Part I. Historical Sources: Introduction

Philosophy from an Empirical Standpoint Essays on Carl Stumpf Edited by Denis Fisette Riccardo Martinelli leiden | boston For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE THE RECEPTION AND ACTUALITY OF CARL STUMPF. AN INTRODUCTION Denis Fisette I. 11 HISTORICAL SOURCES Introduction Riccardo Martinelli 55 The Young Carl Stumpf. His Spiritual, Intellectual, and Professional Development Wilhelm Baumgartner 61 Practical Epistemology: Stumpf’s Halle Logic (1887) Robin D. Rollinger II. 9 75 Carl Stumpf’s Debt to Hermann Lotze Nikolay Milkov 101 Stumpf und die Monadologie der Herbartianer Stefano Poggi 123 THEMES Introduction Riccardo Martinelli 145 Carl Stumpf’s Philosophy of Mathematics Carlo Ierna 151 Carl Stumpf über Sachverhalte Arkadiusz Chrudzimski 173 Stumpf on Categories Riccardo Martinelli 203 For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV 6 Table of Contents The Autonomy of the Sensible and the Desubjectification of the a priori by Stumpf Dominique Pradelle Stumpf on Abstraction Guillaume Fréchette Ästhetik als praktische Philosophie: Zur impliziten Ästhetik von Carl Stumpf Christian G. Allesch III. INFLUENCES Introduction Riccardo Martinelli 229 263 293 315 A Phenomenology without Phenomena? Carl Stumpf’s Critical Remarks on Husserl’s Phenomenology 321 Denis Fisette Stumpf’s (Early) Insights and Marty’s Way to His (Later) Sprachphilosophie Laurent Cesalli On Stumpf and Schlick Fiorenza Toccafondi Love, Emotions and Passion in Musil’s Novellas “Unions” in the light of Stumpf’s Theory of Feelings Silvia Bonacchi IV. ARCHIVALIA Introduction Denis Fisette 359 385 405 423 Introduction to Stumpf’s Lecture on Metaphysics Denis Fisette 433 Metaphysik. Vorlesung Carl Stumpf Edited by Robin Rollinger 443 For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV Table of contents Introduction to Carl Stumpf’s Correspondence with Franz Brentano Denis Fisette 7 473 Stumpf’s Einleitung zu Brentanos Briefen an mich, followed by selected letters from Brentano and Stumpf 491 Carl Stumpf and Franz Brentano Edited by Guillaume Fréchette Bibliography of the Publications of Carl Stumpf / Bibliographie der Schriften von Carl Stumpf Denis Fisette INDEX OF NAMES 529 543 For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV PART I. HISTORICAL SOURCES INTRODUCTION (RICCARDO MARTINELLI) In his Autobiography Stumpf offers an illuminating account of his intellectual and professional development. (Stumpf 1924) A pupil and a lifelong friend of Franz Brentano, Stumpf was also influenced by Hermann Lotze; significantly, his education also included scientific training with the physicist Wilhelm Weber and with the mathematician Felix Klein. Besides this, Stumpf’s musical education should not be underestimated, along with his permanent love for music – and deep scientific interest in its manifold expressions. (e. g. Stumpf, 1883, 1890, 1897, 1898, 1911a, 1911b) All of these influences variously affected Stumpf’s mentality and activities throughout his whole professional life, that was exceptionally long and successful. Having been appointed professor in Würzburg in 1873, Stumpf retired more than fifty years later; short before his death, in 1936, he was still at work on his philosophical masterpiece, Erkenntnislehre, which was published posthumously. (Stumpf 1939-1940) After Würzburg, Stumpf went to Prague, Halle and München and, in 1894, he became professor and Director of the Institute of psychology in Berlin. This change, a consequence of Wilhelm Dilthey’s decision (Sprung 2006, 124 ff.), draws a dividing line within Stumpf’s career. By 1894, he had attained reputation as an autonomous philosopher and psychologist – not as a more or less orthodox Brentanian. Rather, due to his respectable scientific training and to his considerable engagement in experimental activities, Stumpf eventually and consciously figured as an “outsider” (Stumpf 1924, 397) within the philosophical community of his time. In 1907, in his inaugural address, Stumpf doesn’t even mention Brentano among the promoters of the ongoing “renaissance of philosophy”, which had roots in an increasing commitment to natural sciences. (Stumpf 1907a) However, this did not prevent Stumpf from acknowledging his debt to Brentano on other occasions, without any contradiction. (e. g. Stumpf 1919) Simply, Brentano could not fit into For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV 56 Riccardo Martinelli the ideal portrait of a