NEWLY DISCOVERED SECTION OF THE DERBENT MUSLIM NECROPOLIS OF THE 11-12TH CENTURIES

Gadjiev  Murtazali

HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE CAUCASUS. V. 17. № 4. 2021. P 1022-1083 EXPEDITIONS DOI: https://doi.org/10.32653/CH174 https://doi.org/10.32653/CH1741022-1083 Murtazali S. Gadjiev Dr. Sci. (History), Prof., Head of Dept. of Archaeology Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography Dagestan Federal Research Centre of RAS, Makhachkala, Russia murgadj@rambler.ru Arsen L. Budaychiev Junior Researcher Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography Dagestan Federal Research Centre of RAS, Makhachkala, Russia arseneihae@yandex.ru Abdula M. Abdulaev Junior Researcher Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography Dagestan Federal Research Centre of RAS, Makhachkala, Russia realhigh87@mail.ru Kydyrali B. Shaushev Researcher Research and Practice Center “Tourism and Local History” LLC, Makhachkala, Russia kadyrali@mail.ru NEWLY DISCOVERED SECTION OF THE DERBENT MUSLIM NECROPOLIS OF THE 11-12TH CENTURIES © Gadjiev M.S., Budaychiev A.L., Abdulaev A.M., Shaushev K.B., 2021 © Daghestan Federal Research Centre of RAS, 2021 1022 ИСТОРИЯ, АРХЕОЛОГИЯ И ЭТНОГРАФИЯ КАВКАЗА. Т. 17. № 4. 2021. С. 1022-1083 ЭКСПЕДИЦИИ DOI: https://doi.org/10.32653/CH1741022-1083 https://doi.org/10.32653/CH174 Гаджиев Муртазали Серажутдинович д.и.н., профессор,заведующий отделом археологии Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН, Махачкала, Россия murgadj@rambler.ru Будайчиев Арсен Лахманович младший научный сотрудник Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН, Махачкала, Россия arseneihae@yandex.ru Абдулаев Абдула Магомедович младший научный сотрудник Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН, Махачкала, Россия realhigh87@mail.ru Шаушев Кыдырали Байрамгазыевич научный сотрудник ООО «НПЦ “Туризм и краеведение”», Махачкала, Россия kadyrali@mail.ru НОВООТКРЫТЫЙ УЧАСТОК МУСУЛЬМАНСКОГО НЕКРОПОЛЯ ДЕРБЕНТА XI-XII вв. © Гаджиев М.С., Будайчиев А.Л., Абдулаев А.М., Шаушев К.Б., 2021 © Дагестанский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН, 2021 1023 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Abstract. As a result of archaeological supervision in Derbent, conducted in 2020, a section of a medieval northern city necropolis on a Muslim burial site was identified, located behind the northern city defensive wall. More than 80 sarcophagus-like tombstones were discovered, made of single stone monoliths and consisting of the upper part – the body, and a protruding rectangular plinth. They can be divided into three main types: 1 – with a semicircular cross-section of the body (semi-cylindrical), 2 – with a pointed cross-section, 3 – with a rectangular cross-section of the body. We point out Sarcophagi Nos. 1-3, two of which (Sarcophagi Nos. 1, 2) have a figure image on top of the body – an eight-pointed star or simplified hectogram – a well-known Muslim symbol rubʿalHizb or najmat al-Quds associated with one of the main shrines of Muslim mosque, the Dome of the Rock (Masjid Qubbat as-Sahra) in Jerusalem, also known as the “Seljuk star” (Turk. Selçuklu Yıldızı), which became widespread in the Seljuk Empire in architectural decoration and decorative and applied art (artistic ceramics, metal) in different variations. The length of the body of the identified sarcophagi ranges from 52 to 266 cm with a width of 19-68 cm and a height of 13-56 cm; the length of the plinth ranges from 68 cm to 288 cm with a width of 40-95 cm and a thickness of 5-10 cm. The dimensions of the sarcophagi most likely reflect three age categories of the buried: children, adolescents, and adults. Sarcophagus No. 40 has an epitaph in Arabic in Kufic script of the 11th – 12th с. All sarcophagi located in situ are oriented westbound and mark the location of burials under them, obviously having the same orientation and made in elongated rectangular stone boxes (cists). The identified sarcophagi date back to the last third of the 11th – 12th c. and their presence in Derbent and Dagestan is associated with the Seljuk military-political and ethno-cultural expansion in the Eastern Caucasus. Keywords: Caucasus; Derbent; medieval Muslim necropolis; tombstones; sarcophagi; Seljuks. Аннотация. В результате проведения археологических наблюдений в Дербенте, проведенных в 2020 г., был выявлен мусульманский могильник, представляющий участок средневекового северного городского некрополя, располагавшегося за северной городской оборонительной стеной. Было обнаружено более 80 саркофагообразных надмогильных памятников, изготовленных из единого каменного монолита и состоящих из верхней части – корпуса и выступающего прямоугольного плинта. Они представляют на три основных типа: 1 – с полукруглым сечением корпуса (полуцилиндрические), 2 – со стрельчатым сечением, 3 – с прямоугольным сечением корпусамеют. Выделяются саркофаги №№ 1-3, два из которых (саркофаги №№ 1, 2) имеют фигурные изображения на верху корпуса – это восьмиконечная звезда или упрощенная октограмма – известный мусульманский символ rubʿ al-Hizb или najmat al-Quds, ассоциируемый с одной из главных мусульманских святынь – мечетью Купол Скалы (Masjid Qubbat as-Sahra) в Иерусалиме, но известный в литературе также под названием «сельджукская звезда» (тур. Selçuklu Yıldızı), который получил распространение в Сельджукской империи в архитектурном декоре и декоративно-прикладном искусстве (художественная керамика, металл) в различных вариациях. Длина корпуса выявленных саркофагов колеблется в пределах 52-266 см при ширине 19-68 см и высоте 13-56 см; длина плинта составляет от 68 см до 288 см при ширине 40-95 см и толщине 5-10 см. Очевидно, размеры саркофагов отражают три возрастных категории погребенных: детские, подростковые, взрослые. Саркофаг № 40 имеет эпитафию на арабском языке почерком куфи XI-XII вв. Все саркофаги, расположенные in situ, ориентированы в западном направлении и указывают на расположение под ними погребений, очевидно, имеющих такую же ориентацию и совершенных в удлиненных прямоугольных каменных ящиках (цисты). Выявленные саркофаги датируются последней третью XI – XII вв. и их появление в Дербенте и Дагестане связывается с сельджукской военно-политической и этнокультурной экспансией на Восточном Кавказе. Ключевые слова: Кавказ, Дербент, средневековый мусульманский некрополь, надмогильные памятники, саркофаги, Сельджуки. 1024 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 The discovery of the tombstones In February-March of 2020 the Derbent archaeological expedition of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the DFRC of RAS conducted an archaeological supervision as part of measures to ensure the preservation of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance – the “Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent” – on the territory of the Nizami Ganjavi city park, at the construction site of a fountain (Fig. 1, 2). This territory is located directly behind the northern city defensive wall of the medieval city, in the area between Towers No. 46-50, i.e. outside the medieval Shahristan, at a distance of about 70 m from the defensive wall. It should be noted only two excavations were planned in the area of the park (Fig. 2) – Excavation area 22, where a medieval Muslim cult object was discovered, known in the 18th – 19th centuries under the names Bab al-Qiyama (Arab.), Kiyamatkapy (Turk.), Dar-i Qiyamat (Pers., the “Gate of Resurrection”, the “Gate of Judgment day”) [1, p. 29-39; 2, p. 20-37; 3, p. 35-36], and Excavation area 33, where an early Muslim burial ground was identified, dating the late 8th – early 9th centuries [4, pp. 202-226]. In 2014, in the northern section of the park, a few dozen meters south of the modern construction site, when digging a pit for the construction of a sports