Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme
Habitats, nécropoles et paysages dans la moyenne
et la basse vallée du Rhône (VIIe-XVe s.)
Contribution des travaux du TGV-Méditerranée à l’étude des sociétés
rurales médiévales
Odile Maufras (dir.)
DOI : 10.4000/books.editionsmsh.22853
Éditeur : Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme
Lieu d’édition : Paris
Année d’édition : 2006
Date de mise en ligne : 20 octobre 2021
Collection : Documents d’archéologie française
EAN électronique : 9782735126460
https://books.openedition.org
Édition imprimée
EAN (Édition imprimée) : 9782735109852
Nombre de pages : 474
Référence électronique
MAUFRAS, Odile (dir.). Habitats, nécropoles et paysages dans la moyenne et la basse vallée du Rhône
(VIIe-XVe s.) : Contribution des travaux du TGV-Méditerranée à l’étude des sociétés rurales médiévales.
Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Paris : Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2006 (généré le 15
novembre 2023). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/22853>. ISBN :
9782735126460. DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/books.editionsmsh.22853.
Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 15 novembre 2023. Il est issu d’une numérisation par
reconnaissance optique de caractères.
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence . Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés)
sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
1
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FIG. 12
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10, 11 coquemars avec décor incisé à pâte grise ; 12 forme ouverte à pâte grise.
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Châteauneuf-sur-Isère/Beaume : mobilier céramique des contextes de la phase 4.
Destruction du bâtiment D : 1 marmite à pâte rouge glaçurée ; 6 marmite à pâte grise glaçurée.
Bâtiment E : 2 marmite à pâte grise glaçurée ; 3 marmite à pâte rouge glaçurée ; 8 fond plat de
marmite à pâte grise.
Destruction ou amas de galets : 4, 5 marmites à pâte rouge glaçurée ; 7 oule à pâte grise.
40
FIG. 14
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère/Beaume : mobilier céramique des contextes de la phase 4.
Cour : 2 cruche à pâte grise.
Fosses : 4 décor sur pâte rouge, glaçure polychrome ; 5, 6 céramiques verte et brune importées.
Amas de galets : 1 cruche à pâte rouge ; 7 fond de pichet à pâte rouge glaçurée.
Bâtiment D : 3 pichet à pâte rouge ; 8 fond de pichet à pâte rouge.
Bâtiment E : 9 fond de pichet à pâte rouge.
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2.3 Le recrutement de l’ensemble funéraire
2.3.1 Estimation du sexe des adultes
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TABL. II
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère/Beaume : estimation du sexe et de l’âge de chaque adulte au décès. Références
bibliographiques : sexe Bruzek 1991 ; Bruzek et al. 1996 ; âge sutural Masset 1982 ; ilium Lovejoy et al.
1985a ; pubis Brooks, Suchey 1990 ; clavicule Szilvàssy 1980.
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2.3.2 Estimation de l’âge au décès des adultes et des immatures
2.3.2.1 Introduction méthodologique
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stades de maturation dentaire (d’apr. Moorrees et al. 1963a ; 1963b ; Schour, Massler 1940) et
osseuse, et de la croissance osseuse (d’apr. Sundick 1978 ; Birkner 1980). Répartition en classes d’âge
en années révolues.
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2.3.2.2 Résultats
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Châteauneuf-sur-Isère/Beaume : courbe des quotients de mortalité calculée pour une espérance de vie
à la naissance de 30 ans, et comparaison avec celle d’une population de référence en tenant compte
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2.4.1.2 Perte des dents ante mortem
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2.4.2.2 Les nodules de Schmorl
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2.4.2.3 Épiphysiolyse de hanche
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2.4.3.4 Ceinture scapulaire et membres supérieurs
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2.4.4 La maladie hyperostosante et les enthésopathies
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5.2.2 L’environnement du site
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Chabrillan/Saint-Martin : plan de la nécropole du haut Moyen Âge
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Chabrillan/Saint-Martin : plan des vestiges médiévaux : a constructions ; b fossés et silos ; c silos ?
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6.5 Conclusion
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7.1 Introduction
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7.2 Cadre naturel et historique
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La Roche-sur-Grane/Les Treilayes : vue tridimensionnelle du plateau. Le terrain représenté
mesure 800 x 800 m. Le tracé blanc rectangulaire au nord encadre la zone de fouilles (reconstitution
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8.4 2.2 Le mobilier : céramique et objets métalliques
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Le coffre et le pot de stockage
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Montboucher-sur-Jabron/Constantin : fond du coffre en bois carbonisé, mis au jour dans la maison du
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Les fosses
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9.1 Le site et son contexte
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Mondragon/Les Ribauds : localisation du site.
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9.2 Une structure de cuisson originale
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Mondragon/Les Ribauds : plan général du site avec situation de la structure du haut Moyen Âge au sud
(cotes négatives d’altitude relative en cm).
188
FIG. 70
Mondragon/Les Ribauds : structure de cuisson du haut Moyen Âge avec cotes négatives d’altitude
relative en cm. A soubassement de la sole, aménagement inférieur de tegulae et dalles ; B plan au
niveau de la sole et coupe de la structure de cuisson et aménagement de blocs au nord.
FIG. 71
Mondragon/Les Ribauds : sole de cuisson médiévale, vue du nord (structure 1).
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9.3 La céramique
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9.3.1 Catalogue
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Couche 23
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9.3.2 Datation
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9.4 Éléments de comparaison
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9.5 Conclusion
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10.1 Introduction
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11.3 Deux fosses médiévales
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11.4.2 La céramique de la fosse 2
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11.5 Conclusion
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FIG. 97
Cartographie de la zone étudiée : a les principales unités de paysage traversées par le tracé du TGVMéditerranée entre Valence (26) et Caderousse (84) ; b localisation des principaux sites médiévaux et
des séquences pédosédimentaires* hors sites du TGV-Méditerranée cités dans le texte.
8
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14.3.1 La plaine de Valence et le piémont du Vercors (site de
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Corrélation des principaux événements pédosédimentaires de la partie nord du tracé du TGV (ValenceChabrillan) : pied du Vercors et basse vallée de la Drôme. Resp. des sondages et fouilles, et réf.
bibliogr. : 1 N. Valour (Valour et al. 1996) ; 2, 3, 5, 10 P. Réthoré (1995 ; 1996a ; 1996b ; 1997) ; 4, 7 Y.
Billaud (1997a ; 1997b) ; 6 J.‑M. Lurol (Lurol et al. 1997) ; 8 J.-M. Treffort (Treffort et al. 1998) ; 9 S.
Martin (Martin étal. 1997) ; 11 A. Lebreton (1996), S. Martin (Martin et al. 1997) ; 12 S. Saintot (Saintot
et al. 1997) ; 13 M. Goy (Goy et al. 1996) ; 14 A.‑F. Nohé (Nohé et al. 1995) ; 15 1. Rémy (1997).
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Présentation des stratigraphies des tranchées 1 et 356 sur le site de Montboucher-sur-Jabron/
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FIG. 107
Les principales séquences pédosédimentaires du Tricastin présentant le palésol du haut Moyen Âge et
du nord au sud (d’apr. Berger, Jung 1999). Noter la présence systématique sous cet horizon
pédologique de fossés de drainage antiques, parfois recreusés au cours des périodes médiévale et
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FIG. 108
Corrélation des principaux événements pédosédimentaires de la partie sud du tracé du TGV : bassin
valdainais, plaine du Tricastin, plaine d’Orange. Responsables des sondages et fouilles, et réf.
bibliographiques : 1 M. Goy et A. Allimant (Goy et al. 1996) ; 2 C. Vermeulen (1997) ; 3 M. Goy et I. Rémy
(Goy, Rémy 1996) ; 4 M. Linossier ; 5 C. Markievicz (1996) ; 6 P. Boissinot et K. Roger (Boissinot,
Roger 1999) ; 7 X. Margarit (Margarit et al. 1997) ; 8, 9 C. Vermeulen (1997) ; 10 A. Gelot (Gelot et al.
1996) et X. Margarit (Margarit et al. 1997) ; 11-13 G. Alfonso et N. Cossalter (Alfonso, Cossalter 1996).
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14.3.5 La basse plaine alluviale d’Orange ou confluence RhôneAygues (pas de site d’habitat médiéval reconnu sur le tracé)
45
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FIG. 109
Localisation des 10 séquences pédosédimentaires étudiées entre l’Aygues et le Rhône sur le fond
parcellaire actuel et des formes paléohydrographiques révélées par l’analyse archéomorphologique de
G. Chouquer et R. Gonzalez Villaescusa (1996). Noter que la séquence 1 (Orange/Q600) semble se
situer dans l’axe d’une paléovallée de l’Aygues.
1 Orange/Q600,
2 Caderousse/Les Crémades (S1),
3 Caderousse/Les Crémades (S2),
4 Caderousse/Les Négades (S4),
5 Caderousse/Les Négades (S2),
6 Caderousse/Saint-Pierre,
7 Caderousse/Saint-Pierre (S1),
8 Caderousse/Saint-Pierre (S4),
9 Caderousse/E920-921 (S1),
10 Caderousse/Le Camp Redon (SI).
265
FIG. 110
Proposition de corrélation et phasage pédosédimentaire des sondages de la plaine d’Orange
(confluence Rhône-Aygues) : 1 graviers würmiens ; 2 formations sédimentaires déposées au cours de
la Préhistoire récente et la Protohistoire (14C en cours) ; 3 formations sédimentaires déposées jusqu’à
la fin du Ier s. ap. J.-C. ; 4 formations sédimentaires déposées pendant l’Antiquité, de la fin du Ier s. aux
IIe et IIIe s. ; 5 formations sédimentaires supposées de la fin de l’Antiquité (IIIe-IVe s.) ; 6 formations
sédimentaires déposées à la charnière de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge (Ve-VIe s.), sur lesquelles se
développe le paléosol du haut Moyen Âge ; 7 formations sédimentaires supposées déposées au cours
du Moyen Âge médian et/ou du bas Moyen Âge ; 8formations sédimentaires déposées à l’époque
moderne.
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FIG. 111
Corrélation entre les données pédosédimentaires (J.-F. Berger), les données malacologiques (F.
Magnin) et les données pédo-anthracologiques (S. Thiébault) issues du sondage de Caderousse/Les
Crémades (confluence Rhône-Aygues, Vaucluse). La courbe malacologique révèle la forte variation des
aquifères au cours du premier millénaire de notre ère (phases de remontée importante et durable de la
nappe associée à une paludification et phases de baisse associée à l’extension de prairies plus
xériques). Les données pédologiques de terrain sont en bonne concordance avec les ambiances
paléoenvironnementales successives révélées par les assemblages malacologiques (d’apr. Berger
2001).
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14.4 Le paléosol médiéval
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14.4.1 Contexte géomorphologique et chronostratigraphique
55
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FIG. 112
Datation et estimation de la durée de la pédogenèse du haut Moyen Âge au sein des différentes unités
de paysages traversées par le tracé du TGV-Méditerranée, par les marqueurs chronoculturels et
radiocarbone.
271
FIG. 113
Les sols du haut Moyen Âge sur différents sites archéologiques : a La Garde-Adhémar/Surel, audessus d’une voie antique ; b Mondragon/ Les Brassières, au-dessus d’un fossé de drainage antique ;
c Chabrillan/ Saint-Martin 1, au-dessus des niveaux alluvio-colluviaux tardo-antiques et en
concordance stratigraphique avec un large fossé médiéval associé à l’occupation du
prieuré (XIe‑XIIIe s.) ; d La Garde-Adhémar/ Surel associé à une couche alluviocolluviale à vestiges
antiques roulés ; e Caderousse/Les Crémades, dans la plaine d’Orange au-dessus d’une voie antique
(noter ici sa forte structuration prismatique).
b
14.4.2 Caractères macroscopiques de terrain
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14.4.3 Caractères microscopiques et géochimiques
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273
FIG. 114
Lames minces du paléosol médiéval : a concentration de biosphéroïdes de lombricidés au sein de la
matrice du sol (Mondragon/Les Ribauds, V-X, x 40) ; b cellules calcifiées racinaires en connexion dans
un chenal biologique (Mondragon/ Les Brassières, sondage 75/30, LN, x 20) ; c comblement d’un
chenal biologique en forme de demi-cercle par des cellules calcifiées racinaires (Upie 2, Tranchée 300m250, LN, x 40) ; d zoom sur une coupe transversale à tangentielle d’un assemblage de cellules
calcifiées racinaires. Noter la présence de trois canaux centraux à la racine, non calcifiés (Mondragon/
Les Brassières, sondage 4/3, LP, x 100) ; e revêtement pelliculaire de CaC03 micritique le long d’une
porosité en chenal (Crest/Bourbousson 1, Tranchée 16-m2, LN, x 40) ; f microstructure grenue. De
petites fissures délimitent les petits agrégats ovoïdes à arrondis (Mondragon/ Les Ribauds,
F17/18-28b, LN, x 20) ; g microstructure polyédrique à prismatique avec fissures et nombreux petits
chenaux de type racinaire (herbacée ?) et microponctutation de la masse basale par des précipitations
de fer et manganèse sur des supports organiques plus ou moins humifiés ; h microstructure grenue à
micropolyédrique associée à une porosité fissurale interagrégats développée et à quelques chambres
(Upie 2, tranchée 300-m250, LN, x 40) ; i microstructure grenue à subpolyédrique avec quelques longs
chenaux racinaires à revêtements argileux épars (Mondragon/ Les Ribauds, F17/18-28b, LN, x 8) ;
j concentration d’une microporosité canaliculaire de type racinaire (herbacée ?) orientée verticalement
et microponctuation du plasma par des sesquioxydes (Mondragon/Les Brassières, sondage 4/2, Llnc.,
x 16).
274
TABL. IV
TABL. IV (suite et fin)
Comparaison à l’échelle microscopique des principales signatures pédosédimentaires et anthropiques
enregistrées dans les paléosols de la période du haut Moyen Âge.
64
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275
FIG. 115
Lames minces du paléosol médiéval : a nodules ferro-manganiques subarrondis à digités
(Mondragon/Les Brassières, sondage 4/3, LP, x 20) ; b revêtements argilo-silteux brun foncé, mal
orientés ; concentrés le long de la porosité interagrégats (Mondragon/Les Ribauds, F17/18-28b, LN, x
100) ; c revêtements argilo-silteux brun foncé épais en voie d’intégration dans la masse basale
(Mondragon/Les Brassières, sondage 75/30, LN, x 40) ; d macrocharbons et petit tesson très roulé
dans une masse basale brune très bioturbée et microagrégée (Upie 2, tranchée 200-m15, LN, x 18) ;
e ponctuation de la masse basale par des microfragments organiques humifiés ou amorphes et des
microcharbons responsable de l’assombrissement du sol (Mondragon/Les Ribauds, F17/18-28b, LN, x
40) ; f fort enrichissement en macrocharbons, en voie d’intégration dans une masse basale
microagrégée à gravillons épars (Upie 2, tranchée 200- m15, LN, x 7) ; g concentration de
macrocharbons de bois dans une masse basale totalement organisée par l’activité biologique
excrémentale (Chabrillan/ Saint-Martin 3, 7/6, LN, x 20) ; h macrocharbons montrant une organisation
cellulaire et revêtement argilo-micritique en périphérie d’une porosité canaliculaire (Crest/Bourbousson
1, tranchée 16-m2, LN, x 40) ; i revêtement argilo-poussiéreux à microinclusions d’éléments organiques
ou charbonneux en périphérie d’une porosité polyconcave (Chabrillan/Saint-Martin 3, 7/6, LN, x 100) ;
j petit fragment de croûte de battance formé dans le paléosol à proximité d’un habitat médiéval
(Chabrillan/Saint-Martin 1, 4/15, LN, x 40).
65
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14.4.4 Indices pédosédimentaires sur la couverture végétale et les
cultures
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Variations hydrologiques et pédoclimatiques de la moyenne vallée du Rhône (tronçons nord et sud du
secteur II du TGV-Méditerranée) comparées aux évolutions d’autres hydrosystèmes et géosystèmes
continentaux régionaux et d’Europe occidentale, ainsi qu’à l’activité solaire : 1 d’apr. Borel et al. 1998 ;
2 d’apr. Magny 1993 ; 3 d’apr. Bravard et al. 1997 ; 4 d’apr. Provansal et al. 1999 ; 5, 6 d’apr. Berger,
Brochier à paraître ; 7 d’apr. Zoller 1977, et Magny 1992 ; 8 d’apr. Bortenschlager 1977 ; 9 d’apr. Damon
et al. 1989, les périodes de plus faible production du 14C (en grisé) sont celles de plus forte activité du
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FIG. 119
Répartition des sites ayant fourni des informations carpologiques : 1 Châteauneuf-sur-lsère / Beaume
(Drôme) ; 2 Upie / Les Vignarets (Drôme) ; 3 Crest / Bourbousson 2 (Drôme) ; 4 Chabrillan / Saint
Martin (Drôme), 5 Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin (Drôme) ; 6 Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux
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TABL. VI
Résultats carpologiques (ent. semences entières ; fg. fragments de semences ; cf. certainement ; /
ou).
TABL. VI (suite)
Résultats carpologiques (ent. semences entières ; fg. fragments de semences ; cf. certainement ; /
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324
TABL. VI (suite et fin)
Résultats carpologiques (ent. semences entières ; fg. fragments de semences ; cf. certainement ; /
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TABL. VII
Plantes attestées sur les différents sites (cf. certainement, / ou).
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Seconde phase d’occupation (XIe s.)
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Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin : échantillons prélevés dans les fosses (ent. semences entières,
fg. fragments de semences, cf. certainement, / ou).
TABL. IX
Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin : bâtiment du XIe s., contenu des céramiques (ent. semences
entières, fg. fragments de semences, cf. certainement ; / ou).
327
TABL. X
Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin : bâtiment du XIe s., contenu du coffre en bois (ent. semences
entières, fg. fragments de semences, cf. certainement ; / ou).
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FIG. 120
Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin, bâtiment du XIe s., position et composition des ensembles
carpologiques.
FIG. 121
Comparaison de la largeur des graines de gesse de Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin (Drôme,
France) et de Dimini (Grèce) d’après un échantillon de 100 individus (d’apr. Kroll 1979).
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16.4 Upie / Les Vignarets
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TABL. XI
Upie/Les Vignarets (Xe-XIe s.) : échantillons de 20 l chacun environ (ent. semences entières, fg.
fragments de semences, cf. certainement ; / ou).
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Upie / Les Vignarets : proportions en nombre de restes des principaux taxons.
16
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16.5 Crest / Bourbousson 2
17
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331
TABL. XII
Crest / Bourbousson 2 (Xe-XIe s.) : échantillons de 10 à 50 l chacun environ (ent. semences entières ; fg.
fragments de semences, / ou).
b
16.6 Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux
18
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TABL. XIII
Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux (ent. semences entières, fg. fragments de semences, cf.
certainement, / ou).
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FIG. 123
Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux : proportions en nombre de restes des principaux taxons présents
dans les fosses des Xe-XIIe s.
21
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16.7 Chabrillan / Saint-Martin
24
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334
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Chabrillan / Saint-Martin (XIe-XIIIe s.) : proportions en nombre de restes des principaux taxons attestés.
335
TABL. XIV
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin, zone 1 (XIIe-début XIIIe s.) : échantillons de 15 à 20 l chacun, ent. semences
entières ; fg. fragments de semences, cf. certainement ; / ou).
TABL. XV
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin, zones 5 et 6 : échantillons de 15 à 20 l chacun (ent. semences entières, fg.
fragments de semences, cf. certainement, / ou).
336
TABL. XVI
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin, zones 7, 11 et 12 (XIe-début XIIIe s.) : échantillons de 15 à 20 l chacun (fg.
fragments de semences, ent. semences entières).
27
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16.8 Châteauneuf-sur-Isère / Beaume
31
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337
TABL. XVII
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère/Beaume (XIIe-XIIIe s.) [ent. semences entières ; fg. fragments de semences, cotyl.
cotylédons, élem. élément, cf. certainement, / ou].
TABL. XVII (suite et fin)
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère / Beaume (XIIe-XIIIe s.) [ent. semences entières ; fg. fragments de semences,
cotyl. cotylédons, élem. élément, cf. certainement, / ou].
32
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16.8.1 Les niveaux des deux bâtiments
33
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FIG. 125
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère / Beaume : proportions en nombre de restes des principaux taxons attestés
dans les niveaux des bâtiments.
b
16.8.2 Les fosses-silos
34
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17.2.2 Châteauneuf-sur-Isère / Beaume
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27
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28
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17.2.3 Upie / Les Vignarets
Matériel
30
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17.2.4 Crest / Bourbousson
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34
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36
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Crest / Bourbousson : nombre de restes déterminés par unité stratigraphique (NUS : nombre d’unités
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Crest / Bourbousson : nombre minimum d’individus par taxon et par unité stratigraphique.
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Crest / Bourbousson : nombre de restes par organe, par taxon et par période (NR : nombre de restes).
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37
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Crest / Bourbousson : nombre de restes de mouton et de chèvre par organe et par période (NR :
nombre de restes).
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Les porcins
38
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Les bovins
39
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Les oiseaux
40
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Nature des restes
43
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Restes osseux et consommation de viande
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Restes osseux et élevage
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Restes osseux et artisanat
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48
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17.2.5 Chabrillan / Saint Martin
Matériel
49
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TABL. XXX Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : liste des unités stratigraphiques étudiées (NR dét. : nombre de
restes, NR total : nombre de restes total).
50
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Résultats
51
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VWUDWLJUDSKLTXH IDLEOHb /D PDMRULW« GHV XQLW«V VWUDWLJUDSKLTXHV OLYUHQW DX
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366
TABL. XXXI
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : nombre de restes et fréquence d’apparition par taxon (NR : nombre de
restes ; FA : fréquence d’apparition).
TABL. XXXII
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : nombre minimum d’individus et proportion de viande (Columeau 1991)
[NMI : nombre minimum d’individus).
367
TABL. XXXIII
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : masse des restes pour les espèces principales, en grammes (MR : masse
des restes).
TABL. XXXIV
Chabrillan/Saint-Martin : nombre de restes par organe pour les principaux taxons (NR : nombre de
restes).
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État physique des ossements
53
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368
Les espèces
Les ovicaprins
54
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55
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Oɛ86bbHWbbDXWUHVVRQWGHVFRUQLOORQVQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHV86bbHWb
TABL. XXXV
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : nombre de restes de mouton et de chèvre par organe (NR : nombre de
restes).
56
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SOXVGHbbPRLV
369
TABL. XXXVI
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : mortalité des ovicaprins d’après les mâchoires.
57
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Les porcins
60
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61
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370
TABL. XXXVII
Chabrillan/Saint-Martin : mortalité des porcins d’après les mâchoires.
63
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64
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65
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Oɛ86bVHWURXYDLHQWGHVUHVWHVFU¤QLHQVHWYHUW«EUDX[GɛXQLQGLYLGXMXY«QLOH9LQJW
HWXQGHVbbUHVWHVGHOɛ86bbVRQWLVVXVGɛXQHP¬PHW¬WHGɛDGXOWHQRQREVWDQWXQ
GRXWHVXUODFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHQWUHOHFU¤QHHWOHVPDQGLEXOHV3DUDLOOHXUVWRXVOHV
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66
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371
TABL. XXXVIII
Chabrillan/Saint-Martin : mortalité des bovins adultes d’après les épiphysations osseuses.
67
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68
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Les équidés
70
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71
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Le chien
72
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Les oiseaux
73
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372
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Les indéterminés
75
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Interprétation
Taphonomie dépositionnelle et post-dépositionnelle
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Nature des restes
78
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Restes osseux et alimentation
80
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Restes osseux et élevage
84
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Restes osseux et artisanat
87
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374
17.2.6 Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin
Matériel
88
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Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin : liste des unités stratigraphiques étudiées (NR dét. : nombre de
restes déterminés ; NR total : nombre de restes total).
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Résultats
État physique des ossements
89
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Les espèces
90
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TABL. XL
Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin : nombre de restes par unité stratigraphique (NR : nombre de
restes).
375
TABL. XLI
Montboucher-sur-Jabron / Constantin : nombre de restes par organe (NR : nombre de restes).
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Les porcins
91
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Les bovins
92
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Les équidés
93
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Interprétation
94
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17.3 Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux
17.3.1 Matériel
95
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Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux : distribution chronologique des restes osseux animaux.
96
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17.3.2 Les animaux d’élevage
17.3.2.1 La répartition des restes selon la chronologie
101
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Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux : répartition des restes des espèces domestiques consommées entre
le IXe et le début du X e s.
FIG. 129
Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux : répartition des restes des espèces domestiques consommées entre
le Xe et le début du XIe s.
379
FIG. 130
Aimargues/Saint-Gilles le Vieux : répartition des restes des espèces domestiques consommées au XIe
s.
FIG. 131
Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux : répartition des restes des espèces domestiques consommées entre
la fin du XIe et le début du XIIe s.
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17.3.2.2 L’exploitation des animaux
102
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17.3.3 Les espèces sauvages
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17.3.4 Les espèces commensales de l’homme
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17.3.5 Conclusion
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17.4 Synthèse
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17.4.3 La consommation carnée
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FIG. 132
Les sites du TGV-Méditerranée dans leur contexte régional entre le IXe et le XIIe s. (d’apr. Forest 1998a).
Tracé TGV-Méditerranée : 1 Crest / Bourbousson, Xe-XIe s. ; 2 Chabrillan / Saint-Martin, Xe-XIIe s. ;
3 Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux, IXe-début Xe s. ; 4 Aimargues / Saint-Gilles le Vieux, Xe-début XIIe s.
Sites de comparaison mentionnés dans le texte : 5 Rochefort-en-Valdaine / Le Château, IXe-XIes. ;
6 Mauguio / Saint-Jacques, Xe-XIe s. ; 7 Lansargues / Moulines, IXe-XIe s. ; 8 Lunel-Viel, Xe-XIe s. ; 9 Arles /
Augéry-de-Corrèges, VIIIe-Xe s.
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FIG. 134
Fossilisation de murs en terre crue : traces au sol, difÏcultés de reconnaissance, a murs d’adobe. Le
premier stade de dégradation par les agents atmosphériques est la dislocation en agrégats et fines.
Enfouies dans le sol, les briques s’altèrent en cellules « amiboïdes » (50 ans sufÏsent : Brochier 1994).