philosopher-natural scientist (Naturwissenschaftler) celebrated by Stumpf, who rather made reference to the physician Lotze and to the physicist Fechner as predecessors. (Stumpf 1907a, 165) As a consequence of his institutional duties, Stumpf’s activities in Berlin covered a rather wide range of scientific disciplines like acoustic physics (Stumpf 1899), child psychology (Stumpf 1900), animal psychology (Stumpf 1907b), linguistics and phonetics (Stumpf 1926), ethnomusicology (Stumpf 1886, 1901, 1911a), etc. However, his personal involvement in psychological experimentation during the Berlin years is lighter than in the 1880s, when he was concerned with the problem of tonal fusion. (Stumpf 1890) Notwithstanding these manifold activities, Stumpf never abandoned philosophy, as witnessed by his lessons, many essays and the monumental, two-volume Erkenntnislehre. Far from exhausting his biography, these brief introductory hints are meant to show why the role of Carl Stumpf frequently puzzles historians of science and (even more deeply) historians of philosophy. Unsurprisingly, there is disagreement about his sources of inspiration and about the main influences over his thought. On the one hand, Stumpf constantly and frankly recognizes his debt to Brentano; on the other hand, many of Stumpf’s ideas evidently diverge from Brentano's doctrine, so that supplementary sources and influences must be searched for. As a matter of fact, Stumpf was able to keep many heterogeneous influences together and yet to develop, without any eclecticism, an original philosophical approach of his own. Needless to say, this is usually the hallmark of an outstanding philosopher. Rather than arguing with contrasting interpretations, however, scholars should eventually cope with Stumpf’s high complexity as a scientist and as a philosopher – complexity that has frustrated any attempt to force his thought into categories of interpretation. The essays of this section are likely to be very helpful in this critical path. Wilhelm Baumgartner’s paper The young Carl Stumpf: his spiritual, intellectual, and professional development provides a detailed account of Stumpf’s early years. (Baumgartner 2015) On the basis of a number of unpublished or hardly accessible evidences, Baumgartner illustrates the role of Brentano and Lotze in mentoring Stumpf throughout his early career as a student in Würzburg and Göttingen. The essay also considers his change of attitude towards the Catholic Church and the circumstances experienced during his graduation, his teaching activity For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV Part I. Historical Sources: Introduction 57 as a Privatdozent and, later on, his professorship in Würzburg as a successor of Brentano. Robin Rollinger’s essay Practical Epistemology: Stumpf’s Halle Logic (1887) offers an instructive account of Edmund Husserl’s notes on the lectures in logic held by Stumpf at Halle in 1887. (Rollinger 2015) Although Stumpf’s logic, defined “practical epistemology” (praktische Erkenntnislehre), generally follows Brentano’s and Trendelenburg’s approach, it also shows an original re-elaboration. For Stumpf, logic is an artificial doctrine or technique (Kunstlehre), that teaches how to judge correctly. Accordingly, in his lectures Stumpf touches upon judgements and presentations, and deepens many aspects of their interconnection. Most remarkably, Stumpf advocates the possibility of individual abstracta, i.e. the entities that have been recently discussed under the heading of tropes. As Rollinger notes, it is difficult to find anything of that kind in Brentano’s writings; and this explains why Husserl quotes Stumpf rather than Brentano, when introducing tropes (in Husserl’s terminology “moments”) into his mereology. In the following essay, Nikolay Milkov analyzes in depth Stumpf’s debt to Lotze. (Milkov 2015) As Milkov notes, the diffusion of a NeoBrentianian attitude during the last twenty years was instrumental to the effort to rescue Stumpf from oblivion. However, Neo-Brentanians tend to support a one-sided interpretation of Stumpf’s philosophy, so that they typically end up underestimating “his importance and idiosyncrasy as a philosopher”. Milkov’s analysis of Lotze’s influence over Stumpf aims at asserting Stumpf’s autonomy. Considering the philosophical education of Stumpf’s generation, the importance of Lotze’s and other thinkers’ ideas is confirmed, thus challenging the idea of Brentano as a “lonely genius” who