complex without conducting any archaeological supervision, ignoring federal legislation in the field of cultural heritage protection, several dozen burials in stone boxes-cists of a medieval Muslim burial ground were destroyed; as a result, the construction of the sports complex was halted, and the object was included in the register of identified objects of cultural heritage. According to the initial project, the site (72×72 m) for the construction of the fountain was located in the central part of the park parallel to the northern city wall (Fig. 1, 2). Later, in regard to the archaeological objects discovered during the work, the territory of the future fountain was moved 25 m to the North-East-East. The examined area had been subjected to active economic impact, and the upper layers had been disturbed by digging during the laying of urban communications and earthworks for the park that was previously located there. No cultural stratifications were observed on the territory of the construction site. The upper layer, with a thickness of 30-40 cm in the northern and eastern parts of the construction site to 70-80 cm in the southern and western parts of the construction site, was a gray-brownish, gray-colored loam of medium density, of an obvious alluvial nature. The upper part of this layer contained modern waste. It was underlain by a layer of brownish, dense, packed sandy loam, the thickness of which has not been determined. In this layer and on the border with the overlying loam layer, the objects of archaeological heritage described below were identified. That is, the overlying alluvial layer had formed after the occurrence of these objects, probably as a result of the periodic accumulation of inflatable soil as a 1025 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 result of the influence of predominant north-westerly winds, the deposition of soil by water flows from the mountains and the use of this territory for gardening plots in the 18th (possibly earlier) – the first half of the 20th centuries, indicated on the plans of the city of the specified time. In the process of observing the dismantling of old storm-water drain lines that ran in the western part of the construction site at a depth of 0.9-1.5 m from the daytime surface, several randomly lying sarcophagus-like tombstones and their fragments were discovered in the trenches under these lines (hereinafter, for convenience’s sake, these monuments will be called “sarcophagus”, i.e. a tombstone monument in the form of a stone coffin, tomb) (Fig. 3). During further examination in the western and south-western part of the construction site on a plot of 1500 sq. m (60×25 m) at a distance of 70-130 m to the north-west from tower 47 of the northern city wall, 81 sarcophagus-like tombstones (No. 1-81) made of local (Derbent) sandstone were identified and cleared (Fig. 4, 5). The discovered sarcophagus-like tombstones, also known in the literature as sarcophagi, chests, chest-shaped, semi-cylindrical, are made of single stone monoliths, and consist of the upper part – the body – and a protruding rectangular plinth. All unearthed sarcophagi have a solid structure, their body is not hollow. All tombstones, with the exception of Sarcophagus No. 40, have no inscriptions or epitaphs on them. Description of the identified sarcophagi The following is a description of sarcophagus-like tombstones extracted from trenches under sewer and storm lines. Extracted Sarcophagus No. 1 (Fig. 3a) has a semicircular body in cross-section, slightly asymmetrical, at the base of the body there is a narrow pedestal (2×3 cm). Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body length – 214-222 (base – top), width – 46 cm, height – 43-48 cm; plinth: total length – 237 cm, total width – 80 cm, thickness – 10 cm. Extracted Sarcophagus No. 2 (Fig. 3b) has a semicircular body in cross-section, slightly asymmetrical. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 126-130×25×22 cm; plinth – 143×60×10 cm. Extracted Sarcophagus No. 3 (Fig. 3c) has a semicircular body in cross-section, slightly asymmetrical. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 155-160×32-36×35 cm; plinth – 168×80×10 cm. Extracted Sarcophagus No. 4 (Fig. 3d) has a semicircular body in cross-section, at the base of the body there is a narrow step-like skirting (4.5×1.5 cm). Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 150×40×35 cm; plinth – 170×88×10 cm. The following is a description of 81 sarcophagus-like tombstones discovered in situ, as well as the remains of stone fences, two platforms-pedestals for tombstones 1026 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 and a stone box-cist, on which a sarcophagus had also been installed. All the revealed sarcophagi were lying in situ, some of them were slightly disturbed, tilted, or damaged. With a long axis, they were oriented to the western sector, mainly in the direction of NEE-SWW. The discovery of these massive tombstones in situ indicates the location of burials under them that have the same orientation. We note that the sarcophagi (upper marks) lay at depths from 0.4 m to 1.15 m with a gradual decrease in their occurrence to the north and south in accordance with the general terrain. The plinths and bottoms of the sarcophagi mark the daytime surface of the time of their installation over the burial. During the cleaning, a rectangular structure was revealed in the northern part of the site, consisting of wide, finely-dressed rectangular stone slabs placed vertically on a longitudinal edge, forming a partially enclosed territory, indicated Enclosure No. 1 (Fig. 4-6). It has internal dimensions of about 4.7×8.3 m and is oriented with a long axis along the NEE-SWW line. The western (transverse) wall of the enclosure consists of three slabs placed close to each other (132×80-83×22 cm; 170×82×23 cm; 168×95-100×23-25 cm). The southern (longitudinal) wall includes four slabs, one of which is smaller (107×49×25-28 cm) compared to the others (253×79×23 cm; 209×78×23 cm; 273×75×23 cm) and lies flat; the two extreme slabs are tilted to the north. The extreme western slab of the southern wall abuts perpendicularly to the western transversal wall. Only one slab (228×92×23 cm) survived from the northern wall, perpendicular to the northern edge of the eastern wall. The eastern wall consists of two slabs measuring 220×59×20-25 cm, and 209×57×28 cm respectively. This wall does not reach the junction with the southern wall, forming a 55 cm wide passage in the south-eastern corner of the enclosure, which was evidently closed with a wooden beam; this fact is justified by the presence on the end sides of the opposing slabs of the corresponding rectangular facing each other grooves for beams that are on the same level. Four sarcophagus-like tombstones (Sarcophagi Nos. 1-4) were found in the enclosed area (Fig. 4, 6), oriented with a long axis along the NEE-SWW line. Sarcophagus No. 1 (Fig. 7, 8) has a body of a sub-rectangular shape in crosssection with beveled longitudinal edges and a wide plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. The body of the sarcophagus has a slight asymmetry; its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 197×29×40 cm; plinth – 200×74×9cm. The top of the sarcophagus body is decorated in the western part with a grooved eight-pointed star carved on the subsquare platform, in the eastern part – with a rectangular groove (16×14×2.5 cm) carved on the sub-square platform. Sarcophagus No. 2 (Fig. 7, 9) has a body of a sub-rectangular shape in crosssection with beveled longitudinal edges and a wide plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. The body of the sarcophagus has 1027 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 a slight asymmetry; its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 204×28×39-42 cm; plinth – 208×69×9 cm. The upper part of the body from the western and eastern ends is decorated on rectangular platforms with two cutout grooved eight-pointed stars, between which two parallel grooves run (length – 124 cm, width – 3 cm). Sarcophagus No. 3 (Fig. 7, 10) has a body of a sub-rectangular shape in crosssection with beveled longitudinal edges and a wide plinth protruding 20-25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. The body of the sarcophagus has a slight asymmetry; its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 192×36×43-47 cm; plinth – 198×76-78×10 cm. On the top of the sarcophagus at the western and eastern ends, paired two-frame rectangular grooves with a size of 18×15.5×2 cm each are carved on square platforms. On the eastern end face of the sarcophagus there is an inset linear geometric image (of a mosque?). Sarcophagus No. 4 (Fig. 6, 11) has a body with a semicircular section with a slightly pointed top and a wide plinth protruding 17 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. The body of the sarcophagus has a slight asymmetry; its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 200-210×3033×43-45.5 cm; plinth – 215×65×10 cm. In the western half of the enclosed area in situ there are two, almost identical in size (292×83×17 cm; 288×82×17 cm), massive slabs, tightly adjacent to each other and forming a kind of platform, marked Platform No. 1 (Fig. 5, 6). The slabs have one long and narrow cut-out groove in the center of their longitudinal edges facing each other, which form a rectangular niche at the junction of the slabs – an “opening” measuring 147×27 cm (Fig. 6). Evidently, a sarcophagus was once installed on this platform, judging by the location of Sarcophagus No. 40 on a similar pedestal of stone slabs (see below). During the cleaning of the eastern wall of the enclosure, directly under the bottom of the corner slab from the inside, at the level corresponding to the bottom near Sarcophagi Nos. 1, 2 and close to the ancient day surface, an iron head of a flanged mace (Rus. shestopyor/pernach) was found lying in situ (Fig. 12). It rested at a slight inclination, was turned outward by the hole of the shaft, and the top being under the slab. The circumstances of the discovery and location, the absence of deformation of this section of the fence wall and the displacement of the slab under which the mace head was found, the position of the find indicate that the head of the mace was intentionally placed under the slab. The fact that the head was placed under the slab without the handle is curious – no remnants of wood (impregnated with iron oxides or in the form of dust, as is usually observed) inside the iron shaft was found. A long stone slab (305×85×23 cm) continues the western wall of Enclosure No. 1 in the south direction, which is clearly the remains of the western transverse wall of another enclosed section of the necropolis – Enclosure No. 2 (Fig. 5, 6). In the area 1028 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 between this slab and the southern wall of Enclosure No. 1, there was Sarcophagus No. 5 and a stone box. Sarcophagus No. 5 (Fig. 5, 6, 13) has a low semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 24 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the western upper edge of the body there is an oval-shaped groove (15×10×2.5 cm). Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 190×28×22 cm; plinth – 200207×70-86×10 cm. Stone box (Fig. 5, 6, 13) is composed of four rectangular stone slabs placed on an edge, finely-dressed. It is oriented with a long axis along the east-west line. The northern and southern longitudinal walls of the box are represented by two massive slabs, measuring 205×23×71 cm and 198×21×64 cm, respectively; the western and eastern end walls are also formed by two slabs, but smaller (57×20×30 cm; 50×20×56 cm; the top is broken off). The dimensions of the internal interslab space are 203×64 cm. Judging by the level of deposition of the box, it is possible that this is not the actual burial structure, but a pedestal on which the sarcophagus was installed. The box was not opened. Outside Enclosure No. 1, beside its western wall, two sarcophagus-like tombstones were discovered lying side by side – Sarcophagi Nos. 6 and 7 (Fig. 5, 6). They are a separate pair of tombstones, which, apparently, mark the kinship of the buried. Sarcophagus No. 6 (Fig. 5, 6, 14a) has a partially surviving body, the top is broken off; at the base of the body there is a step-like skirting measuring 1.5×1.5 cm; a wide plinth protrudes 18 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 205×37×20-23 (surviving height) cm; plinth – 230×73×5-6 cm. During the cleaning near the northern floor of Sarcophagus No. 6, an accumulation of burnt bricks was revealed, including two whole ones, measuring 21-22×21-22×4 cm (Fig. 259). Bricks of this format were widespread since the 11th century. Sarcophagus No. 7 (Fig. 5, 6, 14b) has a low semicircular body with a slightly pointed top and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 4.5 (width) x1.5 (height) cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 165×31×18 cm; plinth – 198×82×10 cm. The following Sarcophagi Nos. 8-10 also represent a separate group of tombstones (Fig. 156, 158a), located close to each other and, possibly, marking the kinship of the buried. It should be noted that these sarcophagi represent one type. Sarcophagus No. 8 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 8) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 203×43×30-35 cm; plinth – 232×95×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 9 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 9) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 17 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base 1029 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 of the body there is a two-step skirting, each of the steps measuring 2.0-2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 130×32×26 cm; plinth – 151×67×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 10 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 10) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 3×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 150×35×26 cm; plinth – 196×80×14 cm. The following Sarcophagi Nos. 11-13 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 11-13) also represent a separate group of tombstones located close to each other and possibly indicating the kinship of the buried. Sarcophagus No. 11 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 11) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 24 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the sarcophagus body there is a step-like skirting measuring 3×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 217×40×27-30 cm; plinth – 246×89×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 12 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 12) has a semicircular (slightly pointed) body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 24 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. The body of the sarcophagus has a slight asymmetry; its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 206218×35×35 cm; plinth – 226×84×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 13 (Fig. 5, 6, 15, 13) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the sarcophagus there is a step-like skirting measuring 1.