Au stade final, les structures de terre prendront une forme en tas étalé, difÏcilement reconnaissables
(même par analyse micromorphologique) du substrat sur lequel elles reposent et dont elles sont bien
souvent issues ; b murs de terre crue (bauge ou pisé). Cas d’un mur ayant chauffé, et d’un alignement
de pierres contre un mur. Les cellules de terre crue cuite vont se conserver ; l’alignement de pierres
marquera en négatif le mur qui ne sera plus identifiable.
20
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18.3.2.2 Les conditions de conservation des vestiges de constructions en terre
Piégeage dans une zone en creux, recouvrement rapide et incendie
22
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FIG. 135
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère / Beaume : le bâtiment A vu du sud : les parois de terre crue (pisé) reposent
directement sur le sol.
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18.5.1 Traces archéologiques et espaces habités : une corrélation
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FIG. 138
Construction contemporaine en pisé sur soubassement de pierres assemblées au mortier de terre
crue, à Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosiers (Isère) en basse vallée de l’Isère (date de construction inconnue).
L’effondrement et l’érosion des murs de pisé constituent des tas de terre qui seraient très difÏciles à
identifier après recouvrement, lors d’une fouille. Par contre, lorsqu’un soubassement existe comme ici,
les premiers niveaux de pierre ont des chances d’être préservés par les masses de terre effondrées (cf.
§ 2.2.2).
65
410
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19.2 Conclusion
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20. 1 Introduction
20.1.1 Problématique générale : quelle interprétation pour ces
ensembles funéraires ?
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20.3.1 Les tombes en fosse
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20.3.1.1 Caractéristiques extrinsèques
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Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : typologie extrinsèque des tombes en fosse.
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Chabrillan / L’Hortal : sépulture CH13.
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Liste et caractéristiques des tombes en fosse (pour la définition des types, voir fig. 149) : + présence, –
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FIG. 151
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : sépultures, a SM7182, b SM7337, c SM12153.
b
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20.3.1.2 Caractéristiques taphonomiques
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TABL. XLVI
Chabrillan / Saint-Martin : estimation du sexe et de l’âge au décès des adultes. Os coxaux :
Bruzek 1991, Bruzek et al. 1996 ; sutures crâniennes : Masset 1982 ; sacrum ; Lovejoy et al. 1985a ;
clavicule : Szilvàssy 1980. Age regr. estimation de l’âge par le calcul des régressions (Masset 1982) ;
NV non vérifié ; / non observable.
478
TABL. XLVII
Estimation du sexe et de l’âge au décès des adultes et des grands adolescents. Os coxaux :
Bruzek 1991, Bruzek et al. 1996 ; sutures crâniennes : Masset 1982 ; sacrum : Lovejoy et al. 1985a ;
clavicule Szilvàssy 1980. Age regr. estimation de l’âge par le calcul des régressions (Masset 1982) ;
/ non observable.
151
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479
TABL. XLVIII
Âge au décès des sujets biologiquement immatures. Âge dentaire : 1 Moorees et al. 1963, 2 Schour,
Massler 1940 ; âge diaphysaire : 1 Sundick 1978, 2 Fazekas, Kosa 1978 ; maturation osseuse : Birkner
1980. L’âge au décès estimé en mois civils, mc indique qu’il s’agit de nourrissons et non de foetus
morts in utero ; NV non vérifié ; / non observable.
b
Les immatures
152
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480
TABL. XLIX
Quotient de mortalité et nombre réel des décès pour les sites de Saint-Martin et Saint-Romain.
153
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154
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20.6.1.4 Mise en évidence des anomalies démographiques dans les plus grandes
séries
156
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157
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FIG. 169
Courbe de mortalité de Saint-Martin comparée à celles de deux populations de référence (N = 45).
159
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Espeluche / Saint-Romain
160
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FIG. 170
Courbe de mortalité des classes d’âge immatures de Saint-Romain comparée à celles de deux
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b
20.6.1.5 Conclusion
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nos 70, 71, 74, 76-78b& 3ODQWHYLQ no 72b3 0HOORQ\ nos 73, 75, 82-85b. 0RNDGGHP
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