage is considered in the context of the introduction of new interventions and the reuse
of the industrial heritage in relation to contemporary needs and the context in which it is
located [28] (p. 4). In particular, the importance of adequate conservation and presentation
of authentic machines and other components of industrial complexes that indicate the
former way of their use and their purpose [28] (p. 5) is highlighted. On the other hand,
within The Dublin Principles, it is emphasised that “legal recognition, adequate conservation
and management” ensure the preservation of the authenticity and integrity of the industrial
heritage [29] (Paragraph 7). However, to determine what is adequate in preserving indus-
trial heritage, its authenticity and integrity, it is first necessary to understand its values. It
is precisely the analysis of recognised typologies of the value of industrial heritage that
constitutes a prerequisite for preserving the authenticity and integrity of industrial heritage
in the process of its restoration and integration into the contemporary context.
1.2.3. Industrial Heritage and the Question of Its Sustainable Conservation
In addition to the recognised need for the preservation of industrial heritage as an
important typology of cultural heritage, with a particular emphasis on the protection of
value, authenticity and integrity, the question of its sustainable conservation is brought
up to date. The issue of sustainability in preserving industrial heritage is encouraged by
numerous documents verified by the United Nations, which, at the global level, consider
the issue of climate change and the establishment of sustainable models to improve the
quality of life. Among them, the most comprehensive and globally influential is The 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 [33]. The 2030 Agenda contains the
principles of previously verified documents, among which Agenda 21 from 1992, The Rio
Declaration on Environment and Development from 1992 and The Resolution from the World
Summit on Sustainable Development from 2002 are of particular importance [34–36]. The
importance of The 2030 Agenda is reflected in the recognition of “people, planet, prosperity,
peace, partnership” [33] (p. 2) as crucial to improving the quality of life at a global level. The
17 Sustainable Development Goals were defined, through which the most important aspects
for improving the quality of life and establishing sustainable development were highlighted
and included within the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, ecological and social.
In the context of preserving cultural heritage as part of the built environment, goals 11
and 12, which promote sustainable cities and communities, as well as responsible consumption
and production, are particularly noteworthy. However, as we approach the year 2030, it
can be seen that the goals set within the Agenda have not been fully achieved. As a
consequence of that, but also of the changed way of life after the COVID-19 pandemic,
another initiative is being launched in 2020: The World in 2050, focusing on innovative
solutions for establishing sustainability [37]. In addition to the Agenda, another document,
the Davos Declaration, indicates the importance of establishing sustainable development.
However, the specificity of the Davos Declaration, verified in 2018, is reflected in the emphasis
on “the central role of culture in the built environment” [38] (p. 10) and the improvement of
the quality of the built environment, precisely, through the use of culture. Consequently, the
verification of the Davos Declaration officially recognised the possibilities of using heritage
as a phenomenon that contains elements of culture and the built environment, with the
aim of improving the quality of the built environment. Like the previously defined 17
Sustainable Development Goals, eight criteria for a high-quality Baukultur were defined
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 8 of 36
based on the Davos Declaration: governance, functionality, environment, economy, diversity,
context, sense of place and beauty [39]. Bearing in mind the inclusion of the cultural
and industrial heritage values, the definition of authenticity and integrity, as well as the
goals of the concepts of cultural tourism, landscapes and routes that were presented in the
previous part of this paper, the eight criteria of Baukultur can easily be connected with the
already-defined principles in the field of cultural and industrial heritage preservation.
On the other hand, the official recognition of the potential of using industrial heritage
as an economic, ecological and social resource for establishing sustainable development
and improving the quality of the environment began in 2001, with the adoption of The
Declaration of Duisburg [40]. In addition to indicating the importance of industrial heritage
as a part of collective identity, the Declaration indicates that “the sustainable development
of our industrial heritage helps to secure the economic and social regeneration of munic-
ipalities” [40] (p. 1). A special contribution of the Declaration refers to the promotion of
the project The European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH) [41], which aims to apply the
principles of the concept of cultural routes in the domain of European industrial heritage.
The ERIH aims to network, at the regional and international levels, the most significant
examples of industrial heritage, the so-called Anchor Points, all through the formation
of the main cultural route as a starting point for the subsequent development of other
industrial routes. Moreover, the ERIH recognises and applies the principles of cultural
tourism as “an effective mechanism for economic regeneration, embracing social, cultural
and intellectual benefits” [41] (p. 3). The applicability of the concepts of cultural routes in
the sustainable conservation of industrial heritage was also recognised in the Asian context
by verifying the Taipei Declaration for Asian Industrial Heritage in 2012 [42]. Within this
document, the importance of “both national and trans-national industrial heritage” was
recognised, with a particular focus on the importance of “the future cooperation between
Asian countries to promote the conservation of them” by establishing “an Asian network
for industrial heritage” [42] (Article XI). The later-verified Resolution 1924 [43] from 2013,
in addition to confirming the importance of establishing industrial routes, promotes the
importance of implementing the cultural landscape principle and the value of industrial
heritage for society.
Thanks to Resolution 1924, the question of the relationship between cultural, i.e., in-
dustrial heritage, people and the ambiguous (spatial, natural, cultural–historical and social
context in which it is located) was actualised. In this regard, there is a need for an integral
and sustainable conservation of industrial heritage through the process of its reuse in the
contemporary context and way of life, while at the same time respecting all its values,
authenticity and integrity. The so-called reuse concept is also recognised in the previously
presented documents from the field of industrial heritage preservation [28,29,42,43]. How-
ever, it gets a marked expansion within its application, in the processes of industrial heritage
preservation in practice. The term “reuse” itself means “to use again, especially after sal-
vaging or special treatment or processing” [44], which indicates a kind of transformation
process that something undergoes for its own survival. In the context of industrial heritage
reuse, the transformation must be controlled and clearly predetermined while respecting
all the previously presented cultural and industrial heritage preservation principles. In
order to achieve this, another one is highlighted: the concept of adaptive reuse, which
encourages finding a suitable new purpose that will simultaneously respond to the needs
of contemporary society and the context, but also be harmonised with the values of the
industrial heritage. This understanding of the concept of adaptive reuse in the context
of heritage preservation is also promoted in the work of Bottero et al. [45], in which the
authors point out that “the expected outcome is not only the protection of the building,
but the preservation of its historical and heritage significance” [45] (p. 2). The concept of
adaptive reuse has become the focus of numerous studies aimed at sustainable solutions
for heritage preservation, which include both review papers, as well as case studies of
the application of this concept in practice [45–51]. Through research, various methods for
applying this concept in practice, aspects that should be included, and the level of success
cance” [45] (p. 2). The concept of adaptive reuse has become the focus of numerous
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 studies aimed at sustainable solutions for heritage preservation, which include both re-
9 of 36
view papers, as well as case studies of the application of this concept in practice [45–51].
Through research, various methods for applying this concept in practice, aspects that
should be included, and the level of success of the concept to simultaneously comply
of the concept to simultaneously comply with all the principles of heritage preservation,
with all the principles of heritage preservation, realise its sustainable potential and con-
realise its sustainable potential and contribute to its integration into the contemporary
tribute to its integration into the contemporary context are emphasised. The concept of
context are emphasised. The concept of adaptive use is indirectly supported by the Dublin
adaptive use is indirectly supported by the Dublin Principles, which indicate that “ap-
Principles, which indicate that “appropriate original or alternative and adaptive use is the
propriate original or alternative and adaptive use is the most frequent way and often the
most frequent way and often the most sustainable way of ensuring the conservation of
most sustainable way of ensuring the conservation of industrial heritage sites or struc-
industrial heritage sites or structures” [29] (p. 5). Also, it emphasises the need for the
tures” [29] (p. 5). Also, it emphasises the need for the engagement of experts in the in-
engagement of experts in the industrial heritage’s protection to preserve its significance
dustrial heritage’s protection to preserve its significance through new uses. Moreover,
through new uses. Moreover, successfully applying the adaptive reuse concept in practice
successfully applying the adaptive reuse concept in practice requires the participation of
requires the participation of the local community and all interested parties throughout the
the local community and all interested parties throughout the entire process. Because of
entire process. Because of that, research into applying the adaptive reuse concept in prac-
that, research into applying the adaptive reuse concept in practice focuses on promoting
tice focuses on promoting the importance of stakeholder participation. Relevant experts
the importance of stakeholder participation. Relevant experts conduct surveys and in-
conduct surveys and interviews
terviews with stakeholders, withlocal
i.e., the stakeholders,
community, i.e.,government
the local community,
and other government
interested
and other interested parties, to understand contemporary society’s
parties, to understand contemporary society’s needs, perception and understanding of needs, perception and
understanding
industrial heritage of industrial heritage [51–53].
[51–53]. Through Through
contemporary contemporary
society’s society’sinto
direct inclusion direct
thein-
clusion into the adaptive reuse process, it is possible to recognise their
adaptive reuse process, it is possible to recognise their needs and respond to them. It isneeds and respond
to them. It
possible byisintroducing
possible by new,
introducing
compatiblenew,uses
compatible
in spaces uses in spaces
with heritagewith heritage
values whilevalues
re-
while respecting all the principles of preserving industrial heritage and
specting all the principles of preserving industrial heritage and the concept of sustaina- the concept of
sustainability. In this
bility. In this way, way, industrial
former former industrial
complexes complexes and monuments
and monuments of technical
of technical cultureculture
can
can be actively used and integrated into a contemporary context,
be actively used and integrated into a contemporary context, following the needs following the needs
of of
a a
contemporary society. The previously analysed topics in the field of preservation
contemporary society. The previously analysed topics in the field of preservation of in- of indus-
trial heritage,
dustrial withwith
heritage, a focus on its
a focus onvalues, authenticity
its values, and and
authenticity sustainability, are summarised
sustainability, are summa- in
Figure
rised in2.Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. The
Themain
mainthemes
themesin documents
in documents related to industrial
related heritage
to industrial sustainable
heritage conservation
sustainable (pro-
conservation
vided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
(provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
1.3.