reintroduced Aristotelianism and Scholastic intentionality into the philosophical debate. Rather, Milkov argues, Lotze preceded him under various aspects. Though Stumpf agrees with Brentano’s criticism of Lotze’s “local signs”, many crucial aspects of Stumpf’s thought recall Lotze, more than Brentano. One striking example, is that Stumpf had a nondogmatic idea of philosophy and a related unwillingness to establish a “school”. In his essay Stumpf und die Monadologie der Herbartianer, Stefano Poggi tackles the issue of Herbart’s heritage. (Poggi 2015) In an indirect way, Herbart influenced Stumpf considerably. Poggi shows For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV 58 Riccardo Martinelli that Herbart’s ideas acted as unavoidable touchstones for many outstanding psychologists of his time. Besides the Herbartians, such as C.S. Cornelius and M.W. Drobisch, also non-aligned thinkers like Lotze, Brentano, Fechner, Lange and Wundt should be mentioned in this context. No surprise, then, that Stumpf critically discusses Herbart’s psychology, e.g. when he introduces his concept of fusion (Verschmelzung) and his metaphysical theses of the soul as a monad. References Baumgartner W., (2015) “The young Carl Stumpf. His spiritual, intellectual, and professional development”, 61-74. Milkov, N. (2015) “Carl Stumpf’s Debt to Hermann Lotze”, 101-122. Kraus, Oskar (1919) Franz Brentano. Zur Kenntnis seines Lebens und seiner Lehre, München: Beck. Poggi, S. (2014) “Stumpf und die Monadologie der Herbartianer”, 123-143. Rollinger, R. (2015) “Practical Epistemology: Stumpf’s Halle Logic (1887)”, 75-100. Sprung, Helga (2006): Carl Stumpf. Eine Biographie. Von der Philosophie zur experimentellen Psychologie, München-Wien: Profil. Stumpf, Carl (1883): Tonpsychologie, vol. I. Leipzig: Hirzel; repr. Bonset: Amsterdam, 1965. –– (1886): “Lieder der Bellakula-Indianer”, Vierteljahrsschrift für Musikwissenschaft 2, 405-426. –– (1890): Tonpsychologie, vol. II Leipzig: Hirzel; repr. Bonset: Amsterdam, 1965. –– (1896): “Eröffnungsrede”, Dritter International Congress für Psychologie in München vom 4-7 August 1896, München: Lehmann, 3-16; published (with modifications) under the title: “Leib und Seele”, in Stumpf 1919, 151-182. Quoted from Stumpf 1910. –– (1897): “Geschichte des Consonanzbegriffs. Erster Teil. Die Definition der Consonanz in Altertum”, Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,1. Classe 21, 1. Abteilung, München, 1-78. –– (1898): “Konsonanz und Dissonanz”, Beiträge zur Akustik und Musikwissenschaft 1, 1-108. –– (1899): “Über die Bestimmung hoher Schwingungszahlen durch Differenztöne”. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, N.F. 68, 105-116. –– (1900): “Zur Methodik der Kinderpsychologie”, Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie und Pathologie 3 (1), 1-21; also in C. Stumpf, Philosophische Reden und Vorträge, Leipzig: Barth, 161-196. –– (1901): “Tonsystemen und Musik der Siamesen”, Beiträge zur Akustik und Musikwissenschaft, 3, 69-138. –– (1907a): Die Wiedergeburt der Philosophie, Rede zum Eintritt des Rektorates der königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, 15 Oktober 1907, Berlin: Francke; also in C. Stumpf 1910, 161-196. For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV Part I. Historical Sources: Introduction 59 –– (1907b): “Der Rechenunterricht des Herrn v. Osten”, in O. Pfungst, Das Pferd des Herrn von Osten. Der Kluge Hans, Leipzig: Barth, 175-180. –– (1910): Philosophische Reden und Vorträge, Leipzig: Barth. –– (1911a): Die Anfänge der Musik, Leipzig: Barth. English tr. by D. Trippett, The Origins of Music, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 31-185. –– (1911b): “Konsonanz und Konkordanz. Nebst Bemerkungen über Wohlklang und Wohlgefälligkeit musikalischer Zusammenklänge”, Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane 58, 321-355; also in Beiträge zur Akustik und Musikwissenschaft 6, 151-165. –– (1919): “Erinnerungen an Franz Brentano”, in O. Kraus (ed.), Franz Brentano. Zur Kenntnis seines Lebens und seiner Lehre, Munich: Oskar Beck, 87-149. –– (1924): “Carl Stumpf”, in R. Schmidt (ed.), Die Philosophie der Gegenwart in Sebstdarstellung, V, Leipzig:Meiner, 1-57. –– (1926): Die Sprachlaute; experimentell-phonetische Untersuchungen (nebst einem Anhang über Instrumentalklänge), Berlin: Springer. –– (1939-1940): Erkenntnislehre, 2 vols., Leipzig: Barth. For use by the Author only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV