AN ALTERNATIVE DESIGN APPROACH: FLOATING SPACES OF ISTANBUL

BEYKENT 2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF DESIGN FOR LIVING WITH WATER 18-19 NOVEMBER 2020 ISTANBUL/TURKEY PROCEEDING BOOK Edited by Assoc. Prof. Dr. İnanç Işıl YILDIRIM Assist. Prof. Dr. Begüm BAYRAKTAROĞLU 2021 ISTANBUL Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey Beykent 2nd International Symposium Of Design For Living With Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/Turkey This book is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerized system or published in any form or in any manner, including, but not limited to electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher. The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication. e-ISBN : 978-975-6319-62-8 ISBN : 978-975-6319-61-1 Beykent Üniversitesi Yayınları, Yayın no : 158 Published, 2021 www.beykent.edu.tr www.isdlw.org i Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey BEYKENT 2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF DESIGN FOR LIVING WITH WATER SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME 1 18 NOVEMBER 2020 Time 09:30 - 10:00 Theme Welcome Begüm BAYRAKTAROĞLU 10:00 - 11:00 “Inspirational and Instructive Processes of Reuse of Old Shipyards While Discussions on the Golden Horn Continue” Elifcan DUYGUN and İnanç Işıl YILDIRIM “An Alternative Design Approach: Floating Spaces of Istanbul” İstem Seckin PARLAKYILDIZ KÖSE, İnanc Işıl YILDIRIM and Selin YILDIZ 11:00 - 12:00 “The role of Architecture for the Future of Cruise Ship Tourism in a PostCOVID World: Searching the Roadmap for Cruise Ship Interior Design” Tania FELDZER “Reinventing the River Seine” and New Innovative Projects around River Boat Design” N. Yağmur ŞİMŞEK “The Role of Water as a Design Element: Effects on Moorish Architecture and It’s Cross-Border Structures” Leila Krivosic DIZDAREVIC and Lana KUDUMOVIC 13:00 - 14:00 “Water as determinant of Design in Buildings from Ottoman to Contemporary Time in Bosnia” Marwan FARHAN and Heba HUSSEIN “The Gentrification of Al Haffa Waterfront, Salalah, Oman Tuba SARI “Mobile Houses: New Spatial Searches on Changing Urban Life” Zuhal KOL, Carlos ZARCO SANZ and Meliz AKYOL ALAY 14:00 - 15:00 “A Design Proposal for Haliç Coastal Landscape; Employing the Urban Memory to Transform Its Water Ecology” Sayan BHATTACHARYA “Methods of Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater with Special ii Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey Reference to Nanomaterial Application” Işıl BAYSAN SERİM “The Cinematic Imaginations of Water Architecture Construct the City of the Future” 15:00 - 16:00 Muhammad FAWAD NOORİ “Illumination: Social Responsibility of Designers to safe Water & Environment” Zihni TURKAN and Esra KOKSALDI “Su ile Yaşam: “Tarihi Kent Dokuları ile Peyzajlarında Sürdürülebilirlik” 16:00-17:00 Discussions Prof. Dr. Şengul OYMEN GUR (Beykent University, Turkey) – Invited Speaker 15:30 - 16:30 “Movies & Omens and Water” iii Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey 19 NOVEMBER 2020 Time Theme 10:30 - 10:45 Welcome 10:45 – 11:00 Chair’s Opening speech 11:00 – 11:15 Rector’s Opening speech Jacques ROUGERIE (Jacques Rougerie Foundation, France) – Invited Speaker 11:15 – 12:00 “Living in the Ocean” Dr. Haris PIPLAS (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) – Invited Speaker 12:00 – 12:45 "Ecological Urbanism for Port Transformations and Waterscape Management: Integrated Solutions for Future Blue Cities" Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roberto ROCCO (Delft University of Technology, Netherlands) –Invited Speaker 12:45 – 13:30 "Beyond the Tragedy of the Commons: The Spatial Justice of Socio-Technical Transitions" 13:30 – 14:15 Lunch Break Associate Prof. Dr. Alma HUDOVIC KLJUNO (International University of Sarajevo, 14:15 – 15:00 Bosnia and Herzegovina) – Invited Speaker “Importance and Use of Water in Islamic Religious Architecture” Associate Prof. Dr. Valentina CRISTINI (Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain) – Invited Speaker 15:00 – 15:45 "Versus Plus-Heritage for People" Project: First Steps of Conservation Policies in a Selection of Mediterranean Islands” Dr. Kasim KORKMAZ (Eastern Michigan University, USA) – Invited Speaker 15:45 – 16:30 “Water Storage, Supply and Delivery Systems in Disaster Management” Associate Prof. Dr. Suk-Kyung KIM (Yonsei University, South Korea) – Invited Speaker 16:30 –17:15 “State Park Buildings near to the Lakes in Michigan: Sustainability, Accessibility, and Historic Preservation” 17:15-17:30 Final Words iv Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey Beykent 2nd International Symposium Of Design For Living With Water 18-19 November 2019 İstanbul/Turkey ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE HONORARY PRESIDENT(S) Prof. Dr. A. Murat Ferman, Beykent University Rector Prof. Dr. Şeyma Özkara Aydınoğlu, Beykent University GENERAL COORDINATOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. İnanç Işıl Yıldırım, Beykent University MEMBERS OF THE ORGANISATION COMMITTEE Assoc. Prof. Dr. İnanç Işıl Yıldırım, Beykent University Assist. Prof. Dr. Begüm Bayraktaroğlu, Beykent University v Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Prof Dr Alpay Er, Ozyegin University Prof Dr Ardeshir Mahdavi, Vienna Technical University Prof Dr Ayşe Uğur Tütengil, Beykent University Prof Dr Aytekin İşman, Sakarya University Prof Dr B. Burak Kaptan, Anadolu University Prof Dr Burçin Cem Arabacıoğlu, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Prof Dr Claudio Gambardella, Università degli Studi della Campania Prof Dr Çiğdem Polatoğlu, Yıldız Technical University Prof Dr Deniz Hasirci, Izmir University of Economics Prof Dr Ebru Çubukçu, Dokuz Eylül University Prof Dr Elmira Gür, Istanbul Technical University Prof Dr Fatih A. Rıfkı, Montana State University Prof Dr Hülya Turgut, Ozyegin University Prof Dr İbrahim Numan, FSMV University Prof Dr İlkay Masat Özdemir, Karadeniz Technical University Prof Dr Gökdeniz Neşer, Dokuz Eylül University Prof Dr Kutsal Öztürk, Girne American University Prof Dr Lerzan Aras, European University of Lefke Prof Dr Mehmet Emin Karahan, Beykent University Prof Dr Pelin Yıldız, Hacettepe University Prof Dr Rengin Zengel, Dokuz Eylul University Prof Dr Şengül Öymen Gür, Beykent University Prof Dr A. Tanju Gültekin, Rising University of Cyprus Assoc Prof Dr Alidost Ertuğrul, FSMV University Assoc Prof Dr Alexandrina Nenkova, University of Architecture Civil Eng. and Geodesy Assoc Prof Dr Burkay Pasin, Izmir University of Economics Assoc Prof Dr Cemil Atakara, Cyprus International University Assoc Prof Dr Emine Görgül, İstanbul Technical University Assoc Prof Dr Hikmet Sivri Gokmen, Dokuz Eylul University Assoc Prof Dr İnanç Işıl Yıldırım, Beykent University Assoc Prof Dr Osman Demirbaş, Izmir University of Economics vi Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey Assoc Prof Dr Rabia Kose Doğan, Selçuk University Assoc Prof Dr Tonguç Tokol, Marmara University Assoc Prof Dr Zeynep Tuna Ultav, Yaşar University Assoc Prof Dr Zihni Türkan, Near East University Assist Prof Dr Ahmet Fidan, Ordu University Assist Prof Dr Armağan Korkmaz, Michigan State University Assist Prof Dr Begüm Bayraktaroğlu, Beykent University Assist Prof Dr A. Can Özcan, Izmır University of Economics Assist Prof Dr Florina Jerliu, University of Prishtina Assist Prof Dr Lana Kudumovic, FSMV University Assist Prof Dr Leila Krivosic, International University of Sarajevo Assist Prof Dr Mehmet Aziz Goksel, Maltepe University Assist Prof Dr Nasiha Pozder, University of Sarajevo Assist Prof Dr Pelin Karacar, Istanbul Medipol University Ricardo Balbo, IED Istituto Europeo di Design Spa vii Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey WELCOME TO ISDLW II 2020 Dear Researchers; Water is the main life source for human being starting from birth. Throughout the history this vital element effected every field of life as well as the discipline of architecture and design, which have the mission to create comfortable and livable spaces for human. It is observed that apart from alternative living spaces to terrestrial architecture in traditional forms, during the recent years, the studies which include the analysis as to space hotels, floating spaces and effects of spatial characteristics of pole stations on the users have increased. One of the reasons for this, is that people's need for alternative living spaces and resources has come up. The association of the concept of human-space-water is being considered together more frequent day by day. In Recent years there is a growing focus on living with water due to the extreme climate changes, rising density, economical trends and sustainability problems. Scientist and futurists from all over the world are indicating the solutions for living with water and predict that the relationship between human and water will increase. Not only the countries which have the risk of flood, or rising sea levels, but also the other countries which has the probability of effecting by the climate changes are taking into consideration water based solutions. Also the flow of the capital and changing human life style requirements show us the water as an alternative living space. Although the concept of living with water seems revolutionary the human relation with water is not a new trend. In the scope of this symposium, different integration types of water to spaces from the vernacular models to floating homes wil be discussed. As a respond to the world’s sustainability problems, from both economical, socio - cultural and also the ecological, we need to understand the importance of living with water. As the designers and engineers of the “climate change generation” we have the responsility to look at the past, present and the future and ask the opportunities of water that we could apply, inform and transform to our designs. We invite designers, architects, engineers, sociologists, students and everyone who feel the need creating solutions sensitive to climate change and for sustainable future of the world on particulary design with water. Kind Regards… Assoc. Prof. Dr. İnanç Işıl Yıldırım, Symposium Chair Beykent University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Head of Interior Architecture (EN) Department For more information please visit: www.isdlw.org viii Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey CONTENTS KEYNOTE SPEAKERS PRESENTATIONS Jacques ROUGERIE (Jacques Rougerie Foundation, France) – “Living in the Ocean”…………………1 Associate Prof. Dr. Alma HUDOVIC KLJUNO (International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) – “Importance and Use of Water in Islamic Religious Architecture”……………………10 Associate Prof. Dr. Valentina CRISTINI (Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain) –"Versus PlusHeritage for People" Project: First Steps of Conservation Policies in a Selection of Mediterranean Islands”………………………………………………………………………………………………...16 ORAL PRESENTATIONS Begum BAYRAKTAROĞLU“Inspirational and Instructive Processes of Reuse of Old Shipyards While Discussions on the Golden Horn Continue”…………………………………………………...……….41 Elifcan DUYGUN and İnanc Işıl YILDIRIM “An Alternative Design Approach: Floating Spaces of Istanbul…………………………………………………………………………………………………47 İstem Seckin PARLAKYILDIZ KÖSE, İnanc Işıl YILDIRIM and Selin YILDIZ “The role of Architecture for the Future of Cruise Ship Tourism in a Post-COVID World: Searching the Roadmap for Cruise Ship Interior Design”………………………………………………………………………62 Tania FELDZER “Reinventing the River Seine” and New Innovative Projects around River Boat Design”………………………………………………………………………………………………...76 N. Yağmur ŞİMŞEK“The Role of Water as a Design Element: Effects on Moorish Architecture and It’s Cross-Border Structures”…………………………………………………………………………89 Leila Krivosic DIZDAREVIC and Lana KUDUMOVIC “Water as determinant of Design in Buildings from Ottoman to Contemporary Time in Bosnia”……………………………………………………96 Marwan FARHAN and Heba HUSSEIN “The Gentrification of Al Haffa Waterfront, Salalah, Oman”………………………………………………………………………………………………...104 Tuba