1.3. The Main Themes
Themes in inIndustrial
IndustrialHeritage
HeritageSustainable
SustainableConservation
Conservation
Based on the the analysis
analysisof ofrelevant
relevantdocuments
documentsininthe thefield
fieldofofpreservation
preservation of of cultural
cultural andand
industrial heritage, which
industrial heritage, whichwaswascarried
carriedout
outininthe
theprevious
previouspart partofof this
this paper,
paper, it is
it is observed
observed
that
that the issues of of preservation
preservationof ofvalue
valueand
andauthenticity
authenticityrepresent
representanan unavoidable
unavoidable aspect
aspect in in
the
the research
research of ofany
anytypology
typologyofofheritage,
heritage,including
includingindustrial.
industrial.On Onthe
theother
otherhand,
hand, stimulated
stimu-
by
latedtheby
concept of sustainability,
the concept the scope
of sustainability, of heritage
the scope preservation
of heritage preservationgoesgoes
fromfromthe domain
the do- of
main of protection
protection of materialof remains,
material remains, through
through the the protection,
protection, presentationpresentation and promo-
and promotion of all its
tion of and
values all itsauthenticity,
values and authenticity,
until findinguntil finding
a model for aitsmodel
integralfor and
its integral and sustainable
sustainable preservation.
preservation.
In this context,Inthethispotential
context, of
theindustrial
potential heritage
of industrial
as a heritage
suitable as a suitable
starting pointstarting point
for examining
for sustainable
its examining its sustainable in
conservation conservation
practice wasin practice was particularly
particularly highlighted.highlighted.
It is, first ofIt all,
is, a
consequence of the characteristics of former industrial complexes, which often included
large spatial capacities that enabled the introduction of different contents and purposes
through the process of industrial heritage’s adaptive reuse. Based on the above-mentioned,
it can be observed that in the process of sustainable conservation of industrial heritage, the
following themes are distinguished:
• Industrial heritage values;
first of all, a consequence of the characteristics of former industrial complexes, which of
included large spatial capacities that enabled the introduction of different contents a
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 purposes through the process of industrial heritage’s adaptive reuse. Based on
10 of 36
above-mentioned, it can be observed that in the process of sustainable conservation of
dustrial heritage, the following themes are distinguished:
• Industrial heritage values;
• Industrial heritage authenticity;
• Industrial heritage authenticity;
• Industrial heritage sustainability.
• Industrial heritage sustainability.
They are processed
They are optimally,
processedrespecting
optimally, allrespecting
relevant documents
all relevant and principles
documents andpre-
principles p
cisely throughcisely
the concept of industrial heritage’s adaptive reuse (Figure 3). This concept,
through the concept of industrial heritage’s adaptive reuse (Figure 3). This conce
in addition to in
respecting
addition to industrial heritage
respecting values
industrial and authenticity,
heritage is characterised
values and authenticity, by
is characterised
the success of the
transforming industrial heritage from the status of an isolated monument
success of transforming industrial heritage from the status of an isolated monum
of technical culture to theculture
of technical statustoofthe
living
statusheritage
of livingthat formsthat
heritage an forms
integral
an part of con-
integral part of conte
temporary lifeporary
and responds to the needs of contemporary man, making the industrial
life and responds to the needs of contemporary man, making the industrial h
heritage sustainable.
itage sustainable.
Figure 3. Translating
Figure the main themes
3. Translating from themes
the main culturalfrom
to industrial
cultural toheritage
industrial(provided by authors:
heritage (provided by authors:
kolić
Nikolić M., Šćekić J., M., Šćekić J.,
Drobnjak B. Drobnjak
and TakačB.E.).
and Takač E.).
This research
This research paper considerspaper
theconsiders the issue ofconservation
issue of sustainable sustainable conservation
of industrialofher-industrial h
itage through itage through of
the potential theapplying
potential the
of applying
concept oftheitsconcept
adaptive of reuse.
its adaptive
Through reuse. Through c
case
studies of the studies of the
industrial industrial
heritage heritage
of the ofBelgrade,
city of the city of which
Belgrade, which currently
currently does notdoes enjoynot enjoy
status of protection,
the status of adequate adequate protection,
presentationpresentation and promotion
and promotion and isdevastated,
and is largely largely devastated,
possibilities
the possibilities of their and
of their integral integral and sustainable
sustainable conservation
conservation through through the introduction of n
the introduction
uses while
of new uses while respecting
respecting the principle
the principle of preserving
of preserving thethe value
value and
and authenticityof
authenticity of the ind
the industrial heritage, are considered. This research paper focuses on the possibility of translat
trial heritage, are considered. This research paper focuses on the possibility of
theoreticallypromoted
translating theoretically promotedprinciples
principles and
and concepts
concepts of sustainable
sustainable conservation
conservationof indust
heritageinto
of industrial heritage into their
their practical
practical application,
application,using
usingthe thecase
casestudies
studiesof of
Belgrade’s
Belgrade’s industrial h
itage as a research
industrial heritage research site.
site. An
An important
importantaspect
aspectofofthe theresearch
researchrelates
relatestotothe
thedefinition
definition of methodology and criteria for the valorisation of the results presented in Sec-
tion 2., which directly resulted from the analysed principles and concepts of sustainable
conservation of industrial heritage. The research was conducted through the development
of students’ conceptual solutions for the revitalisation of selected case studies of the in-
dustrial heritage of the city of Belgrade, which became a representation of its alternative
future, analysed in detail in Section 3., later valorised through Section 4. of this paper. Also,
the presentation of the history and development of the industrial heritage of the city of
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 11 of 36
Belgrade as an important and unjustifiably neglected typology of cultural heritage in the
Republic of Serbia, which follows in the continuation of this paper, point to the potential of
its integration within the framework of industrial heritage routes, at the local and regional,
and European levels.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Industrial Heritage in Belgrade
2.1.1. Historical Overview of Industrial Heritage in Belgrade
The industry development in the territory of the city of Belgrade can be traced back
to the 19th century when the city began to take on the characteristics of a modern Eu-
ropean capital. The first steps towards the modernisation and development of Belgrade
as the European capital and the most important commercial, import and export centre
of the Principality of Serbia took place in the middle of the 19th century, with the ap-
pearance of manufacturing workshops, warehouses and river traffic [54]. The specific
geographical position at the confluence of two European rivers, the Sava and the Danube,
enabled the development of river traffic to ensure connections with neighbours, which
also conditioned the development of coastal zones. The banks of the Sava under the city
area Kosančićev Venac developed the fastest due to the direct connection with Europe via
Zemun (the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the time). The beginning of
the development of the Sava coast represented the core of the traffic and economic zone
of the capital. Therefore, the Customs House (Ðumrukana) was built within it. However,
the most significant progress in modernising Belgrade as the capital city was achieved
after the Berlin Congress in 1878 and after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbia
in 1882. Participation in the Berlin Congress achieved complete political independence,
which enabled intensive economic development after gaining economic and foreign trade
independence, which conditioned the possibility of concluding contracts and conventions
with other countries [55]. By achieving political independence, the Kingdom of Serbia
established a stronger connection with Europe, especially with the Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, which ensured the development of the first industry and economic growth. In
other words, by establishing a connection with Europe, the influx of foreign capital into the
Kingdom was ensured, especially contributing to the construction of the railway station
and the first railway bridge over the river Sava. The railway’s construction enabled the
city’s development and its indirect connection with Eastern and Western Europe. With
the construction of the railway, the city experienced the most significant changes in the
area of the right bank of the river Sava, where the Railway Station was built in 1884, and
which today stands as proof of the technical and architectural development of Belgrade as
a bustling European capital [56]. In addition to the above-mentioned, the construction of
the railway necessitated the construction of warehouses and industrial plants along the
riverbank, of which the operation was conditioned by the proximity of the river and the
possibility of importing and exporting raw materials.
In addition to railway traffic, river traffic was also of crucial importance for the devel-
opment of industry in the territory of the city of Belgrade. Although the connection with
Zemun on the Sava coast initiated the economic development of Belgrade, the Kingdom of
Serbia played a key role in economic development in 1890 through special privileges for
navigation on the river Danube. By obtaining the privilege of navigation on the Danube,
the Kingdom of Serbia strengthened its ties with its neighbours, which enabled Belgrade, as
its capital, to additionally secure its role as the centre of import–export trade, banking and
industry. The development of river traffic was influenced by the construction of factories
from 1895 to 1911, the carriers of the development of the food, textile and wood industries
on the right bank of the river Danube, which became one of the largest and most compact
industrial zones in the territory of the city of Belgrade. In other words, the industry in
Belgrade, from its beginnings in the 19th century until the First World War, was a major
carrier of modernisation and had the most significant impact on urban development [57].
trade, banking and industry. The development of river traffic was influenced by the con-
struction of factories from 1895 to 1911, the carriers of the development of the food, textile
and wood industries on the right bank of the river Danube, which became one of the
largest and most compact industrial zones in the territory of the city of Belgrade. In other
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 words, the industry in Belgrade, from its beginnings in the 19th century until the First 12 of 36
World War, was a major carrier of modernisation and had the most significant impact on
urban development [57].
The period
period between
betweenthe thetwo
twoworld
worldwars,
wars,due
duetotothe
therapid
rapidindustrialisation
industrialisation of of
thethe
country, caused industry as an economic branch to become one of the key
country, caused industry as an economic branch to become one of the key pillars of thepillars of the
economic progress
economic progress of
of the
the young
youngYugoslav
Yugoslavstate,
state,especially
especiallyafter thethe
after Second
Second World
WorldWar War
when numerous
when numerous andand diverse
diverse industrial
industrial productions
productions were
werelaunched
launchedthroughout
throughoutthe theSocial-
Socialist
ist Federal
Federal Republic
Republic of Yugoslavia,
of Yugoslavia, according
according to to
thethe socialist
socialist principles
principles of of self-management
self-management [58]
[58] (Figure
(Figure 4). 4).
Figure 4. Development of industrial zones in Belgrade (Left—development from XIX to the First
Figure 4. Development of industrial zones in Belgrade (Left—development from XIX to the First
World
World War;
War; Middle—development
Middle—development betweenbetweenthethetwo
twoWorld
WorldWars;
Wars;Right—development
Right—development from
from Second
Second
World
World War until
until the
the1970s)
1970s)(provided
(providedbybyauthors:
authors: Nikolić
Nikolić M.,M., Šćekić
Šćekić J., Drobnjak
J., Drobnjak B. and
B. and TakačTakač
E.). E.).
According
According to to the
the above-mentioned,
above-mentioned,we wecan
candiscern
discernseven
sevenindustrial
industrial zones
zones in in
thethe
territory
territory ofof the
the city
city of
ofBelgrade,
Belgrade,three
threeofofwhich
whichareareininthe
thedirection
direction ofof the
the western
western currents
currents
(the
(the highway route in
highway route in the
theterritory
territoryofofthe
thecity
city(Highway
(HighwayE75 E75is ispart
partofof the
the pan-European
pan-European
corridor X that connects Norway with Greece)), the city municipality
corridor X that connects Norway with Greece)), the city municipality of Novi Beograd, of Novi Beograd,
the city municipality of Zemun, two zones in the vicinity of
the city municipality of Zemun, two zones in the vicinity of populated areas (the populated areas (the
citycity
Sustainability 2024,municipality
municipality of Rakovica and the settlement of Makiš) and two zones that extend alongthe
16, x FOR PEER of Rakovica
REVIEW and the settlement of Makiš) and two zones that extend along 13
Sava
the Savaandand
Danube
Danubebanks [59][59]
banks (Figure 5). 5).
(Figure
The decline in the Serbian industry has been recorded since the end of the 1980s and
the beginning of the 1990s of the 20th century, when the civil war in the territory of the
former Yugoslavia led to the current situation in Serbia’s and Belgrade’s economy. Alt-
hough this is not the only reason for the termination of work of various companies, it
certainly greatly impacted the present-day existence of abandoned industrial complexes
in the broader and narrower territory of Belgrade. Another significant reason for the ex-
istence of non-functional buildings, and even entire industrial complexes in the central
city zones, lies in the fact that the edges of today’s central Belgrade municipalities repre-
sent the periphery of the former Belgrade [60].
With the expansion of the city territory, these complexes became surrounded by resi-
dential districts, and their non-complementarity with the environment came to an even
greater expression with the termination of work and gradual deterioration. Based on these
facts, we can conclude that the development of Belgrade’s industry during the 19th and
20th centuries went through turbulent political and social processes recorded in the archi-
tectural expression of industrial buildings. In other words, the industrial heritage of the city
of Belgrade, in addition to its architectural and technical value, also has a great social value
because it represents an important element in the realisation of its cultural identity.
Figure 5. Industrial heritage in Belgrade—industrial development zones (provided by authors
Figure 5. Industrial heritage in Belgrade—industrial development zones (provided by authors:
kolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
2.1.2. Contemporary Development of Industrial Heritage in Belgrade
The urban development of Belgrade and modern construction in recent deca
greatly impacted the preservation of the city’s rich industrial heritage. The city’s exp
sion caused the relocation of industry and economic activities to suburban settlement
a result of which their original areas and positions were transformed into comme
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 13 of 36
The decline in the Serbian industry has been recorded since the end of the 1980s
and the beginning of the 1990s of the 20th century, when the civil war in the territory
of the former Yugoslavia led to the current situation in Serbia’s and Belgrade’s economy.
Although this is not the only reason for the termination of work of various companies, it
certainly greatly impacted the present-day existence of abandoned industrial complexes
in the broader and narrower territory of Belgrade. Another significant reason for the
existence of non-functional buildings, and even entire industrial complexes in the central
city zones, lies in the fact that the edges of today’s central Belgrade municipalities represent
the periphery of the former Belgrade [60].
With the expansion of the city territory, these complexes became surrounded by
residential districts, and their non-complementarity with the environment came to an even
greater expression with the termination of work and gradual deterioration. Based on these
facts, we can conclude that the development of Belgrade’s industry during the 19th and 20th
centuries went through turbulent political and social processes recorded in the architectural
expression of industrial buildings. In other words, the industrial heritage of the city of
Belgrade, in addition to its architectural and technical value, also has a great social value
because it represents an important element in the realisation of its cultural identity.
2.1.2. Contemporary Development of Industrial Heritage in Belgrade
The urban development of Belgrade and modern construction in recent decades greatly
impacted the preservation of the city’s rich industrial heritage. The city’s expansion caused
the relocation of industry and economic activities to suburban settlements, as a result
of which their original areas and positions were transformed into commercial activities
and residential structures. The transformation of the Sava coast illustrates a characteristic
example of modern construction and an inadequate attitude towards industrial zones.
In recent years, Belgrade’s important industrial zone has been transformed into a new
modern centre with skyscrapers, towers, and mixed-use spaces for residential, business and
commercial purposes. However, this transformation has come at the cost of demolishing
and repurposing former industrial facilities, resulting in the loss of the city’s recognisable
urban landscape with its specific morphology and typology.
Nevertheless, there is a real possibility of revitalising the area of the former industrial
zone through the appropriate integration of existing industrial structures and other cultural
heritage. This should be done while respecting environmental sustainability, protecting
cultural and industrial heritage, and ensuring compatibility of new contents with inherited
values [58]. In order to mitigate the process of rapid urban development of the city and
prevent the emergence of another globalist phenomenon, such as the inappropriate trans-
formation of the Sava coast, it is necessary to redefine the relationship towards conservation
issues of the specific character of these historical settings and complexes through urban
and spatial planning, as well as through the protection of old industrial zones (Figure 6).
Sustainability 2024,
Sustainability 16,16,
2024, 2820
x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 14
of of
3636
Figure6.6. Contemporary
Figure Contemporary development
development andand its
its relationship
relationshipwith
withindustrial
industrialheritage
heritageononthe
theSava
Sava
riverbank (provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
riverbank (provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
2.1.3.
2.1.3.The
TheCurrent
Current State
State of
of Industrial Heritage
Heritage in
in Belgrade
Belgrade
Generally
Generally speaking,
speaking, the state of of monuments
monuments of of technical
technicalculture,
culture,which
whichisisalso alsoanan
integral
integralpart
part ofof the
the cultural
cultural identity of of every
every society,
society,isisnot
notatataasatisfactory
satisfactorylevellevelininthe
the
Republic
Republic of of Serbia
Serbia andand the city of Belgrade
Belgrade because
becausethe thebuildings
buildingsare areoutoutofoffunction,
function,
separated
separatedfromfromthethecontemporary
contemporary life of the city, resulting resulting them
themto togradual
gradualdecay.
decay.
Thereason
The reason for for such
such aa state
state of this type of of cultural
cultural heritage
heritageisisreflected
reflectedininthe thestate’s
state’s
lackof
lack ofrecognition
recognition of of the
the importance
importance of of industrial
industrial heritage,
heritage,which
whichcaused
causedthe thelack
lackofofa a
clearlydefined
clearly defined cultural
cultural policy.
policy.In Inaddition
additiontotothe the lack of of
lack a defined
a defined cultural policy,
cultural there
policy, is
there
isa alow
lowlevel
levelof ofintersectoral
intersectoralpartnership
partnershipand andcooperation
cooperationbetweenbetweenrelevant
relevantinstitutions,
institutions,
organisations, and
organisations, and state
state bodies, whichwhich could
could contribute
contributetotosolving
solvingthe theproblem
problemofofthe the
survival of
survival of industrial
industrial heritage.
heritage. The The result
result of of this
thisrelationship
relationshipisisalso alsoreflected
reflectedininurban
urban
development and
development and modern
modern construction,
construction, which
whichlargely
largelyhadhadan aninadequate
inadequaterelation
relationtotothethe
survivalof
survival ofthe
the heritage
heritage of of historical,
historical, technical,
technical, social,
social,architectural
architecturaland andscientific
scientificvalues,
values,
allfor
all forthe
thepurpose
purpose of of achieving
achieving economic
economic profit.
profit. Accordingly,
Accordingly,the theneed
needforforplanning
planningand and
systematic protection is conditioned not only by the general importance ofthis
systematic protection is conditioned not only by the general importance of thisspecific
specific
culturalheritage
cultural heritagetypology,
typology,but butalso
alsobybythethefact
factthat
thatwewearearewitnessing
witnessingthe thedisappearance
disappearanceof
of objects
objects of technical
of technical culture
culture duedue to modern
to modern technological
technological development.
development.
Regardingthe
Regarding theprotection
protectionand andpreservation
preservationofofindustrial
industrialheritage,
heritage,5656 objects
objects of of tech-
technical
nical culture
culture have recognised
have been been recognised onterritory
on the the territory of Belgrade
of Belgrade [61].
[61]. ByBy observing
observing thethe cur-
current
rent policy
policy and practice
and practice in the infield
the field of cultural
of cultural heritage
heritage protection
protection of of
thethe city’sterritory,
city’s territory,legal
le-
gal protection has been obtained by a relatively small number
protection has been obtained by a relatively small number of objects, or monuments of objects, or monuments of
technical culture, i.e., four objects enjoy the status of cultural
of technical culture, i.e., four objects enjoy the status of cultural monuments of greatmonuments of great im-
portance. In In
importance. comparison,
comparison, 16 objects are recognised
16 objects are recognised as cultural monuments
as cultural (Figure
monuments 7). 7).
(Figure
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 36
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 15 of 36
Industrial
Figure7.7.Industrial
Figure heritage
heritage in Belgrade—spatial
in Belgrade—spatial disposition
disposition (provided
(provided by authors:
by authors: NikolićNikolić M.,
M., Šćekić
Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and
J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).Takač E.).
Monuments of
Monuments of industrial
industrial heritage
heritage that
that have
have acquired
acquired legal
legal protection
protection as
as monuments
monuments
of culture of great importance are the building of The First Serbian Observatory, The Old
of culture of great importance are the building of The First Serbian Observatory, The Old
Telephone Exchange building, The “Pantelić” Foundry and The Railway Station; while the
Telephone Exchange building, The “Pantelić” Foundry and The Railway Station; while
following were declared cultural monuments: Sugar Factory, Paper Factory of Milan Vapa,
the following were declared cultural monuments: Sugar Factory, Paper Factory of Milan
Astronomical Observatory, Steam Mill, Building of the State Printing Office, Steam Bath of
Vapa, Astronomical Observatory, Steam Mill, Building of the State Printing Office, Steam
the Krsmanović Brothers, House of Crafts Radio Belgrade, Photo Studio of Milan Jovanović,
Bath of the Krsmanović Brothers, House of Crafts Radio Belgrade, Photo Studio of Milan
Mint, Building of the Technical Faculty, Building of Seismology Institute, Modern Garage,
Jovanović, Mint, Building of the Technical Faculty, Building of Seismology Institute,
Hall 1 of the Belgrade Fair, Hangar of the Old Airport, Thermal Power Plant “Snaga i
Modern Garage, Hall 1 of the Belgrade Fair, Hangar of the Old Airport, Thermal Power
Svetlost” and the Art Foundry “Plastika” [61].
Plant “Snaga i Svetlost” and the Art Foundry “Plastika” [61].
According to the above-mentioned, analysing the Catalog of Immovable Cultural
According to the above-mentioned, analysing the Catalog of Immovable Cultural
Properties of the City of Belgrade as a relevant source of information, it can be concluded
Properties of the City of Belgrade as a relevant source of information, it can be concluded
that within the 434 monuments that have been declared as cultural properties and which
that withinthe
are under the jurisdiction
434 monuments that
of the have been
Institute declared
for the as cultural
Protection properties
of Cultural and which
Monuments of
are under the jurisdiction of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural
the City of Belgrade, only 20 monuments represent objects of industrial and technicalMonuments of the
City of Belgrade,
culture, only 20 monuments
which represents represent
a share of 4.60% [62].objects of said
It can be industrial andpreservation
that the technical culture,
of the
which represents a share of 4.60% [62]. It can be said that the preservation
industrial heritage created at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century in of Belgrade
the indus- is
trial
oftenheritage createdeven
marginalised, at the end of
though the 19th and
it represents duringcategory
a specific the 20thof century
culturalinheritage
Belgrade is
that
often marginalised,
possesses the valuesevenand though it represents
characteristics a specific(Figure
of monuments category 8).of cultural heritage that
possesses the values and characteristics of monuments (Figure 8).
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 36
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 16 of 36
Figure 8. Industrial heritage in Belgrade—diagram of the representation of industrial heritage in the
Figure
Legal8.System
Industrial heritage in
of Heritage Belgrade—diagram
Protection (providedof
bythe representation
authors: Nikolićof industrial
M., heritage
Šćekić J., in the
Drobnjak B. and
Legal System
Takač E.). of Heritage Protection (provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and
Takač E.).
A significant shift in the approach to the protection, revitalisation and presentation
A significant
of industrial shift in
heritage inthe
theapproach
Republicto ofthe protection,
Serbia revitalisation
took place in 2007 afterandthe
presentation
signing of the
ofProtocol
industrial heritage in the Republic of Serbia took place in 2007 after
on partnership cooperation in the field of integral protection [63]. The document the signing of the was
Protocol on partnership cooperation in the field of integral protection [63].
formed concerning the fact that, although a high number of movable scientific and technical The document was
formed concerning the fact that, although a high number of movable
assets are located within immovable monuments of technical culture, they are not viewed scientific and tech-
nical
as aassets
unique areentity
located of within
technical immovable
culture inmonuments of technical
the entire territory culture, Also,
of Serbia. they are
the not
lack of
viewed as a unique entity of technical culture in the entire territory
human resources within the Institute responsible for the preservation of immovable cultural of Serbia. Also, the
lack of human
assets affects resources within the
the impossibility Institute aresponsible
of forming standardised for method
the preservation of immov- of
for the preservation
able cultural assets affects the impossibility of forming
cultural monuments based on the model of relevant international conventions, a standardised method forcharters
the
preservation of cultural monuments based on
and recommendations, as indicated by the author Kadijević [64].the model of relevant international con-
ventions, charters and recommendations, as indicated by the author Kadijević [64].
By signing this document between the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia,
By signing this document between the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia,
the Museum of Science and Technology, the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural
the Museum of Science and Technology, the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cul-
Monuments, the Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and twelve
tural Monuments, the Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and
other institutes for the protection of cultural monuments, the first step was taken, which
twelve other institutes for the protection of cultural monuments, the first step was taken,
represents the legal framework for all further activities and which projects protective
which represents the legal framework for all further activities and which projects protec-
measures that should be taken in the future. Also, in relation to the laws in force in our
tive measures that should be taken in the future. Also, in relation to the laws in force in
country, movable and immovable cultural property is placed under integral protection by a
our country, movable and immovable cultural property is placed under integral protec-
unique legal act that guarantees protection to immovable property and movable property
tion by a unique legal act that guarantees protection to immovable property and movable
contained in it. Thus, the initial conditions were created which, through further work on
property contained in it. Thus, the initial conditions were created which, through further
designing and planning works for the integral protection, promotion and popularisation
work on designing and planning works for the integral protection, promotion and pop-
of scientific and technical heritage, would enable Serbia, with its technical and industrial
ularisation of scientific and technical heritage, would enable Serbia, with its technical and
heritage, to join the world and European organisations such as the ERIH and TICCIH
industrial heritage, to join the world and European organisations such as the ERIH and
through the regional industrial heritage route [65].
TICCIH through the regional industrial heritage route [65].
The first steps towards registering Serbia’s industrial heritage in the framework of
The first steps towards registering Serbia’s industrial heritage in the framework of
the European industrial map were achieved through the connection of the Coal Mining
the European industrial map were achieved through the connection of the Coal Mining
Museum in Senjski Rudnik to the ERIH network in 2013 [66,67]. However, the Coal Mining
Museum in Senjski Rudnik to the ERIH network in 2013 [66,67]. However, the Coal
Museum is still the only example of integrating Serbia’s industrial heritage outside the
Mining Museum is still the only example of integrating Serbia’s industrial heritage out-
local and national context. At the same time, numerous important monuments of technical
side the local and national context. At the same time, numerous important monuments of
culture in Serbia and Belgrade still do not enjoy appropriate preservation treatment and,
technical culture in Serbia and Belgrade still do not enjoy appropriate preservation
above all, contemporary presentation.
treatment and, above all, contemporary presentation.
On the other hand, by implementing the Protocol on partnership cooperation in matters
On the other hand, by implementing the Protocol on partnership cooperation in matters
of integral protection, an effort was made to find an adequate approach to the preservation
of integral protection, an effort was made to find an adequate approach to the preserva-
of industrial heritage and its contemporary presentation on the territory of the city of
tion of industrial heritage and its contemporary presentation on the territory of the city of
Belgrade,
Belgrade, which
which is primarily
is primarily reflected
reflected in thein modernisation
the modernisation of legalof systems
legal systems
and theand
as- the
aspiration towards the integral protection of all the values of industrial
piration towards the integral protection of all the values of industrial heritage. Since the heritage. Since
industrial heritage is an important factor in the historical and urban identity of a city, city,
the industrial heritage is an important factor in the historical and urban identity of a
valuing
valuing it in
it in thethe right
right way wayandand revitalising
revitalising it with
it with contents
contents that serve
that serve to meetto the
meet the of
needs needs
of the local population, the objects would not only receive adequate
the local population, the objects would not only receive adequate care and protection, but care and protection,
but would also significantly contribute to quality progress of the community. Therefore, in
the context of the current policy and practice in the field of cultural heritage protection in
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 17 of 36
Belgrade, it is necessary to work intensively on informing citizens about the importance of
industrial heritage and the responsibility we have towards its protection, as well as about
the needs and possibilities for its inclusion in contemporary life [68].
In order to enable the contemporary life of industrial heritage monuments, it is neces-
sary to design sustainable solutions that would, on the one hand, preserve the development
stages, authenticity and integrity of the industrial complex and, on the other hand, ensure
its reactivation and adequate integration into the modern urban environment. In order
to avoid inadequate approaches to presentation and revitalisation, as well as in order
to preserve the authentical technological elements and recognisable historical ambience
(halls, chimneys, constructions, machinery, etc.), it is necessary to incorporate international
recommendations to a greater extent into the contemporary practice of protection and
revitalisation of this specific type of heritage, because they establish the basic definitions
and principles of protection and revitalisation of industrial heritage in the world. Adopting
the guidelines provided in international charters could lead to more adequate protection
and presentation of industrial heritage at the local level—in the context of the Republic of
Serbia and the city of Belgrade. This research will further deal with rare, but still worth men-
tioning, examples of students’ conceptual solutions for transforming industrial complexes
in Belgrade into places of artistic and cultural life, which were carried out as part of classes
at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture. Although these sites are few, they
still represent the potential for applying good practice in preserving industrial heritage at
the local level, serving as focal points from which this practice could be further developed.
2.2. Examined in Theory: Education in the Field of Industrial Heritage at The University of
Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture
Bearing in mind the current state of the industrial heritage in Belgrade and being
aware of its potential to become an economic, ecological and social resource for establishing
sustainable development and improving the quality of life in the city, researchers of the
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, who deal with the issue of preserving
cultural heritage in the contemporary context, came up with the idea of promoting the
importance of neglected industrial heritage in Belgrade through student education. The
results of this research paper represent the product of the joint work of professors, associates
and students of master’s and integrated academic studies of architecture, which was
realised within the elective course History and Theory 3—Visual Culture in Architectural
Theory and Practice. The students’ conceptual solutions for the sustainable conservation of
industrial heritage resulted from an improved methodology of teaching scientific work
that started in 2019 [58]. They represent the second set of results achieved within this
elective course in the period 2020–2023, including three generations of students’ ideas about
the possibilities of reusing industrial heritage and its integration into the contemporary
context. Through the analysis of selected case studies of industrial heritage in Belgrade: The
Locksmiths’ Workshop and Foundry “Pantelić“, Hangar of the Old Belgrade Airport and
The First Modern Garage; the research aimed to introduce students to the industrial heritage
in Belgrade, acquire basic knowledge about the importance and principles of preserving
cultural and industrial heritage with a particular emphasis on preserving their values and
authenticity. One of the key aspects was to encourage students’ creative thinking about
the possibilities of sustainable conservation of industrial heritage and its reuse aligned
with the contemporary needs. A special contribution of the conducted research refers to
the definition of the methodology for the analysis of case studies and the development
of students’ conceptual solutions, as well as the definition of a set of criteria for their
subsequent valorisation.
2.2.1. Defining the Methodology
The research methodology consists of 3 phases (Figure 9), including a combination of
theoretical and in situ research, creative process and valorisation.
2.2.1. Defining the Methodology
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820
The research methodology consists of 3 phases (Figure 9), including a combi
18 of 36
of theoretical and in situ research, creative process and valorisation.
Figure 9. The methodology phases (provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and
Figure 9. The methodology phases (provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and
Takač E.). E.).
Phase 1
Phase 1
As part of phase 1 of the research, students were able to familiarise themselves with the
As part of cultural
basic principles of preserving phase 1 and
of the research,heritage
industrial students were able
through to familiarise
theoretical themselve
lectures.
the basic principles of preserving cultural and industrial
A particular focus is directed to studying their values and authenticity, along with the heritage through theo
lectures.
display of relevant A particular
international focus in
documents is cultural
directedandto studying
industrialtheir values
heritage and authenticity,
preservation.
with the display of relevant international documents in
Also, based on the available literature, archival material and other sources, the students cultural and industrial he
preservation. Also, based on the available literature, archival
were able to analyse case studies of industrial heritage in Belgrade, within which they material and other so
the students were able to analyse case studies of industrial
studied the socio-political context in which the object was built, its historical development heritage in Belgrade,
and purpose over time, and then its values as industrial heritage, its cultural and historical its his
which they studied the socio-political context in which the object was built,
significance and,development and purpose
finally, the current state ofover time, and
the analysed thenofitstechnical
object values as industrial
culture and theheritage, i
tural andsohistorical
measures implemented far for itssignificance
protection. and, finally, the current state of the analysed ob
technical culture and the measures implemented so far for its protection.
Phase 2
Phase
The following 2
research phase included defining and elaborating the students’ urban-
architectural concepts Theand conceptual
following solutions
research phasefor the sustainable
included defining preservation
and elaborating of the
the studen
analysed industrial heritage case concepts
ban-architectural study. Students’ conceptual
and conceptual solutionsfor
solutions were
thecreated basedpreservat
sustainable
on the previously performed
the analysed valorisation
industrial of the
heritage current
case study.state of theconceptual
Students’ object of technical
solutions were c
culture, recognition
based on the previously performed valorisation of the current state of
of its values and aspects of authenticity, and consideration of the
the object o
broader spatial, nical culture, recognition of its values and aspects of authenticity, andall
natural, cultural–historical and social context in which it is located, considerat
in order to define the appropriate
the broader approach
spatial, natural, to its sustainableand
cultural–historical conservation.
social context Also, the it is lo
in which
conducted analysis
all in of the object’s
order to define context made it possible
the appropriate approach to see thesustainable
to its missing uses in the
conservation. Al
space, which could, through the process of reuse of the industrial heritage while
conducted analysis of the object’s context made it possible to see the missing usesrespecting
all principles ofspace,
preservation, becomethrough
which could, its new value, thus contributing
the process of reuse oftothe theindustrial
integration of
heritage wh
the industrial heritage into the contemporary context.
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 19 of 36
Phase 3
The last research phase refers to the valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions, with
a particular focus on the fulfilment of the principle of preserving values and authenticity,
on the one hand; that is, on the successful integration of industrial heritage into the
contemporary context and on ensuring its survival for future generations through the
introduction of new, complementary purposes. The valorisation of students’ conceptual
solutions made it possible to see the positive aspects of the applied research methodology,
as well as the potential for its improvements in further research.
2.2.2. Defining the Set of Criteria
Within the presented work methodology, Phase 3 includes valorising students’ concep-
tual solutions, which was carried out based on a previously defined set of criteria. This set
of criteria was created based on the analysed principles of cultural and industrial heritage
preservation, bearing in mind the need to utilise the sustainable potential of industrial
heritage and the importance of its integration into the contemporary context. The leading
idea of preserving the cultural–historical, social, architectural, technological and aesthetic
values of the industrial heritage through respect for the principles of authenticity and
sustainable development while applying the concept of adaptive reuse was transformed
into a set of criteria on the basis of which the level of success of its realisation is assessed.
Ten criteria have been defined that are directly derived from the key themes previously
recognised in this paper in the process of sustainable preservation of industrial heritage:
values, authenticity and sustainability (1.3 The Main Themes in Industrial Heritage’s Sustainable
Conservation). The defined criteria refer to the following:
1. Preserving the spatial organisation;
2. Preserving the structural assembly;
3. Preserving the stylistic features;
4. Preserving/presenting the previous purpose;
5. Preserving/integrating into the context;
6. Preserving the spirit of the place;
7. Defining the character of new uses;
8. Compliance of new uses with the values of the object;
9. Applied materialisation;
10. Applied principles of sustainability.
Although all criteria contain aspects of preservation of values and authenticity, as well
as principles of sustainability, it is observed that all criteria examine respect for the values
of industrial heritage, but also that certain criteria include the themes of authenticity and
sustainability to a greater or lesser extent.
In this regard, criteria 1–3 fully support the principles of authenticity through the
preservation of authentic architectural and constructive elements, stylistic characteristics of
the facade and the arrangement of spatial entities within the building.
On the other hand, criterion 4, although it includes the aspect of authenticity through
enhancing the achievement of the continuity of purpose (if the purpose has not been
overcome), it cannot be viewed outside of its relationship with criteria 7–8, which also
include the principles of sustainability expressed through the concept of adaptive reuse.
Criteria 9–10 refer to the technical–technological application of sustainable solutions
in the process of restoration of the industrial heritage. However, they also contain the
aspect of authenticity, which is reflected in their integration with the existing elements of
the object.
For criteria 5–6, it can be said that they contain all three essential themes in the
industrial heritage sustainable conservation, which are considered through both material
and non-material aspects, including issues of cultural–historical and social significance of
industrial heritage (Figure 10).
The result of this research paper consists of students’ conceptual solutions for the
sustainable conservation of selected case studies of industrial heritage in Belgrade, pre-
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 20 of 36
sented in the continuation of this paper within Section 3. Given that they represent projects
with a pronounced contemporary architectural expression, critical valorisation of their
incorporation into spaces with heritage values is particularly emphasised. Searching for
the values and authenticity of the industrial heritage, as well as for sustainable solutions
for its restoration through a defined set of criteria for the valorisation of students’ concep-
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 36
tual solutions, ensures the making of thoughtful, responsible and argument-supported
decisions about future architectural interventions on monuments of technical culture in
practice. Moreover, it is guaranteed that the tangible and intangible values of the industrial
For criteria 5–6, it can be said that they contain all three essential themes in the in-
heritage in the process of its sustainable conservation are recognised through the concept of
dustrial heritage sustainable conservation, which are considered through both material
adaptive reuse, and by using contemporary architecture as a tool for realising that process,
and non-material aspects, including issues of cultural–historical and social significance of
they will not be endangered.
industrial heritage (Figure 10).
Figure 10. The setFigure
of criteria forset
10. The valorisation (provided
of criteria for by (provided
valorisation authors: Nikolić M., Nikolić
by authors: Šćekić J.,
M.,Drobnjak B.
Šćekić J., Drobnjak B.
and Takač E.). and Takač E.).
3. Results The result of this research paper consists of students’ conceptual solutions for the
sustainable conservation
3.1. The Locksmiths’ Workshop and Foundryof selected case studies of industrial heritage in Belgrade, pre-
“Pantelić“
sented in the continuation of this paper within Section 3. Given that they represent pro-
The “Pantelić” foundry is located in the inner-city core of the Belgrade municipality of
jects with a pronounced contemporary architectural expression, critical valorisation of
Zemun. Numerous objects in this part of the city have the status of cultural property and
their incorporation into spaces with heritage values is particularly emphasised. Searching
cultural property of great importance.
for the values and authenticity of the industrial heritage, as well as for sustainable solu-
The foundry was
tions forfounded in 1854,
its restoration and according
through a defined to setthe
of plans
criteriaoffor
Zemun builder Josif
the valorisation of students’
Marks, the old foundry
conceptual solutions, ensures the making of thoughtful, responsible[69].
building was reconstructed in 1926 in the spirit of historicism and argu-
Over time, the small workshop decisions
ment-supported grew intoabout
a foundry
futureofarchitectural
tower clocksinterventions
for churches, onschools
monuments of
and important city palaces.
technical Along
culture with theMoreover,
in practice. manufacture of watches,that
it is guaranteed the the
workshop
tangiblebegan
and intangible
to cast bells forvalues
schools, courtrooms
of the industrial and authorities,
heritage and soon
in the process of its began the production
sustainable conservationofare recog-
large church bells [69].
nised The foundry
through covered
the concept a wide reuse,
of adaptive rangeand of products, from the production
by using contemporary architecture as a
of water well pumps,
tool fordog tags, that
realising signsprocess,
with the names
they of streets,
will not companies and professions
be endangered.
to benches for church gates. This led to the situation in which the former small locksmith’s
workshop grew3.into Results
a craft centre for the municipality of Zemun and its surroundings [69].
The foundry had 3.1.anThe Locksmiths’
irregular Workshop
plan, and Foundrydisposition
with appropriate “Pantelić“ that followed craft proce-
dures and technological The “Pantelić” foundry is located in theofinner-city
processes [69]. Its space consists a forge, acore
locksmith’s workshop,
of the Belgrade municipality
of Zemun. Numerous objects in this part of the city have the status of cultural property
and cultural property of great importance.
The foundry was founded in 1854, and according to the plans of Zemun builder Josif
Marks, the old foundry building was reconstructed in 1926 in the spirit of historicism
[69]. Over time, the small workshop grew into a foundry of tower clocks for churches,
schools and important city palaces. Along with the manufacture of watches, the work-
shop began to cast bells for schools, courtrooms and authorities, and soon began the
production of large church bells [69]. The foundry covered a wide range of products,
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 from the production of water well pumps, dog tags, signs with the names of streets,
21 of 36
companies and professions to benches for church gates. This led to the situation in which
the former small locksmith’s workshop grew into a craft centre for the municipality of
Zemun and its surroundings [69]. The foundry had an irregular plan, with appropriate
an old and a new foundry with casting furnaces, a warehouse and an office. The workshop
disposition that followed craft procedures and technological processes [69]. Its space
complex has been preserved to this day. It includes a large ground-floor building with an
consists of a forge, a locksmith’s workshop, an old and a new foundry with casting fur-
asymmetric plan, which
naces, houses all
a warehouse andthe
an equipment and inventory
office. The workshop complexofhas
thebeen
forge, locksmith
preserved to this day.
workshops, premises of the old and new foundry, warehouse and offices.
It includes a large ground-floor building with an asymmetric plan, which The facades
houses all the
are simple stylistic finishes,
equipment andcomposed
inventory of inthe
theforge,
spiritlocksmith
of historicism with premises
workshops, a rhythmic row
of the oldofand new
windows highlighted by reduced geometrical decoration of the window frames
foundry, warehouse and offices. The facades are simple stylistic finishes, composed and a cut in the
corner emphasized
spirit by richer plastic
of historicism withwith neo-baroque
a rhythmic touches [69].
row of windows The craft
highlighted production
by reduced geometrical
process has survived
decorationforofdecades and was
the window frames preserved
and a cutincorner
its original form. byInricher
emphasized this way,
plastic with
a number of generations
neo-baroqueof craftsmen
touches were
[69]. The trained.
craft The process
production “Pantelić” foundryfor
has survived represents
decades and was
preserved
a rarely preserved craft in its original
workshop form.
with In this way,
a unique a number
production of generations
program and has of specific
craftsmen were
trained.
architectural, urban and The “Pantelić”
artistic valuesfoundry
[69]. represents a rarely preserved craft workshop with a
However,unique
althoughproduction programthe
it has enjoyed and has specific
status architectural,
of a cultural monumenturbanof and artistic
great values [69].
impor-
tance since 1979 [70],However, although
the building hasitbeen
has enjoyed
devastated the (Figure
status of11),
a cultural
which monument
influenced of our great im-
portance since 1979 [70], the building has been devastated (Figure
decision to make it one of the testing grounds for the possibility of sustainable conservation 11), which influenced
our decision to make it one of the testing grounds for the possibility of sustainable con-
of industrial heritage.
servation of industrial heritage.
Figure 11. The Figure 11. TheWorkshop
Locksmiths’ Locksmiths’and
Workshop
FoundryandPantelić
Foundry (Left—previous
Pantelić (Left—previous state, source:
state, source: The The Cul-
tural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, link: https://beogradskonasledje.rs/wp-cont
Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, link: https://beogradskonasledje.rs/
ent/uploads/2022/08/00-glavna-61-1024x604.jpg, (accessed on 15 January 2024)) (Right—current state,
wp-content/uploads/2022/08/00-glavna-61-1024x604.jpg, (accessed
provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak on 15 E.).
B. and Takač January 2024)) (Right—
current state, provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
Review of Students’ Proposal for the Revitalisation and Presentation of the
Review of Students’ Proposal
Locksmiths’ for theand
Workshop Revitalisation and Presentation of the Locksmiths’
Foundry “Pantelić“
Workshop and Foundry “Pantelić“
The primary idea of the students’ project is to preserve the historically valuable
The primary idea of
features ofthe
the students’
building. project is to preserve
In this sense, the objectthe
is historically
preserved invaluable features
its original form. The re-
of the building.vitalisation
In this sense, the object is preserved in its original form. The revitalisation
project preserved and conserved the existing constructive schemes, spatial
project preserved and conserved
organisation, partitiontheand
existing constructive
load-bearing schemes,
walls. The projectspatial
proposesorganisation,
restoring the origi-
partition and load-bearing
nal appearance walls.
of theThe project
facade, whileproposes restoring
the expansion was the
not original
implementedappearance
due to the high
of the facade, construction
while the expansion waspart
density in this notofimplemented
Zemun. However, due the
to the high
project construction
is planned to expand the
density in this building
part of Zemun. However,
in the form the floor
of a raised project is the
with planned to expand
application the building
of contrasting in
and contempo-
the form of a raised floor with the application of contrasting and contemporary forms of
materialisation, aiming to create a clear visual distinction between the new and the old.
The ground floor of the building contains a central exhibition space where the pre-
served bells and busts produced in the foundry over the years are exhibited and presented.
Moreover, the planned project implies the existence of commercial contents, a reading
room, a media library, a sanitary block, a bookstore and a souvenir shop that contains
replicas of exhibits that were once produced. What is significant is that the planned spatial
arrangement creates a connection with the green outdoor spaces.
Contrary to the organisation of the ground floor, the first floor is designed as an open
plan (Figure 12), while the new facade contains rhythmically arranged openings. The
space on the first floor is organised in such a way as to give visitors a sense of flexibility
through larger spatial environments and more intense lighting. The main rooms on the
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 22 of 36
first floor serve as a multifunctional hall (for exhibitions, events and cultural events) and a
commercial area. If necessary, these rooms are designed to be combined into one spatial
unit through mobile screens that temporarily separate them. In other words, these spatial
areas are planned as multifunctional, the purpose of which is aimed at guest exhibitions,
presentations of various commercial contents and the holding of various cultural events
Sustainability 2024,held
16, x FOR PEER
in the REVIEW of the municipality of Zemun. The central motif of the first-floor part 23
territory of 36
of the building is a spacious terrace, a lookout point, with a view of the Danube River.
Figure 12. The Figure
students’ proposal—technical
12. The drawings drawings
students’ proposal—technical (drawn by authors:
(drawn students
by authors: Petrović
students D., D., Pe-
Petrović
Petrović R. and trović R. and Radovanović
Radovanović N., 2020). N., 2020).
It is planned for the existing facade of the “Pantelić” foundry to be thoroughly pre-
served and restored based on drawings and photographs of its original appearance. The
windows are planned to be replaced with aluminium–wooden ones so as not to deviate
from the colour and materialisation of the existing elements of carpentry. A particular room
on the first floor is a conference room intended for rent to various commercial partners to
organise workshops and project presentations. It also has the possibility to function as an
active workspace.
The conceptual solution for revitalising the “Pantelić” foundry facility also includes
its upgrade. In this regard, the project envisages a corten facade designed to extend above
the ground floor of the building. It is 2 m indented in relation to the existing facade
to emphasise the relationship between the new and old structure of the building. The
upgraded facade of the foundry is designed to be interlaced with bells that will be placed
between Corten steel shear plates (Figure 13). Perforated sheet metal is planned to be
located behind the bell, which will provide an active and attractive daylighting to the
interior of the building.
The project envisages the courtyard facade of the “Pantelić” foundry to be completely
renovated with white colour in order to enable the projection of old photos of the foundry
and various copper engravings depicting how the building looked in the past. In this
regard, the facade plane can also project presentations and films. In this manner, the
courtyard area of the foundry would become active in the spring and summer months with
the possibility of activating outdoor cinema projections.
Figure 13. The students’ proposal—Ambiental views (drawn by authors: students Petrović D., Pe-
trović R. and Radovanović N., 2020).
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 23 of 36
Figure 12. The students’ proposal—technical drawings (drawn by authors: students Petrović D., Pe-
trović R. and Radovanović N., 2020).
Figure 13. The students’ proposal—Ambiental views (drawn by authors: students Petrović D., Pe-
Figure 13. The students’ proposal—Ambiental views (drawn by authors: students Petrović D.,
trović R. and Radovanović N., 2020).
Petrović R. and Radovanović N., 2020).
3.2. Hangar of the Old Belgrade Airport
The hangar building of the Old Airport in New Belgrade was created during the period
of pronounced social and political reorganisation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes at the time, between the two world wars. As a result of the gradual expansion of
international lines within the European continent, there was an open space for the Kingdom
of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to join the newly created air transport system, and the Old
Airport was precisely an attempt at that integration. In this regard, as one of the critical
events in constructing a new social, political and national identity of the post-war Yugoslav
state, a need for developing the domestic air force, both domestically and internationally,
arose. Such aspirations towards forming a unique modern airport complex have existed
before. However, this possibility only opened with the liberation of the areas north of the
Sava and Danube and their annexation to the Yugoslav state immediately after the First
World War [71]. On the other hand, due to the lack of raw materials and complementary
industries—automotive and railway at the time—which would support the development
of air traffic in the country, the more intensive development of aviation began only with
the involvement of a company from Western Europe and the capital support of individuals
from the country and abroad [71].
In such a context, the Old Airport hangar facility was created. It was designed be-
tween 1926 and 1931 by Milutin Milanković [72], a world-renowned scientist who made
an outstanding contribution to the national and international cultural heritage with his
scientific and engineering work. The hangar has a rectangular base with dimensions of
31.10 m × 31.88 m [71]. The central part is intended for accommodation, assembly and
repair of aircraft. It is vaulted with an arched roof structure, which contributes to liberat-
ing the space from supporting elements, thus creating the possibility of accommodating
aeroplanes and other aircraft [71]. Above the central space of the hangar, a gallery was
formed, which can be reached by an internal staircase. In contrast, in the annexes, the
space is divided into several rooms of different dimensions intended for workshops [71].
The main (eastern) facade contains an entrance area that can be accessed by aircraft of
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 24 of 36
various sizes. The natural lighting of the hangar is provided by window openings above
the main entrance, which, segmented into smaller fields, extend along its entire length
following the arched curvature of the roof plane. The rear part of the central part of the
hangar is intended for an office block, while the side annexes contain utility rooms and
workshop rooms [71]. In terms of typology, construction techniques, and the innovation of
the solution applied in the arching of ample space, the hangar workshop represents one
of the most significant buildings in the field of construction engineering of the interwar
period in the European and world context [71].
As a result of the construction of more modern and larger airports (near Batajnica in
1951, as well as the “Belgrade” international airport near Surčin in 1962), the Old Airport
lost its initial importance and thus its function. Over the years, due to various geo-political
events in the country, only a few buildings have been preserved: a hangar workshop, a
warehouse and two metal hangars. In 1996, an initiative was launched by the administra-
tion of the city of Belgrade to revitalise this facility by introducing new content (permanent
exhibitions, preservation of museum collections), which indicates the recognised impor-
tance of the Old Airport complex (Figure 14). However, the construction of the AirPort
City business centre in the immediate vicinity of the Old Airport hangar, which began in
2005 [73], and as a result of which the hangar was located on privately owned property,
further undermined the position of the Old Airport complex as a once extremely important
centre of air traffic in the state and region, worth preserving. This attitude towards the
monument of technical culture, an essential testimony of traffic development possessing
important industrial machines and equipment, indicates that the principles of protecting
immovable and movable industrial heritage from international documents [28–30] have
not
Sustainability 2024, 16, been implemented
x FOR PEER REVIEW in practice. On the other hand, since 2013, the hangar has been 25 of
officially recognized as a cultural monument, re-actualising the topic of its importance [71].
Although defined as an essential part of the industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade,
it requires additional protection and revitalisation measures that would enable its better
quires additional protection and revitalisation measures that would enable its better in
integration into the contemporary context.
gration into the contemporary context.
Figure 14. HangarFigure
of the14.
OldHangar
Belgradeof the Old Belgrade
Airport Airport (Left—previous
(Left—previous state, source:
state, source: Cultural Cultural
Heritage Heritage P
Protec-
tection Institute of the City of Belgrade, link: https://beogradskonasledje.rs/wp-content/uploads/202
tion Institute of the City of Belgrade, link: https://beogradskonasledje.rs/wp-content/uploads/2022
01/03-Izgled-kompleksa-starog-aerodroma-cetvrta-decenije-20.-veka.jpg, accessed on 15 January 20
/01/03-Izgled-kompleksa-starog-aerodroma-cetvrta-decenije-20.-veka.jpg,
4) (Right—current state, provided by authors: students Đekić S.accessed on 15
and Mitrović January
Đ.).
2024) (Right—current state, provided by authors: students Ðekić S. and Mitrović Ð.).
Review of Students’ Proposal for the Revitalisation and Presentation of the Hangar of t
Review of Students’ Proposal for the Revitalisation and Presentation of the Hangar of the
Old Belgrade Airport
Old Belgrade Airport
The students’
The students’ proposal proposal
integrated all integrated all theprinciples
the established established
ofprinciples
industrialofheritage
industrial herita
protection related to the preservation of its authenticity and adequate presentation of
protection related to the preservation of its authenticity and adequate presentation of all
values to the greatest extent, at the same time, preserving and improving the spirit of t
values to the greatest extent, at the same time, preserving and improving the spirit of the
place through the introduction of new complementary purposes from the domain
place through the introduction of new complementary purposes from the domain of culture
culture and education. The basic idea of this project includes the revitalisation of the O
and education. The basic idea of this project includes the revitalisation of the Old Airport
Airport Hangar building into a cultural–educational–entertainment space. The entran
to the facility is located in the side annexe (on the north side), where the exhibition spa
and its accompanying (service) rooms, catering facilities, as well as a shop for sale an
equipping of drones are provided. The central spatial problem is the existence of un
venness around the hangar workshop, which was overcome by providing a staircase
the north side like the one already existing on the south side of the hangar. The propos
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 25 of 36
Hangar building into a cultural–educational–entertainment space. The entrance to the
facility is located in the side annexe (on the north side), where the exhibition space and its
accompanying (service) rooms, catering facilities, as well as a shop for sale and equipping
of drones are provided. The central spatial problem is the existence of unevenness around
the hangar workshop, which was overcome by providing a staircase on the north side like
the one already existing on the south side of the hangar. The proposed solution seeks to
activate the rigid zone between the western facade of the hangar and the buried garage
space through a spatial organisation that foresees a series of diverse contents along the
said facade.
The designed exhibition space envisages a permanent exhibition thematically related to
the history of Yugoslavia’s aviation, consolidating knowledge about Yugoslavia’s national
material culture. The central area of the facility (hangar) is predetermined to be an extension
of the exhibition part. It is adapted to the future function of the space for education through
theoretical teaching and practical training of visitors and users in drone management. It is
important to point out that the significant height of the central building (over 10 m) allows
for this kind of access. In support of this program, there is a gallery space that provides
users with the opportunity to view the space from different positions (Figure 15). The
spatial capacity of the central part of the building was expanded by adding an outdoor
amphitheatre. The southeast side annexe was designed as a space for employees with
administrative and other supporting rooms. In order to preserve the value of the original
building, the project seeks to preserve the original facade and the machines that participated
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 26 of 38
in the aircraft production within this complex. The part of the building behind the rear
facade is intended for projections and presentations, and is separated from the exhibition
space, enabling communication and interaction between functions. The outdoor space is
the exhibition space, enabling communication and interaction between functions. The
covered with greenery and paved paths (Figure 16).
outdoor space is covered with greenery and paved paths (Figure 16).
Figure15.
Figure 15.The
Thestudents’
students’ proposal—technical
proposal—technical drawings
drawings(drawn
(drawnby
byauthors:
authors:students
studentsĐekić S. S.and
Ðekić and
Mitrović Đ., 2021).
Mitrović Ð., 2021).
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 26 of 36
Figure 15. The students’ proposal—technical drawings (drawn by authors: students Đekić S. and Mi-
trović Đ., 2021).
Figure 16.
Figure 16. The
The students’
students’proposal—Ambiental
proposal—Ambientalviews (drawn
views by authors:
(drawn students
by authors: ĐekićÐekić
students S. andS.Mi-
and
trović Đ., 2021).
Mitrović Ð., 2021).
3.3. The First Modern Garage in Belgrade
The modern garage was built in 1929 and represents the first building of this type
in Belgrade, as one of the many realised works of the Russian engineer and architect
Valeriy Vladimirovich Stashevsky [74,75]. In terms of form and ideology, the building was
designed as a modern building with elements of Art Nouveau and academicism. Over
time, the building changed its interior and exterior appearance, but in a significant sense, it
preserved its original facade construction, shape and authentical appearance.
The Modern Garage building was conceived in the form of a central hall of a unique
spatial volume. The base is trapezoidal. In this regard, the dimensions of the width of
the building vary from 21 m to 24 m, while the length of the building is 45.08 m. The
main facade of the building is designed symmetrically, and within the central elevation
is a monumental entrance bordered by pilasters above which, according to the original
project, the sculptures were positioned. On the side elevations, verticality is emphasised by
positioning the windows in height in order to get the impression of a continuous one-story
building [76].
The original function of the building was changed in 1939 by housing the cars of
the participants of the first Belgrade international car and motorcycle race, and later, the
function of the building was returned to its original purpose by turning the Modern Garage
into a car museum [77]. Based on the recognised cultural–historical, social, architectural,
technological and aesthetic values, and considering the fact that it represents the first
building with the function of a city garage in the Balkans at that time and the centre
of motorsports in Belgrade, it has been enjoying cultural monument status since 1997,
according to the decision of the Government of the Republic of Serbia [78].
The original function of the building was changed in 1939 by housing the cars o
participants of the first Belgrade international car and motorcycle race, and later,
function of the building was returned to its original purpose by turning the Mod
Garage into a car museum [77]. Based on the recognised cultural–historical, social
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 chitectural, technological and aesthetic values, and considering the fact that
27 of 36 it repres
the first building with the function of a city garage in the Balkans at that time and
centre of motorsports in Belgrade, it has been enjoying cultural monument status s
In addition1997,
to theaccording
fact that to
thethe decision
current of theof
purpose Government
the museumofisthe Republic ofwith
harmonised Serbia
the[78].
In addition to the fact that the current purpose of the museum
previous one, which achieved the continuity of the duration of all the inherited values of is harmonised w
the previous one, which achieved the continuity of the duration of all the inherited va
the technical culture monument, the Modern Garage facility represents a still untapped
of the technical culture monument, the Modern Garage facility represents a still
potential for the regeneration of the industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade following
tapped potential for the regeneration of the industrial heritage of the city of Belg
contemporary needs (Figure 17). Moreover, the topic of automotive heritage, its significance
following contemporary needs (Figure 17). Moreover, the topic of automotive herit
and the principles of preservation of historic vehicles need to be included in the broad teach-
its significance and the principles of preservation of historic vehicles need to be inclu
ing process, along with an understanding of the specificity of every moveable industrial
in the broad teaching process, along with an understanding of the specificity of e
heritage typology [79,80]. In this regard, the Modern Garage was selected as an adequate
moveable industrial heritage typology [79,80]. In this regard, the Modern Garage
case study for examining the possibilities of its protection, revitalisation and presentation,
selected as an adequate case study for examining the possibilities of its protection, r
as well as regeneration and adaptation, in accordance with the principles of industrial
talisation and presentation, as well as regeneration and adaptation, in accordance w
heritage protection and the infrastructural, technical and technological requirements of
the principles of industrial heritage protection and the infrastructural, technical
contemporary society.
technological requirements of contemporary society.
Figure
Figure 17. The First 17. TheGarage
Modern First Modern Garage
in Belgrade in Belgrade (Left—previous
(Left—previous state, source:state,
Thesource: TheHer-
Cultural Cultural Her
Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, link: https://beogradskonasledje.rs/wp-content/uploa
itage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade, link: https://beogradskonasledje.rs/wp-content/
2022/09/00-glavna-146-1024x639.jpg, accessed on 15 January 2024) (Right—current state, provide
uploads/2022/09/00-glavna-146-1024x639.jpg, accessed on 15 January 2024) (Right—current state,
authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
provided by authors: Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
Review of Students’ Proposal for the Revitalisation and Presentation of the First Modern
Garage in Belgrade
The students’ project envisages the retention of the original reinforced concrete struc-
ture of the building, which consists of six reinforced concrete isolated footings and strip
footings that continue into eight reinforced concrete columns with a longitudinal spacing of
10 and 15 m, as well as a transverse spacing of 13.5 m. The window openings are intended
to be restored in accordance with the original authentical appearance. In this sense, the
intervention itself aims to preserve the integrity and authenticity of both the construction
and the architectural style, with minimal changes to the original architectural identity of
the building (Figure 18).
The project proposes a variety of new uses within the ground floor of the building,
such as an open space intended for variable settings and various exhibitions. Spaces for
education, workshops and a presentation hall are also planned in this part, with all the
accompanying administrative, service and commercial content.
The crucial spatial aspect of the project is the centrally formed ramp inside the build-
ing, which, in addition to the function of connecting different program zones within the
building vertically, symbolises the former purpose of the building, i.e., the garage, that is,
its necessary segment: the ramp with the carriageway.
The proposal for the revitalisation and protection of the Modern Garage building
preserves the original dimensions, with the addition of a circular roof intervention that,
through an internal ramp, represents the connection between the ground floor and the roof,
thus acquiring its intended use. A glass cylinder covers a circular ramp on the roof surface.
The new roof structure is conceptually conceived as a flat concrete roof with a circular glass
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 28 of 36
cylindrical volume structured from thin steel profiles. The ramp itself creates a vertical
communication between the ground floor and the roof with a green garden area. Hence, a
clear visual difference is made between the original authentical part of the building and the
new segments (the most significant are the already mentioned three elements: the centrally
positioned ramp, the glass cylinder on the roof level and the roof garden) that complete
the building and make it contemporary, both through materialisation and through current
architectural style approach.
In this sense, the students’ project envisages the activation of the roof area, which
then becomes a space for public purposes, in which cultural–educational (amphitheatre,
film screenings) and commercial contents (coffee bar) are combined in the open air. The
roof plane’s greening is planned by adapting its existing concrete surface into a green roof
garden (Figure 19).
The revitalisation and presentation project of the Modern Garage aims to reactivate
this building in accordance with contemporary methods of revitalisation of industrial
buildings and presentation of cultural heritage. With this concept project, the focus is
directed towards preserving the integrity and authenticity of the object, its construction
and architectural style, as well as through the presence of the original purpose. In this
sense, the destruction of the original architectural identity of the building was disenabled.
The reactivation of the building was achieved through the preservation and modernisation
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 29 of 36
of various contents (workshops, exhibition segments, projection spaces) that document,
preserve and show the original character and function of the Modern Garage.
Figure18.
Figure 18.The
Thestudents’
students’ proposal—technical
proposal—technical drawings
drawings (drawn
(drawnby
by authors:
authors:students
studentsLukić
LukićA.
A.and
and
NinkovićI.,
Ninković I.,2022).
2022).
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 29 of 36
Figure 18. The students’ proposal—technical drawings (drawn by authors: students Lukić A. and
Ninković I., 2022).
Figure 19. The students’ proposal—Ambiental views (drawn by authors: students Lukić A. and Nink
Figure 19. The students’ proposal—Ambiental views (drawn by authors: students Lukić A. and
ović I., 2022).
Ninković I., 2022).
4. Discussion
Applicable in Practice: Valorisation of the Research Results
Students’ conceptual solutions for sustainable conservation of industrial heritage,
shown through revitalisation projects and presentations of three case studies of Belgrade’s
industrial heritage, including The Locksmiths’ Workshop and Foundry “Pantelić”, Hangar
of the Old Belgrade Airport and The First Modern Garage, point to the possibilities of
simultaneous protection of all the values and authenticity of the industrial heritage, but
also to the possibilities of using the industrial heritage as an economic, ecological and social
resource in the contemporary context.
Through the defined research methodology, and especially within Phase 1, the focus
becomes studying and understanding theoretical principles and concepts in the field of pro-
tection, revitalisation and presentation of cultural and industrial heritage, with an emphasis
on the preservation of their values and authenticity, but also their sustainable conservation
in the contemporary context. In this way, by analysing important documents in cultural
and industrial heritage preservation and sustainable development, the students acquired
the necessary theoretical knowledge, which was then implemented in their projects for the
industrial heritage’s sustainable conservation on concrete case studies in Belgrade.
On the other hand, the need to integrate the industrial heritage into the contemporary
context and harmonise it with the contemporary needs and way of living represented the
main challenges in the research process and in the formation of the students’ ideas and
concepts. Consequently, the imperative to preserve all the inherited values and authenticity
of the industrial heritage, alongside the introduction of new spatial and program content
in spaces with expressed heritage values and the fitting of contemporary architectural
expression into the existing environment while respecting the relationship between the old and
the new, are distinguished by all three students’ conceptual solutions presented in this paper.
Although they deal with different case studies of Belgrade’s industrial heritage, which
are characterised by different original purposes, all three projects managed to preserve
and appropriately present all the values and the authenticity of the analysed monuments
of technical culture. They did it alongside the use of contemporary architectural expres-
sion and the application of the concept of adaptive reuse, which resulted in successfully
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 30 of 36
integrating the industrial heritage into the contemporary context. First of all, the existing
spatial organisation within the building was mainly preserved, as well as the structural
assembly (positions of structural elements, supporting walls and beams) and stylistic fea-
tures (positions and dimensions of façade openings, decorative plastic (if it existed) and
the original authentical dimensions and volume of the building). Furthermore, all three
projects envisage the presentation of the previous function of the object through appropriate
cultural, educational and exhibition contents, thus ensuring the symbolic continuity of the
purpose of the industrial heritage, even in the case when it has been overcome in relation
to the contemporary moment. On the other hand, through the concept of adaptive reuse,
all three conceptual solutions strive to fit new spatial and program contents concerning
the existing environment and values of the monuments of technical culture, but also to
symbolically connect the new uses with the previous ones. This is, above all, expressed
in the project for revitalising and presenting the Hangar of the Old Airport, by creating
a space for training for the management of drones as modern aircrafts. In contrast, the
projects for The Locksmiths’ Workshop and Foundry “Pantelić” and the First Modern
Garage are symbolically connected to the previous purpose of the building through the
treatment of the facade with the former cast bells, that is, through the introduction of the
ramp as a central motif in the former garage. In the context of establishing sustainable
development, all three students’ conceptual solutions are characterised by applying con-
temporary and ecologically acceptable materials in combination with authentic-found ones
that are returned to their previous function. Also, all three students’ conceptual solutions
introduce contemporary sustainable solutions that create additional space quality and pro-
mote environmental protection awareness. Both through the attitude towards the inherited
values and the recognised need to preserve the authenticity of the industrial heritage, as
well as through the character of the newly introduced contents, the use of contemporary
materials and the application of sustainable solutions, all three projects respect the existing
environment of the building, including its spatial, natural, cultural–historical and social
context, but also the spirit of the place, which is preserved through the application of the
adaptive reuse concept and improved by introducing new contents that will eventually
become a new value of industrial heritage. All aspects of preserving the values and the
authenticity of the industrial heritage, as well as the elements of sustainable development
applied within each students’ conceptual solution for the revitalisation and presentation of
Belgrade’s industrial heritage, are shown in detail in Figure 20. The tables are designed
concerning ten criteria for the valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions, defined in
Section 2.2.2 of this paper; they indicate the degree of success of students’ conceptual
solutions to apply theoretical principles and concepts in the field of cultural and industrial
heritage preservation and establishment of sustainable development in the practice of
industrial heritage’s sustainable conservation and its integration into the contemporary
context, using contemporary architectural expression.
The students’ conceptual solutions represent an alternative future for the analysed
monuments of the technical culture, which are currently in the process of devastation and
do not enjoy an adequate approach to protecting industrial heritage in the contemporary
context. However, although unrealised, projects of revitalisation and presentation of
industrial heritage indicate real possibilities for transforming principles and concepts from
their theoretical to practical dimension, which was also confirmed through the valorisation
of students’ conceptual solutions in relation to the defined set of criteria. The presented
projects also indicate the success of the research methodology at the University of Belgrade,
Faculty of Architecture. Through theoretical teaching and simulation of the practical
application of acquired knowledge and skills, young colleagues and future architects
become aware of the importance of Belgrade’s industrial heritage, its current state and
still unused potential for integration into the contemporary context, which they try to
use through their conceptual solutions. The education of young colleagues, who will
be decision-makers on the quality of the built environment in the future and the status
of industrial heritage, is a prerequisite for improving the state of industrial heritage in
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 31 of 36
Belgrade. However, in order for the industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade to be seen
as an economic, ecological and social resource for improving the quality of the living and
built environment, it is necessary to expand the awareness of the importance of industrial
heritage beyond the academic framework, including experts from other scientific disciplines
such as historians, archaeologists, artists, sociologists, anthropologists and32psychologists,
Sustainability 2024, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW of 36
but also the local population, local government and other stakeholders.
Figure 20. Valorisation of the students’ proposals through the set of criteria (provided by authors:
Figure 20. Valorisation of the students’ proposals through the set of criteria (provided by authors:
Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
Nikolić M., Šćekić J., Drobnjak B. and Takač E.).
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 32 of 36
The formation of an interdisciplinary approach to the industrial heritage’s sustainable
conservation would enable the values and the issue of the authenticity of the industrial
heritage to be seen from different scientific disciplines. Moreover, an interdisciplinary
approach would enable current problems in the integration of industrial heritage into the
contemporary context to be overcome by harmonising new uses with theoretical principles
and concepts, but also with the needs of the local community and their preferences, thus
ensuring the active use of monuments of technical culture in practice and their survival
for future generations. Precisely because of this, the further direction for the improvement
of the defined research methodology in the field of sustainable conservation of industrial
heritage at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture refers to the inclusion of
experts from other scientific disciplines, the local community and other interested parties
in the process of preserving industrial heritage in Belgrade, from theoretical research of a
particular case study towards its sustainable conservation in practice.
5. Conclusions
The research methodology presented in this paper, as well as the students’ conceptual
solutions that represent the results of the applied methodology and the conducted research,
indicates real possibilities for the implementation of theoretical principles and concepts
in the practice of the sustainable conservation of industrial heritage, while preserving all
its values and authenticity, but also fitting the contemporary architectural expression into
spaces with pronounced heritage values.
In addition to educating young colleagues and future architects about the importance
of industrial heritage on a global level and adequate principles and concepts for its sus-
tainable conservation, the importance of teaching at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of
Architecture is also reflected in the fact that students get to know industrial heritage in a
local context, analysing the state of monuments of technical culture in Belgrade. Through a
combination of theoretical lectures and simulation of the practical application of acquired
knowledge on the conceptual projects’ development, the students were able to see alterna-
tive solutions for the future of the analysed monument of technical culture, which would
enable a better integration of the industrial heritage into the contemporary context and its
active use.
Furthermore, the study’s importance is reflected in the digitalisation of the existing
archival material (urban–architectural projects, technical documentation for project’s re-
alisation) used to analyse and compare the original authentic and current state of the
monument of technical culture. The digitalisation of authentic drawings made it possible
to preserve important examples of industrial heritage in Belgrade from oblivion, even if
they do not enjoy the appropriate treatment of protection, revitalisation and presentation
in preserving the industrial heritage in practice.
In this regard, the further direction of research includes a better integration of different
institutions dealing with the topic of industrial heritage preservation in order to carry
out existing archival materials and theoretical analysis through an integral and interdis-
ciplinary approach, including experts from different scientific disciplines. In addition to
the above-mentioned, the need to involve the local community in the process of industrial
heritage’s sustainable conservation was recognised, first through analysing their needs and
preferences. In order for this to be implemented, further research direction should include
additional methodological tools, including questionnaires, surveys and interviews, which
would be conducted in cooperation with the local community, as well as relevant experts,
based on which insight about real needs and opportunities for their realisation through
the practice of industrial heritage’s sustainable conservation would be gained. In this
sense, the further direction of research includes the expansion of the currently established
set of criteria for the valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions, which would refer
to the degree of fulfilment of the recognised needs of the local community, on the one
hand, that is, the degree of fulfilment of theoretical principles and concepts of sustainable
conservation of industrial heritage, on the other. Moreover, the question arises of the
Sustainability 2024, 16, 2820 33 of 36
applicability of the defined research methodology to other typologies of cultural heritage,
such as archaeological, medieval, sacral and modern, which also form an important aspect
of the cultural identity of the Republic of Serbia.
Moreover, another topic—the establishment of industrial heritage routes—represents
a possible direction for further research. This topic stood out as a consequence of the
mapping of industrial heritage in Belgrade, their position and the degree of importance
assigned to them, as well as an overview of the relationship between legally protected
monuments of technical culture and those that do not officially enjoy that status. The
conducted analysis indicates that there still needs to be more commitment to preserving
this typology of cultural heritage, both at the local and state levels. Considering the crucial
concepts of the sustainable conservation of industrial heritage and, above all, the potential
of establishing industrial heritage routes, there are real opportunities for positioning the
industrial heritage of Belgrade and the Republic of Serbia on maps of industrial routes, at
the local, national, regional and European levels.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; methodology, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and
E.T.; software, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; validation, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; formal analysis, M.N., J.Š.,
B.D. and E.T.; investigation, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; resources, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; data curation,
M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; writing—original draft preparation, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; writing—review
and editing, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; visualization, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; supervision, M.N., J.Š.,
B.D. and E.T.; Project Administration, M.N., J.Š., B.D. and E.T.; Funding acquisition, M.N., J.Š., B.D.
and E.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.
Acknowledgments: We thank the anonymous reviewers who contributed suggestions to improve the
quality of the paper, the Academic Editors, all the MDPI staff for their valuable work, the University
of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, students and colleagues for their contribution. We extend
our sincere gratitude to the students who participated in the elective course: Petrović, D.; Petrović,
R.; Radovanović, N.; Ðekić, S.; Mitrović, Ð.; Lukić, A.; and Ninković, I. Without their dedication,
creativity and effort in developing conceptual solutions for the sustainable conservation of industrial
heritage, this paper would not have been possible to realise this way.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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