SARI“Mobile Houses: New Spatial Searches on Changing Urban Life”………………………111 Zuhal KOL, Carlos ZARCO SANZ and Meliz AKYOL ALAY “A Design Proposal for Haliç Coastal Landscape; Employing the Urban Memory to Transform Its Water Ecology”………………………121 Sayan BHATTACHARYA “Methods of Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater with Special Reference to Nanomaterial Application”……………………………………………………134 Zihni TURKAN and Esra KOKSALDI “Su ile Yaşam: “Tarihi Kent Dokuları ile Peyzajlarında Sürdürülebilirlik”……………………………………………………………………………………..146 Index………………………………………………………………………………………………….154 xii Proceeding Book Beykent 2 nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020 Istanbul/ Turkey xiii 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey AN ALTERNATIVE DESIGN APPROACH: FLOATING SPACES OF ISTANBUL Elifcan DUYGUN1, İnanç Işıl YILDIRIM2 1 Beykent University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, İstanbul/Turkey, and elifcanduygun@beykent.edu.tr 2 Beykent University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, İstanbul/Turkey, and isilyildirim@beykent.edu.tr ABSTRACT Water has been a vital factor in human life in every period of history. Urban morphology and form of structures have changed as a result of relation with water. Water creates an alternative in building future along with environmental problems. In geographies which have strong relations with water, floating architectural structures are seen. As a result of transformed circumstances, a variety of floating spaces are increasing. Istanbul has a special location at the point where Asian and European continents meet, and its coastal line is remarkable rich. First spatial examples of marine and coastal culture of İstanbul has seen in the late period of Ottoman Empire. After construction of Modern Turkey, summer houses, sea baths, beaches got spread to larger social strata and became a part of İstanbul’s daily routine. However, the architectural relationship with water has been still subaltern. Due to demographical, environmental and economic changes of İstanbul after 50s, s got weaken. On the other hand, İstanbul as a metropolitan area is still full of potential with fixed and active population. Despite the indirect and weak marine and coastal culture, there is manufactured examples in reference to floating architecture. In 1940, Architect Ahsen Yapanar and in 1970 Architect Melih Koray and Ergin Gömüç designed floating houses. In spite of those early examples, continuity hasn't been provided. Turkey and especially İstanbul has a huge role in naval architecture in the world, but floating architecture in design is neglected. Istanbul has lost its coastal culture compared to previous years but to revive them, the sea is the considerably current option. This study aimed to focus on coastal culture in the late Ottoman and early Republic era, to examine the relationship of floating places with coastal culture in the context of Yapanar’s and Koray’s design. It also purposes to open a discussion area on the role that floating spaces can play in order to develop coastal culture. Key Words: ; Melih Koray Floating Spaces; Marine Culture; 47 Coastal Culture; Ahsen Yapanar 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey INTRODUCTION In every period of history, water has a massive influence on human life and the evaluation of culture. From ancient ages to today, also as a topographical element, water affects the cities in the field of geography, technology, transportation, social and cultural life, ecology, and defence. According to the role of water in the cities, urban morphology, culture, and identity shape by different functions that are developed in time (Kılıç, 2001). Water always is the source that supports life on earth. In addition to functional benefits, it offers a proper climate for nature, view, and landscape area (Hamamcıoğlu, 2005). The cities such as New York, Hong Kong, Rotterdam, Hamburg, or Istanbul are known for their culture of water and its historical background. In these cities, the new daily life practices, leisure culture, specified public spheres, and functions are established in time by the effect of circumstances that related to water directly. In these cities, beyond ports and - the main trade spaces, new centres that have summer resorts, motels, beaches, sea baths, city clubs are seen in the city or suburb. The settlements extended the city and created new habits. In time, some cities could protect this culture but some of them lost their identity under the effect of socio-economic, cultural, and conditions. These are; • • • • • • • Global Warming Climatic Changes Rising Sea Levels Increasing of Population Influx of Population Restriction of the Use of Land Areas in the Earth Human intervention in coast lines The current and future facts listed above show us that we need new alternatives for a sustainable and liveable environment, so architecture appears before us by creating new solutions. In this case, architecture and water association can establish new approaches in geographies that have strong cultural, economic, and topographic relations with water such as experiments in the past. The relation of architecture and water collaborates cultural and physical environment at the same time. As a result of these, architectural products have been shaped by this collaboration. The architecture of the water can be categorized as two groups: Architecture in water and architecture on water. Architecture in water contains semi-submerged and fully submerged structures. The major habitable space of semi-submerged structures is under the water and rest of them are above water (Figure 1). Figure 1: Semi-submerged house in Dubai (Designboom, 2015) Fully submerged structures are fully under the water. Both structures have a special mechanism for ventilation, lighting and other services (Figure 2). Architecture on water types are structures with habitable spaces above water and floating architecture. Structures with habitable spaces above water provide life on the water but the supporting foundations submerged in water. Floating architecture consists of various structures afloat on the surface of water (Surana, 2017). Even in previous periods, various examples in different scales had been observed, considering today’s conditions and technology, new standards and practices will emerge in the public and private sphere in the future. At the same time, as a result of the changes experienced, the daily life practices and lifestyles of humans will change and new cultural structures will occur. 48 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Figure 2: Europe’s first fully submerged restaurant ‘Under’ (Snohetta, 2019) Floating architecture offers a flexible and sustainable alternative living space for public and private spaces around the world. Floating structures samples have been seen and built in İstanbul, which has one of the rare topographies on the earth. However, floating architecture examples could not be permanent due to the weakening of the relationship established with water which rose at the end of the 19th century and spread to different strata of the society in early years of the republic. Today, despite the appearance of İstanbul’s coastlines, the relationship with the water is established indirectly. This study claims that even though the city has potentials, the indirect relations between users and coasts have weakened the water culture of Istanbul and the samples of floating structures could not evolve. The search for a new design is important in cities such as Istanbul, where the relationship with water is limited by an invisible obstacle despite its rich possibilities. The purpose of the article is to establish the evaluation of sea culture in Istanbul and discuss alternative design approaches revealed. The chief task of the study creates discussion content to attract attention to values and potential of the city. Ergo, the historical process is limited from the early 19th century to today and samples contain only floating architecture samples. The study is structured in five main sections. Section two states that the concept of floating architecture. Section three with two sub-sections establishes the transformation of sea culture in Istanbul, and examines the samples designed by Ahsen Yapanar, Melih Koray and Ergin Gömüç. Section four concludes the past and current findings, pointing future approaches and calling for new discussions. CONCEPT of FLOATING ARCHITECTURE Floating architecture or living/working on the water is an increasingly recognizable approach today. Floating spaces define a structure that floats on water via a floatation system, is moored in a permanent location. They can contain a navigation system or not. In addition to this, they can have premises services or have self-supporting service facilities that provide electricity, water/sewage, gas itself (Moon,2014). Whether the contemporary forms of floating space samples are observed today, the structures are not brand-new technology and the origin of them dates back. Asian has a much longer history of floating architecture than European examples. Early forms of floating architecture are seen in Europe as houseboats (Stopp & Strangfeld, 2010). Early samples of houseboats were used in the 17th century and after two world wars, in the 20th century, the number of houseboats had already reached 10,000 (Figure 3). The transformed living places are accepted as pioneers on the water (Kloos & De Korte, 2007). Notwithstanding, houseboats are designed as boats instead of housing and used for living, whereas floating architecture, in this case floating homes, is designed in the meaning of shelter. The floating structure and function of it are the product of the design process (De Graaf, 2009). Figure 3: Houseboats of Amsterdam (Amstrdam Wonderland, 2016) Today’s world is facing numerous problems such as environmental, and socio-economical. Sustainable architectural practices are valued more than every day for the future of the world. Floating architectural spaces also appear as practices that attract attention in terms of their sustainable features and are considered for planning. The concept of sustainability 49 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey contains economic and social policies such as poverty or health, in addition to environmental issues such as environment and climate conditions (Erbay & Özden, 2018). Parallel to this situation, Moon considers the sustainability of floating structures in three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social dimensions (Moon, 2014). This theoretical structure, which is revealed, provides a reference to the method that will allow the floating spaces to be considered in a holistic way. With reference to the main groups of this classification, it is possible to examine floating spaces by adding other existing conditions and features. Climate changes such as rising sea or river levels, global warming, and natural disasters originating from climate changes (Moon, 2014) are related to the environmental aspect of the floating houses. Especially in developing and underdeveloped countries, low-income groups may have not a chance to move from flood-risk areas (Penning-Rowsell, 2020). In this sense, floating structures on the water level would provide durability and protection of the house in case of flooding for coastal/river and lowlands areas (Moon, 2014) by its structural features and mobility (Penning-Rowsell, 2020). A floating structure can also have or access renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energies without obstacles. Also, hydrothermal systems have been used in floating hotels such as Salt and Sill (Sweden), and IBA Docak (Germany) (Moon, 2015). According to the features listed above show that floating spaces create flexibility for both producers and users, provides sustainability and also mobility, reassure to possible sudden damages and disasters that occurred as a result of climate change. Economic aspect is affected by materials and construction processes. Floating structures come with new material requirements and opportunities (Stopp & Strangfeld, 2010) as different than terrestrial architecture. Most parts of the structure are manufactured in a factory, transported, and assembled, and moored on site. The prefabrication creates the possibility of saving in construction wastes as well as allowing the modular system to contribute to economic sustainability (Moon, 2014). Floating structures also affect the city economy as they establish a relationship with the city apart from their own costs. Especially in metropolitan areas construction grounds have been decreased due to the growth of population and urbanisation. 55.3 percent of the world’s population lived in urban settlements in 2018. By 2030, urban areas are projected to house 60 percent of people globally and one in every three people will live in cities with at least half a million inhabitants (The World cities in 2018, 2018). The data present that in the future the cities will be facing a lack of ground. In this case, floating architecture provides a resolution to the lack of construction ground, and also extend the usage of the lands. The new surfaces on water may help to decrease construction prices as an alternative construction ground. Social aspects contain different conditions belonging to society. Even though Moon treats the social dimension’s section as the users' proximity or isolation to the landscape, floating architecture examples can be associated with much more universal problems and produce solutions (Moon, 2014). Globalization created a world without borders. Under the influence of this, the influx of people spread and the population of the cities increased. Climate changes also give acceleration to the influx of people. According to the world bank report, the number of migrants will ramp up by 2050 and over 100 million people will shift to other places (Rigaud, de Sherbin, et al, 2018). New social groups or strata in the society will reveal new needs for housing, public, and recreation spaces. Coastlines and social life are highly related in cities that have sea and rivers. The intervention of mankind changed coastal morphology during the time. After the neoliberal turn, in some cities like İstanbul, coastlines lost their public identity, and the sea culture evaluated in time. Usage of the coastlines and water had decreased and specific spaces had been lost (Burçoğlu, 2008). Floating spaces will offer new surfaces for people to create new relations and provide the society and the culture sustained. In London Carl Turner designed a floating house to solve flood problems in residential areas (Figure 4). CTA also intends to share the project on open source. In this sense, we can evaluate the example in the environmental aspect. However, the prototype also offers many options for potential homeowners. Beyond mass production, 3D printing and CNC milling machines are available for construction. The general idea is that the house could be as components, thus the pieces could be assembled in just a couple of weeks. This opportunity would create economic flexibility and saving. Other examples, such as this one, can be used not only in developed countries but also in developing and underdeveloped countries to provide social relief. Being in an open-source would feed the social aspect of the concept. If we need to examine it through a single example, floating architecture in environmental, economic, and social terms shows multidimensional features and brings innovations (Inhabitat, 2015). Figure 4: Carl Turner’s Floating House (Inhabitat, 2015) 50 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey The classification shows that floating spaces are not only structurally interesting. It establishes many spatial connections in environmental, economic, and social areas and offers flexibility by making suggestions. Floating spaces in areas that will be risky for the future of the world such as climate change, large human migrations, and the loss of public benefit of coastal uses, they turn over a new leaf different from all terrestrial architecture. Floating spaces can have been functioned as public, semi-public, and private. By the late of 20th century, they used as pavilions, hotels, educational buildings, recreation platforms such as swimming clubs, baths, public spaces as concert halls, working spaces, research centres, farms, largely, houses, and even memorial buildings. According to these aspects, floating spaces with their beneficial and sustainable features are promising design approaches for the future and encouraging people towards (Duman&Zengel, 2016). FLOATING SPACES OF ISTANBUL İstanbul has a special geographical structure and characteristic topography due to its location. The historical city located on the joint point of Asia and European continents. As a result of this, it has many different coastal types, all of which provide different social and cultural experiences. Seaside culture of İstanbul occurred in the last period of the Ottoman State, spread to the public, and became a culture of a wider social group. During the culture of the sea has been evaluating, different genres of spaces had involved in the daily life of Stambouliotes. Among the architectural examples that have emerged, there are two different samples that detach themselves from terrestrial architecture. The floating housing of İstanbul will be examined from the floating architecture perspective. For this reason, in this section, primarily, the evaluation of İstanbul’s seaside culture and the current environment will be discussed and later the floating spaces which have house function will be examined. THE SEASIDE CULTURE OF ISTANBUL Although Istanbul has established different relations with water in many stages of history, seaside culture in its present sense was shaped at the end of the 18th century. Before the seaside and sayfiye (summer resorts) culture, mesire (picnic areas) culture is widely accepted. The Ottoman society’s perception of seaside culture as a landscape and recreation area has transformed, and new practices’ becoming a cultural norm started by the Tulip Period and became stronger with Westernization. New public and civil architecture samples have been observed by the influence of transformed sea culture. After the Republic, the spaces that occurred on the coasts of İstanbul had been transformed by the influence of the society and new secular lifestyles. However, as a result of internal migrations, economic changes, and urban policies, the relation with water established in the coast district got weaken. From the beginning to the latest periods of the Ottoman Empire, the culture of the sea and seaside were not a part of daily life. The city centre is the Suriçi area where the palace is located. In the Ottoman society, swimming or spending time by the sea was not a customary habit. Enjoying the sea as a landscape and swimming became a habit and leisure activity not only for Ottoman society but also in Western society in the 19th century, during the Victorian Period (Yağan, 2018). In Britain, people used wooden cabinets called “bathing machines” to go swim, and these cabinets are isolated from the opposite gender and other classes (Figure 6). The bathing machines are not real buildings, most of the time they are pulled by horses (Williamson, 2018). In the same period, more evolved approach which is sea bath was going to be released in Istanbul. Figure 6: Bathing Machines in Victorian Britain (Williamson, 2018). The relationship between Istanbul and the sea actually started before the 19th century. In the Tulip Period (1718-1730), new lifestyles such as consuming habits or leisure practices had occurred. In this period when the use of the public sphere is increased, new picnic and seaside areas had released. Haliç District was the first mesire district with its large picnic areas before Boğaziçi. Later the wealthy Rum society of Istanbul preferred Boğaziçi as a summer resort district in this period. 51 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Nonetheless, the sea is not used directly in these years. By the 19th century, Boğaziçi and Prince Islands became real summer districts. With the Tanzimat period, the allowance in the right of foreigners to own property, new habits that were included in daily life after the Crimean War, and the change of social life with Westernization accelerated the summer life. By the 19th century, middle and upper classes had also been created by the new economic and social conditions. The new strata of the Ottoman State had bought summer resorts in districts such as Boğaziçi and Prince Islands where they can reach easily during the summer. Istanbul extended through new regions by creating new centres. In these centres new residential typologies were seen (Figure 7). Summer Palaces and waterfront mansions were constructed for the royal dynasty and their officers, ambassadors, and new bourgeois in coastline districts such as Beşiktaş, Ortaköy, Kuruçeşme, Bebek, Arnavutköy, Yeniköy, Tarabya. During this period, new summer resort districts as Erenköy, Göztepe, Suadiye developed (Alkan, 2014). Figure 7: A gravure exhibits Beşiktaş Palace and other Waterfront Mansions in European Side of İstanbul (Melling, 1819) With the spread of seaside culture, people started to swim in sea baths from the second half of the 19th century (Figure 8). Sea baths undertook the mission of transition while swimming habits were developing (Yağan, 2018). Sea baths were built as spaces standing on stilts, with a pool in the middle, and surrounded by wooden curtains. The samples that are built for public use were constructed 15-20 meters away from the coastline and removed at the end of the season (Figure 9). The samples that are built for the owners of the waterfront mansions had stood for the whole year. The rules and borders of construction are defined by the regulations named Umumi Deniz Hamamları Nizamnamesi which was established by İstanbul Municipality. These structures constructed for men and women separately and located away from each other to prevent the communication of two genders (Şahin, 1994). The sea baths can be included in architecture on water according to its form and construction type. Figure 8: Sea bath in Makriköy (Bakırköy). It is clearly understood that the structure on the water and linked to ground by the help of a simple bridge (Pera Musem, 2018) 52 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Figure 9: Sea bath for women in Moda can be seen in the right bottom of the photo (Mimdap, 2014) At the beginning of the 20th century, numerous sea baths were seen on both sides of Istanbul. During the period of Armistice, the concept of picnic had gained a new definition. In this period, White Russians who left their country because of the Soviet Revolution brought the fashion of the beach (Toprak, 1994). Besides Russians, Brits also went swimming men and women together in Florya (Şahin, 1994). Russians opened new consumption spaces named French that have their functions like food and beverage, fun, and others in there. After a while, taverns called Koltuk Meyhanesi and wooden structures alike bath cabinets were seen among the seaside (Sperco, 1989). Figure 10: A look from Ataköy Beach. The cabinets and buildings can be seen in the photo (Bora & Bora, 2015) New beaches such as Menekşe, Fenerbahçe, Ataköy, Kalamış, Caddebostan, Suadiye, Moda and Süreyya were seen on the stage in addition to Florya Beach by the effect of the social structure transformed after the Republic and secularism. Beaches after transformed from sea baths became public spheres where the women and men spent their time equally (Figure 10). According to Toprak, beaches transformed into the venue also so casinos (open-air cafes, term is adopted from Italian), restaurants, coffee houses and even stages are opened (Figure 11). These functions create a place for families also. There are family casinos on some beaches (Toprak, 2018a). Besides the entertainment, sport activities such as swimming and diving on some beaches such as Moda and Kalamış (Pera Müzesi, 2018). 53 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Figure 11: Comfortable luxury rooms, jazz and casino, warm see, fine sand and easy access: An advertisement of Süreyya Plajı in Maltepe. A modern woman figure who wears bikini is also on the focus. It represents secular daily life of Republic (Pera Museum, 2018) Figure 12: Young swimmers in Moda (Toprak, 2018a) In the first years of the Republic, there are clubs related to sea and water activities in districts Moda and Büyükada. Moda Deniz Club hosted rowing races, especially on Maritime and Cabotage Day (Figure 12). It is known that Atatürk’s favorite races are held in Moda. Prince Islands also became famous for its beaches. Before then, there were sea baths like other regions of Istanbul. However, with the new bourgeois, especially Büyükada was preferred for summer days (Pera Museum, 2018). On the other side of Istanbul, in Florya Beach, there is a Marine Mansion designed by Seyfi Arıkan. This building also presents how important seaside culture is for modern Turkish society and publicity. In addition to the idea that the building has references to the transatlantic aesthetics of the period, there is a claim that it has a local reference. Esra Akcan claims that Marine Mansion refers to traditional sea baths and follows their forms (Akcan, 2009; Güney 2019). Marine Mansion or Florya Mansion were built on stilts and linked to the ground by a bridge (Figure 13-14). Even it is a federal summer residence, Atatürk (Figure 15) went swimming from there (Mimdap, 2017). In this sense, the claims are not unfounded considering the structure of the sea baths. But the strong aesthetics of waterfront mansions should be remembered. In every case, from the waterfront mansionss to the Marine Mansion, summer house culture transformed and spread to other social groups of society. The sea culture of İstanbul is a well-known and experienced fact until recently. 54 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Figure 13: Florya Marine Mansion from air (Mimdap, 2017) Figure 14: Florya Marine Mansion on from seaside Mimdap, 2017) Figure 15: Atatürk and people are in the Florya Beach. The buildings can be seen behind the crowd (Torpak, 2018a) With the Florya-Sirkeci coastal road built in the 1950s, a significant part of Istanbul has been disconnected from the seaside. At the same time, the use of beaches was abandoned due to the increasing pollution in Marmara. Between 1940 and 1980, the demographic structure of Istanbul had changed rapidly due to internal migration (Toprak, 2018b). The coasts have been filled due to the increasing land need in the process until today, and the historical topography of Istanbul has been damaged. The filling areas were created to be opened to the use of people, but the coastal roads were enlarged through them. The new squares and recreation areas on the filling areas are ill-defined and not proper for the human scale. The road is disconnecting the relationship between new coastlines and territory also. By 2017, the filling areas reached 2.55 km like a new district (Hürriyet, 2017). As a result of the interventions from the 1950s to today, the sea culture of Istanbul was completely reduced to the landscape. Today, although landscape studies or projects are carried out to establish the relationship of the people of Istanbul with the coast, these projects are an eclectic effort and have not succeeded in bringing back Istanbul’s strong sea and sea culture. FLOATING HOUSES of ISTANBUL ON THE SEA During the development of sea culture in Istanbul, there are alternative design approaches that had occurred. In 1939, Architect Ahsan Yapanar and in 1970 Arhictect Melih Koray and his partner Architect Ergin Gömüç designed floating houses. These structures were seen in the period when the sea culture was alive and common among the wide social groups. 55 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey In this sense, the floating spaces are progressive and reformer even for this period and encourage us for today and the future. Ahsen Yapanar reports the Yüzenev (Floating House) Project, which she designed in Arkitekt magazine in 1939. The floating house, which is a residential design large enough to accommodate three to five people, has a living room, bedroom, kitchen, toilet and a small terrace in front (Figure 16). Since the roof of the building is flat, it acts as a platform for sunbathing and jumping into the sea (Yapanar, 1939). It is possible to follow the architectural style of the period in her design: Modernist lines, portholes, form of the building reminds as transatlantic style (Güney, 2019). The design approach of Yüzenev makes the structure architectural product because of the aims and practices (Figure 17). Figure 16: First plan of Yapanar’s Floating House (Yapanar, 1939) Figure 17: Yüzen ev from different perspectives (Yapanar, 1939) In another article about Yapanar’s design which is published in 1947, it is mentioned that the Yüzer Ev (Floating House) project has electricity and a motor that provides it with movement. In the same text, it is emphasized that the structures built according to marine structure standards. The structure constructed with resinous wood and covered with plywood. The roof covered with a material that provides isolation (Arkitekt, 1947). When the plans and sections are examined, it is understood that the structure is constructed as a house due to layouts and furniture choices (Figure 18). If we compare two projects of Yapanar, it is blindingly obvious that the design and construction system are developed in eight years (Figure 19). Until the 1970s, various floating structures on Marmara and Bosporus are seen in photos, and then some, it is announced on the poster of the Denizcilik Bankası that anyone who has a deposit account at the bank can own the Floating Mansion by draw. However, the forms of these structures look like boats more than designed structures (Denizcilik Bilgileri, 2019). 56 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Figure 18: Plans of Yüzer Ev in 1947 (Arkitekt, 1947) Figure 19: The form of the structure (Arkitek, 1947) 57 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey Figure 20: Other floating houses are on the sea. It can be observed that main approach has been transformed (Denizcilik Bilgileri, 2019) In 1970’s, Katamaran House designed by Melih Koray and Ergin Gömüç locatedin in Kalamış coast. Katamaran House is a two-storey residence placed on two boats. The architects aimed for mass production of the floating structure. Related to this, they announced that first cost is 50.000 liras, but the cost would decrease to 35.000 liras by the help of mass production (Güney, 2019). In a news of this structure, a subtitle is remarkable: “In Istanbul in summer, in Antalya in winter.” This phrase points to the mobility of the structure. There is no specific information about materials but wooden materials are understood from the limited photos (Mimdap, 2014). Katamaran house exhibits a different spatial organization than previous examples due to being two-storey house. There lays sleeping area on the upper floor, and living and fun areas on the ground floor. The architects designed for the dining room bar to create a leisure and fun place in this house (Figure 20). Katamaran House projects were not sustained after it was damaged by a fire (Güney, 2019). Figure 20 Katamaran House on the Marmara Sea (Denizcilik Bilgileri, 2019) CONCLUSION The designs of Yapanar and Koray&Gömüç are the approaches that take forward the examples of architecture on the water seen in Istanbul. Today, although there are suggestions for floating architectural examples in our country, they either remain simple structures or their references are yacht aesthetics. But when the world and specific examples in Turkey, it is observed that there is a design approach of all. Yüzen ev or Yüzer Ev (two different use were stated originally in the Arktiekt magazine) and Katamaran House contributed to the spaces that were occurred as a result of the rich seaside culture of İstanbul which is evolved in time by bringing an alternative approach. Even their continuity couldn’t be provided, the floating spaces establish strong references for the future. The floating spaces of Istanbul have similar features to other floating structures. First of all, as De Graaf emphasized, they were designed as (1) floating space, and (2) house. It is out of the question to transform another typology into a house like the houseboats example. These spaces designed with an approach and concept and the qualifications make them architectural production. Yapanar, followed the architectural style of the period, established spatial organization according 58 2nd International Symposium of Design for Living with Water 18-19 November 2020, Istanbul, Turkey to function, designed furniture according to revealed void. Koray and Gömüç, refers to traditional hunt or chalet in their design. They created a weekend or holiday resort so designed according to leisure time perception of the period. They add a second floor bravely even today it is revolutionary. One another feature that makes these structures important is mobility. Scholars who study floating architecture discuss mobility in the field of environment, landscape, social dimensions. As we examined, both designs have the ability to move to other locations on the sea. Besides providing a great landscape view, it would protect users from environmental and climate problems if they still existed. The components of floating structures are suitable for prefabrication. This opportunity saves time and money. Although Yüzer Ev and Katamaran House aimed mass production purposes. In this sense, both samples were designed to allow mass production and cost calculations were made. Even the conditions of the period would not provide their continuity, they still offer important bases for today. Today, the production and delivery of materials that enable water-related design are wider than in previous years. Fiberglass, woods, steel or aluminium allow more flexible designs for contemporary floating spaces. New construction methodologies and materials have been established with the help of technology. Yapanar, and Koray&Gömüç used the existing materials for their design. Floating places of Istanbul are important examples that reflect the point where the city's sea culture has come. Apart from the floating house and the Katamaran House, the examples viewed from the photographs and advertisements reveal that floating structures - houses in this sense - can be preferred by other strata of the society. Istanbul is one of the mega cities at the focal point of the world. Environmental, economic and social problems in the world affect the city as well. If we need to propose a projection for the future of the city, it is obvious that with the reference of the two examples examined, floating architecture examples will contribute to the production the space in different dimensions. With the effect of globalization, the permanent and temporary population of Istanbul is increasing day by day. It is not possible to eliminate the interventions in the city such as filling areas or roads. In this sense, by the help of floating spaces are used for functions such as housing and accommodation, culture and art, education and recreation, in İstanbul, • the use of urban land can increase. New public buildings in different functions such as culture, education, health buildings can be constructed. • attention to the sea can be promoted again by reviving the coastal relations from a different perspective • the spatial needs of increasing population and density can be solved with mass production and low-cost structures • thanks to its design principles, by using ecological materials and techniques, it can make great contributions to the economic, environmental and social sustainability of the city Considering the future of the world, it is obvious that terrestrial architecture needs new alternatives at many points. It is important to become a sustainable city in order to exist in the future. 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