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 235×38×40 cm; plinth – 254×89×10 cm. The following Sarcophagi Nos. 14-16 are located south of the group of Sarcophagi Nos. 11-13, individually, at a certain (0.75-1.5 m) distance from each other (Fig. 5). They also represent one type of a pointed cross-section of the body and differ from other sarcophagi of this type by a narrow plinth, which is a slightly protruding pedestal. Their possible typological similarity and relative proximity of the location indicates the kinship of the buried. Sarcophagus No. 14 (Fig. 16, 14) has a pointed body in cross-section and a narrow plinth protruding 9 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 209×61×50 cm; plinth – 224×79×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 15 (Fig. 16, 15) has a pointed body in cross-section and a narrow plinth in the form of a step, protruding 3 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 208×64×50 cm; plinth – 217×70×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 16 (Fig. 16, 16) has a pointed body in cross-section and a narrow step-like plinth, protruding 4.5 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 203×68×47 cm; plinth – 216×77×10 cm. Sarcophagi Nos. 17 and 18 are located close to each other (Fig. 5, 17, 18, a); both of them have similar small sizes, and belong to the same type which, obviously, indicate 1030 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 a buried pair of closely related children, judging by the size of the sarcophagi. This may be indirectly indicated by the discovery near Sarcophagus No. 17 on the north side of two fallen stone columns with grooves for wooden beams (Fig. 5, 17, 18, a) from a once-existing fence (Enclosure No. 2). Sarcophagus No. 17 (Fig. 5, 17, 18, a) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 17 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a two-step skirting, each of the steps measuring 2.0×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 113×30×24 cm; plinth – 140×64×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 18 (Fig. 5, 17, 18, a) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a two-step skirting, each of the steps measuring 2×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 110×28-33×20-22 cm; plinth – 132×57×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 19 (Fig. 5, 17, 18, b, c) is located slightly to the south of a pair of Sarcophagi Nos. 17, 18, has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a two-step skirting, each of the steps measuring 1.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 239×45×41 cm; plinth – 270×90×2 cm. Sarcophagi Nos. 20-22 are located close to each other, forming a territorial, and possibly related group (Fig. 5, 17, 19). Sarcophagus No. 20 (Fig. 19, a) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 12 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 237-244×45×56 cm; plinth – 269×70×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 21 (Fig. 19, a) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 1.5×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 211-218×40×50 cm; plinth – approximately 230 (the eastern edge is broken off) x80×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 22 (Fig. 19, a) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 169-179×38×27-30 cm; plinth – 177×68×5 cm. Sarcophagi No. 23 (“adult”) and 24 (“child”), located next to each other (Fig. 5, 17), probably represent an individual pair. Sarcophagus No. 23 (Fig. 19, b) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 21 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 182×33×28 cm; plinth – 207×77×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 24 (child) (Fig. 19, b) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly 1031 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 asymmetrical body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 73-77×19-25×25 cm; plinth – 90×50×5 cm. 1.0-1.3 m west of Sarcophagi Nos. 23 and 24 there is a cluster of 15 tombstones – Sarcophagi Nos. 25-39 (Fig. 5, 17, 20). Sarcophagi Nos. 25-32 form the first row of burials, “adolescent” Sarcophagi Nos. 33-38 – the second row; the third row comprises a single small “child” Sarcophagus No. 39. Whole and fragments of stone columns of the fence were also revealed here, marked Enclosure No. 3 (Fig. 5, 17, 20). Four columns stand vertically in situ. Three of them are located along the same axial line (in the N-S direction), at an equal (about 1.2 m) distance from each other and enclose the site from the west side, following the sarcophagi of the first row (Sarcophagi Nos. 25-32). The fourth column with grooves is located in situ in a vertical position to the south-east – at the corner of Sarcophagus No. 31, on the border of the first and second rows of tombstones. It is obvious that this fence marks some kind of social group of burials located on the same plot tightly to each other and including both sarcophagi of “adults” and sarcophagi of “adolescent” and “children” burials. Sarcophagus No. 25 (Fig. 20, 21, a, b) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 215×48×36-40 cm; plinth – 235×90×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 26 (Fig. 20) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal edges of a slightly asymmetrical body. The end faces of the body are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 222-225×48×40 cm; plinth – 252×100×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 27 (Fig. 20) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal edges of a slightly asymmetrical body. The end faces of the body are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 145-147×26×29 cm; plinth – 167×54×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 28 (child) (Fig. 20, 21, c) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 4×1 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 52×20×13 cm; plinth - 68×40×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 29 (Fig. 20, 21, d, e) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×2.5 cm. In the center of the top of the body there is a carved round conical groove (d=5 cm, depth – 3 cm). Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 134×33×23-30 cm; plinth – 160×63×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 30 (Fig. 20, 22, a) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal edges of a slightly 1032 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 1.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 209213×41×32-40 cm; plinth – 228×70×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 31 (Fig. 20) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a narrow plinth protruding 8 cm in each direction from the longitudinal edges of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 180-186×34×32 cm; plinth – 201×49×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 32 (Fig. 20) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal edges of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 170-176×30-36×37 cm; plinth – 204×84×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 33 (Fig. 20, 22, b) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 147×38×36 cm; plinth – 167×75×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 34 (child) (Fig. 20, 22, c) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 115×32×23 cm; plinth – 137×60×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 35 (child) (fig. 20, 22, d) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 106×28×22 cm; plinth – 126×68×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 36 (child) (Fig. 20) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 18 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 80×29×22 cm; plinth – 94×64×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 37 (child) (Fig. 20) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 16 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 110×24×22 cm; plinth – 133×57×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 38 (child) (Fig. 20) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 3×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 88×27×20 cm; plinth – 100×66×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 39 (child) (Fig. 20) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 79×23×22 cm; plinth – 94×67×5 cm. We should point out that all sarcophagi located inside Enclosure No. 3 (Sarcophagi Nos. 25-30, 33-39), with the exception of Sarcophagi Nos. 31 and 32, located slightly 1033 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 to the south outside the enclosure, have a pointed shape in the cross-section of the body and a slightly protruding plinth. Closely positioned Sarcophagi Nos. 31 and 32 have semi-cylindrical bodies (semicircular in cross-section) and lack the skirting. These two sarcophagi may represent an independent pair of burials. Sarcophagus No. 40 (Fig. 5, 23-25) is located separately, has a pointed, slightly asymmetrical body with a narrow plinth, protruding 7 cm on both longitudinal faces. The end faces of the body are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body 186-190×62×41-48 cm; plinth - 196×76×12 cm. On the southern longitudinal side of the sarcophagus in the upper part there is an inscription-epitaph in Arabic in Kufic script (Fig. 23, c, 24, b), reading: “This is the grave of Muhammad, the tinsmith (lakhim). May Allah’s mercy be upon him” [5]. According to paleographic features, the inscription dates the 11th – 12th centuries. Sarcophagus No. 40 is placed on four stone slabs of different sizes (Fig. 23, a, b, 24, 25), which form a platform-pedestal, similar to Platforms No. 1 and 2. The dimensions of the slabs: eastern – 160×60×73 cm; central (southern and northern) – length 175 cm (width cannot be determined due to the sarcophagus lying on top); western – 137×61 cm. A regionally isolated compact group of Sarcophagi Nos. 41-56 is located to the south of the described sarcophagus (Fig. 5, 25, 26). On the north-western side, it is enclosed by masonry of two horizontally laid recycled stone columns (143×24×31 cm; 125×28×35 cm) with grooves and a short masonry of three rows of rubble stone attached to them. One of the columns has grooves at the same level on two adjacent faces, which indicates that this column was once a fence. The length of this enclosure (Enclosure No. 4) is around 3.57 m. The next territorial group, located south of the described sarcophagus, consists of Sarcophagi Nos. 41-56. Sarcophagus No. 41 (Fig. 25, 27, a, b) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. The monument rests with its northern and eastern edges upon a single-row masonry of dressed and rubble stones (Fig. 95a), which, as we believe, were specifically made for the horizontal installation of the sarcophagus. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 187-190×3236×19-26 cm; plinth – 210×88×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 42 (Fig. 25) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 206-215×36-38×24-27 cm; plinth – 230×92×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 43 (Fig. 25, 28, a) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 185-189×30×27 cm; plinth – 207×73×10 cm. 1034 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Sarcophagus No. 44 (Fig. 25, 28, a) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 3×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 118×34×25 cm; plinth – 150×80×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 45 (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 225×39×36 cm; plinth – 236×88×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 46 (Fig. 25, 26, 28, b) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 192-201×34-40×18-31 cm; plinth – 212×88×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 47 (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 13 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 206-212×40×30 cm; plinth – 225×67×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 48 (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 4×3 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 205210×36×33 cm; plinth – 228×80×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 49 (Fig. 25, 26) has a pointed body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 203214×40×46 cm; plinth – 230×94×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 50 (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. At the base of the sarcophagus body there is a skirting measuring 2×3 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 203-214×40×46 cm; plinth – 230×94×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 51 (Fig. 25, 26, 28, c) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 198-215×40-45×40 cm; plinth – 221×83×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 52 (child) (Fig. 25, 26, 28, d) has a semicircular body in crosssection and a wide plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the western end of the upper body there are protrusions forming a rectangular platform measuring 21×14 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 70-72×20×17 cm; plinth – 81×50×10 cm. 1035 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Sarcophagus No. 53 (child) (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 87-89×20-24×1620 cm; plinth – 103×63×9 cm. Sarcophagus No. 54 (child) (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 74-85×25-27×26-29 cm; plinth – 90×54×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 55 (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×3 cm. On the western end face of the body there is a partially broken-off inset image of a rectangle, obviously a frame with a trapezoidal protrusion of the tabula ansata type. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 243×50-56×50 cm; plinth – 270×80×12 cm. Sarcophagus No. 56 (Fig. 25, 26) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 17 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 208×30×25 cm; plinth – 226×65×7 cm. The following compact group of tombstones comprises Sarcophagi Nos. 57-79, located in the southern part of the site (Fig. 5, 29). Sarcophagus No. 57 (child) (Fig. 29, 30, a) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2×3.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body - 110×29×26 cm; plinth - 124×70×7 cm. Sarcophagus No. 58 (child) (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 13.5 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 91-94×2732×18-20 cm; plinth – 100×56×7 cm. Sarcophagus No. 59 (child) (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 70×22-24×15-20 cm; plinth – 85×54×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 60 (Fig. 29, 30, b) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 189-196×3336×30-35 cm; plinth – 205×62×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 61 (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 14 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly 1036 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 203-210×40-42×31-38 cm; plinth – 225×68×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 62 (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a bordering two-step skirting, each of the steps measuring 1.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 195×48×46 cm; plinth – 210×86×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 63 (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 25 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 196-200×33-35×30 cm; plinth – 218×87×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 64 (Fig. 29, 30, c) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 18 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 1.5×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 222228×44×28 cm; plinth - 250×79×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 65 (child) (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 12 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2.5×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 76×30×27 cm; plinth – 90×56×7 cm. Sarcophagus No. 66 (Fig. 29, 30, d) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 18 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 180-190×3630 cm; plinth – 192×75×7 cm. Sarcophagus No. 67 (child) (Fig. 29) has a semicircular in cross-section, slightly asymmetrical body, the plinth is broken off. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 1×1 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone – 110-118×29-33×33 cm; the thickness of the broken plinth – 5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 68 (child) (Fig. 29) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 12 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 1×1.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 105-110×30×3036 cm; plinth – 115×56×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 69 (child) (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 13 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the body there is a skirting measuring 2×2.5 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 110-116×3133×30 cm; plinth – 130×60×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 70 (Fig. 29) is cracked in the middle, has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 12 cm in each direction from the longitudinal 1037 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 212-214×44×37-43 cm; plinth – 235×70×6 cm. Sarcophagus No. 71 (Fig. 29, 30, d) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 24 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 165-175×36×30 cm; plinth – 179-193×86×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 72 (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 17 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the sarcophagus body there is a skirting measuring 2×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 215-225×45×40 cm; plinth – 235×82×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 73 (child) (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 16 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 103-108×31-32×31 cm; plinth – 126×65×10 cm. A little to the south of the described group of tombstones there is a group of six different types of Sarcophagi Nos. 74-79. Sarcophagus No. 74 (Fig. 29) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. On the top of the case there is a deep (20 cm) artificially incised groove of a sub-triangular shape in cross-section, made for the entire width of the body. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 257266×48-50×55 cm; plinth – 268×90×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 75 (child) (Fig. 29) has a plinth protruding 15 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of the body; the top of the somewhat asymmetrical body is broken off. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 102-106×36×30 (surviving height) cm; plinth – 118×69×8 cm. Sarcophagus No. 76 (child) (Fig. 29, 30, f) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 12 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. At the base of the sarcophagus body there is a skirting measuring 2×2 cm. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 80-82×24×28 cm; plinth – 90×50×9 cm. The sarcophagus on the northern, eastern and western sides at the base level is neatly lined with small stone blocks, which somewhat enclose it from the neighboring sarcophagi and two of which may have been recycled stone columns of the enclosure. Sarcophagus No. 77 (child) (Fig. 29) has a pointed body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 20 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. On the east side, a projecting stone dressed rectangular block is laid underneath the sarcophagus. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 107-120×30×30-35 cm; plinth – 120×70×6 cm. 1038 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 All three of the described “children’s” Sarcophagi Nos. 75-77 lie almost close to each other on the same line in the direction of NEE-SWW (Fig. 29). Sarcophagus No. 78 (Fig. 29, 31, a) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 17 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 205-214×35×23 cm; plinth – 225×72×5 cm. Sarcophagus No. 79 (Fig. 29, 31, b, c) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 16 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. On the western end face of the body there is an inset image of a rectangular frame with a trapezoidal projection at the top of the truncated tabula ansata type. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 175-182×40×40 cm; plinth – 200×73×7 cm. Sarcophagi Nos. 80 and 81 are located separately in the southern part of the identified section of the necropolis (Fig. 29). Sarcophagus No. 80 (Fig. 29, 31, d) has a semicircular body in cross-section and a plinth protruding 22 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: the body – 187-190×33-35×37-40 cm; the plinth – 208×80×10 cm. Sarcophagus No. 81 (Fig. 29, 31, d) has a low semicircular body in cross-section and a wide plinth protruding 26 cm in each direction from the longitudinal faces of a slightly asymmetrical body. Its end faces are slightly beveled. Dimensions of the tombstone: body – 203-211×36-40×18-23 cm; plinth – 229×94×9 cm. At a distance of about 1.5 m from Sarcophagus No. 81 there is a Platform No. 2 (Fig. 29, 32), which is a rectangular stonework measuring 220×215 cm of 7 flatly laid finelyhewn rectangular slabs (dimensions: 93×52×15cm; 120×50×12 cm; 94×43×10 cm; 127×54×13 cm; 103×48×15 cm; 103×52×15 cm; 123×48×15 cm). From the northeastern side, two narrow long blocks (130×20×10 cm; 85×22×10 cm) are closely attached to the stonework. The platform-pedestal is built in such a way that two narrow, long (124×36 cm; 104×25 cm) rectangular interslab niches are formed in its center, over which two sepulchral sarcophagus-like monuments are installed, as was observed in the case of Sarcophagus No. 40 (see above). The belonging of the buried to the same social group (members of the same kin) in this regard is unmistakable. Some general remarks and typology of sarcophagi Thus, during archaeological supervision on the territory of the construction site in the Nizami Ganjavi park, 85 sarcophagus-like tombstones were discovered, of which 81 were in situ, i.e. at the site of their original installation, although some of them were slightly shifted and tilted. These monuments mark the location of burials under them, located probably at a depth of up to 1.5-1.8 m (judging by the norms of Muslim 1039 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 funeral rites). Clearly, the burial structures (chambers) located here, unopened in accordance with the observations carried out and at the request of the Muslim clergy of the city, judging by our supervision in other places of the city, are elongated rectangular stone boxes (cists), composed of several finely dressed stone slabs (2-4 longitudinal, 2 transverse and 3-4 overlaying slabs) and in which the buried lie stretched on their back or on their right side, with their head to the western sector and their facial bones turned to the south, i.e. in the direction of the Qibla towards the sacred Kaaba. All the tombstone sarcophagus-like monuments under consideration have an orientation with a long axis along the east-west line, NEE-SWW, which corresponds to the norms of Muslim funeral rites. The length of the body of the identified sarcophagi ranges from 52 to 266 cm with a width of 19-68 cm and a height of 13-56 cm; the length of the plinth ranges from 68 cm to 288 cm with a width of 40-95 cm and a thickness of 5-10 cm. Generally, the longitudinal and end projections of the plinth from the face of the body are not the same in width, and the longitudinal ones are in most cases much wider than the end ones: the width of the plinth projection on the longitudinal side is on average about 20 cm, on the end side – up to 10 cm. The proportions of the sarcophagi – the ratio of length, width, height – are generally maintained. The largest sarcophagus has a body size of 257-266 (length) x 48-50 (width) x 55 (height) cm, with the plinth dimensions being 288×90×10 cm. The smallest sarcophagus has a body size of 52×20×13 cm with the plinth dimensions being 68×40×5 cm. It should also be added that in most of the identified sarcophagi, the western part of the body is slightly higher than the eastern one, i.e. they are slightly asymmetrical and that is probably due to the orientation of the deceased’s head to the west. In a significant part of sarcophagi with a tall body, the length at the base of the body is slightly shorter than the top, i.e. the end walls of the body have a weak bevel, and not a vertical face. Some sarcophagi have additional decorative elements on the body (dressed longitudinal faces, a skirting, incised images on one of the end faces, square platforms and geometric grooves on the top of the body). The presence of a narrow, low skirting at the base of the body appears to be one of the essential additional details of the design of the sarcophagus body: 39 sarcophagi have a one-step skirting, 4 – two-step. It should be noted that the sarcophagus-like tombstones known on the territory of Dagestan, made of a single block, are completely monolithic, hollow or have a long rectangular groove along the foot of the sarcophagus. Due to the fact that the identified sarcophagi were in situ above the burials and during the studies they were not moved or raised, the types they belong to remain undetermined. Four sarcophagi extracted from stormwater drains are monolithic. The unearthed sarcophagi in their form represent in general the same types of sarcophagi that are known on the territory of Dagestan. According to the cross-section of the body, they can be divided into three main types: 1) with a semicircular cross1040 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 section of the body (semi-cylindrical) (41 specimens), 2) with a pointed cross-section (32 specimens), 3) with a rectangular cross-section of the body (2 specimens). A special case is Sarcophagi Nos. 1-3, which can be conditionally considered as variants of sarcophagi with a rectangular cross-section of the body, but having dressed longitudinal edges on top and rectangular platforms with rectangular and figured grooves. In two cases (Sarcophagi Nos. 1, 2), these are religious and decorative elements – an eight-pointed star or a simplified octogram formed by the superposition of two squares – a well-known Muslim symbol called Arab. rub'al-Hizb – “A quarter of Hizb (1/60 of the Quran)”, najmat al-Quds – “The Star of Jerusalem”, sometimes called “the Islamic star” and associated with one of the main Muslim shrines – the Dome of the Rock (Arab. Masjid Qubbat as-Sahra) in Jerusalem [6], but also known in literature as the “Seljuk star” (Turk. Selçuklu Yıldızı), which became widespread in the Seljuk Empire in architectural decoration and decorative and applied art (artistic ceramics, metal) in different variations. These burials were surrounded by stone fences, in which slabs with grooves were also used. In other areas, columns with grooves for installing wooden fence beams were found. For the first time such stone columns with grooves were discovered in Derbent during the excavations of the Muslim cult site “The Gates of the Day of Judgment” (Turk. Kiyamat-kapy) of the 11th – early 13th century, which enclosed the sacred territory. Similar columns were found during the survey of the Mountain Wall in the village of Mitagi (Derbent district), where they enclosed a revered group of burials with sarcophagus-like tombstones of the second half of the 11 – 12th centuries [1, p. 29-39; 2, p. 20-37]. Among the type 2 sarcophagi (with a pointed cross-section of the body), sarcophagi with a massive body and a narrow base, without a plinth, can be distinguished as a separate subtype. These are Sarcophagi Nos. 14-16 located nearby and Sarcophagus No. 40 lying separately – the only one with an epitaph [5]. Three Sarcophagi (Nos. 3, 55, 79) have carved frames on the western ends. Sarcophagus No. 79 has a rectangular frame with a trapezoidal projection at the top, representing a truncated variation of tabula ansata. Sarcophagi with similar frames have been recorded in Derbent, Jalgan, Ghimeidi and other places. Moreover, according to some morphological features of the body, certain specimens can be distinguished into separate subtypes: Sarcophagus No. 5, the only one (with the exception of Sarcophagi Nos. 1-3), that has a sub-rectangular groove at the top at the western edge of the body, and Sarcophagus No. 52 – at the western edge of which there are two projections on both sides forming a rectangular platform. The most common forms of tombstones of the open necropolis on the territory of the Nizami Ganjavi park are sarcophagi with a semicircular and pointed cross-section of the body with medium-sized lateral projections (less than 20 cm wide), of which there are 73 specimens or more than 90% of the total number of monuments. The 1041 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 identified site of the medieval Muslim necropolis of Derbent is currently the largest in terms of the number of monuments represented on it on the territory of Dagestan and the entire Eastern Caucasus. Finds of ceramic products and the shestopyor During the cleaning, a small number of fragments of ceramic vessels were found at the level corresponding to or close to the level of the ancient day surface marked by sarcophagi lying in situ, among which the following are distinguished: – the lower half of a thick-walled red clay (with a gray fracture) glossy spheroconic vessel (Find No. 9) (Fig. 33, 9), found near Enclosure No. 4 at the group of Sarcophagi Nos. 41-56; – a fragment of the neck with a weakly prominent rim of a thin-walled red clay jug with a vertical, oval handle in cross-section (Find No. 1), extending from the rim to the shoulder (Fig. 33, 7); found near Sarcophagus No. 71; – a fragment of a rounded red clay bowl with a low vertical rim and an obscure, slightly pointed rim with a diameter of 28 cm; the inner surface of the bowl is covered with an engraving on a white engobe under a transparent colorless glaze, light brown painting, as well as manganese smears along the edge of the rim (Find No. 2) (Fig. 33, 2); found near Sarcophagi Nos. 20 and 22; – a fragment of a massive flat base of a large red clay dish, the inner surface of which is covered with engraved white engobe and polychrome painting (green and brown spots), combined with engraving, under a transparent light yellow glaze; on the lower side of the bottom – 7 concentric grooves; the diameter of the foot-ring is 30 cm (Find No. 3) (Fig. 33, 6); found near Sarcophagus No. 21; – a fragment of a round-sided red clay bowl with a rim (diameter – 32 cm) with a slight groove along the upper edge, the inner surface of which is covered with a painted white engobe on an uncoated potsherd under green glaze. A concentric groove runs along the top of the rim (Find No. 4) (fig. 33, 3); found near Sarcophagi Nos. 15 and 16; – a fragment of a ring-base (diameter - 9 cm) of a red clay bowl, the inner surface of which is coated with a white engobe under green glaze (Find No. 5) (fig. 33, 4); found between Sarcophagi Nos. 13 and 14; – half of the ring-base (diameter - 10 cm) of a red clay bowl, the inner surface of which is covered with chaotic engraving on a white engobe under mustard-colored enamel and with manganese specks (Find No. 6) (fig. 33, 5); found near Sarcophagus No. 9; – a fragment of a large round-sided red clay bowl with a rim thickened in both directions (38 cm in diameter), the inner surface of which is engraved on a white engobe under colorless glaze and manganese specks (Find No. 7) (Fig. 33, 1); found near Sarcophagi Nos. 1 and 3; – a fragment of a massive oval in cross-section handle of a large red clay jug (Find 1042 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 No. 8) (Fig. 33, 8); found near Sarcophagi Nos. 42, 45 and the location of the fragment of the spheroconic vessel. The reviewed ceramic assemblage, despite its small number, is very indicative and represents typical to the pre-Mongolian age (10th – beginning of the 13th c.) products. Spheroconis vessels, which clearly have a multifunctional purpose, are a common find in the monuments of the 9th – 13th centuries of the Caucasus, Central Asia, Crimea, Volga region, the Near East [7, pp. 117-138; 8, pp.201-213; 1982; 9, p. 231225, table XIV; 2003. pp. 380; 10, pp. 210-212; 11, pp. 255-266; 12, pp. 166-169; 13, pp. 59; 14, pp. 312; 15, pp. 346; 16]. Pottery, coated with green glaze applied over a layer of white engobe, appearing in the 9th – 10th c., in the 11th-12th centuries become common examples of monochrome glazed pottery; light engraving on engobe was widely used in the Caucasus and Muslim East of that time [13, p. 63, 64, fig. 17, 5,6; 14. 309; 15, p. 346, tables 163, 4; 17, p. 278; 18, p. 196-198, fig. 3; 19, p. 24-27, 29, 30, fig. 9-11; 20, pp.85-90, No. 44, 46, 47; 21, fig. 30]. Specimens of glazed dishes in which polychromy is combined and coincides with the engraved ornament are indicative of the monuments of the Caucasus and the Near East of the pre-Mongol period [13, pp. 66-68, fig. 20, 21; 14, p. 310; 15, p. 346; 17, pp. 252, 254, fig. 3; 18, pp. 200, 201, fig. 5; 19, p. 18-22; 22, p. 28; 23, p. 380; 24, p. 26; 25, pp. 4-5; 26, p. 59; 20, pp. 85-90, 111, 112, 120-122, no. 43, 45, 70, 77; 21, fig. 585-622]. The burnt bricks, measuring 21-22×21-22×4 cm, discovered near Sarcophagus No. 6, apparently appearing in the 10th century, later became -widespread in Derbent and Dagestan, the Caucasus and the Muslim East. In particular, they were used in the construction of the architectural complex of the 10th – mid. 13th century, excavated in the 1970s in the citadel of Derbent [27, p. 99, 103-104], the Juma mosque of QalaQuraish, dated by a piece panel of the mihrab to the 11th – 12th centuries [28, p. 17-57; 29, p. 138-145]. The bricks of this size can be found in medieval architectural monuments of the -Caucasus of the 12th – 13th centuries, in particular, in Azerbaijan – on the sites of Oren-Kala, Torpagh-kala, Shabran, Shamakhi, Kabala, in the walls of the mausoleums of Yusif son of Kuseyr (1162), Momine Khanum (1184), Gunbad-e Surkh (12th century), and others [30, p.188-190]. Of particular interest is the iron head of the mace-shestopyor found within the fenced group of Sarcophagi Nos. 1-4 (Fig. 12). It has a cylindrical shaft for most of its length, and only above the upper edge of the feather blades, the head turns into a bell shape and is crowned with a small bump (finial). Six narrow high (about 60 mm long, up to 8 mm wide at the base and up to 14 mm high in the center), vertical flanges (“feathers”), having a semi-oval shape, are set almost radially relative to the central axis of the mace. The total height of the head is 12.0 cm, the width – 5.6 cm, the external diameter of the shaft is 2.9 cm, the internal diameter of the shaft is 1043 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 2.3 cm, the depth of the conical shape of the shaft is 5.8 cm. Researchers date such shestopyors-sheshpers in the range of the 13th – 15th c., or narrower – the 14th – 15th c., and associate their emergence in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Western and Eastern Europe with the Byzantine, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, and Iranian influence (see eg.: 31, p. 222; 32, p. 29). The Derbent specimen appears to be the earliest one, dating from the last third of the 11th – 12th c. and is associated with the presence of Seljuk military contingents in the Eastern Caucasus [33]. Chronology and historical-cultural definition of sarcophagus-like tombstones The set of finds presented above chronologically fits into the framework of the 10th – 13th centuries. A narrower date of the identified section of the northern necropolis of Derbent is given by the sarcophagus-like tombstones themselves, which researchers date the 11th – 12th c. This is based on the date AH 469 / 1076-1077 AD, presented in the epitaph, written in Arabic Kufic script on a large sarcophagus with a semicylindrical top of a certain Mahmud b. Abi-l-Hasan, “the son of the murdered for the faith” [29, p. 15-20; 34, p. 61, 266, tabl. II, 10-10] – the monument is located in the southern Muslim cemetery of Derbent on a plot called Jum-jum. The famous print of Adam Olearius of 1638 with a view of Derbent and its northern necropolis depicts hundreds of similar gravestones (Fig. 34). In his memoirs about visiting Derbent, he wrote: “On this side of Derbent we found an extremely large number of tombstones; there were several thousand of them; they were taller than a man’s height, rounded like a semicircle and hollowed out so that one could lie in them; Arabic and Syrian writings were carved on them” [35, p. 486]. Prior to the discovery in 2020 of the discussed section of the northern necropolis in Derbent, there were no more than 70 sarcophagus-like monuments of the specified time, of which 43 are located in the venerated -Muslim shrine - the northern Derbent cemetery of the 11th – 12th centuries Kyrkhlyar (from Turk. “Forty [martyrs-shahids]”) near the gate of Kyrkhlyar-kapy (“Gate of the forty [martyrs]”; Arab. Bab al-jihad – “The Gate of the Holy War”), which caught the attention of a Moscow merchant Fedot Kotov, who visited the city in 1624 [36, p. 3]. Some of them had faded Arabic texts in the style of flowering Kufic [29, pp. 124-127; 37, pp. 370-391]. C. Frähn earlier attributed these burials to the 11th – 12th centuries and on the basis of the recorded by D. Kantemir legend about their belonging to the Oghuz Turks. He notes that “this suggests the Seljuks, who conquered Georgia and other Caucasian countries in the 11th century, and our tombstone inscriptions can be attributed to this or the 13th century” [38, pp. 115-116; 39, p. 224]. It should be noted that Adam Olearius also cites the same legend, and reports that “40 princes, holy men” were buried in the cemetery, headed by “a king named Cassan, who came 1044 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 from the Okus tribe” [35, p. 486]. Later A.R. Shikhsaidov, then A.K. Alikberov linked these burials with the sarcophagus-like tombstones to the strengthening of the Oghuz, the Seljuk influence in the Caucasus, with the consolidation of Derbent in the last third of 11th century under the Seljuk governors Yaghma and Sau-Tegin, when the city became the military-political outpost of the Seljuk Empire in the Caucasus, [29, p. 126-127, 387-388; 37, p. 383-386; 40, p. 146-148; 41, p. 484]. Recently, M.S. Gadjiev has summarized the information on these tombstones on the territory of Dagestan, highlighted the historic areas of their concentration (Derbent and its historic districts, Tabasaran, Haidak, Lakz) and also justified their connection with the Seljuk military-political and ethno-cultural expansion, with stationing of the Seljuk garrisons in the Eastern Caucasus, with Seljuk’s military territory and religious policies, which contributed to the dissemination and adoption of Islam [42, p. 10-22]. Some observations of social nature First of all, let us discuss a separate group of burials marked by sarcophagus-like tombstones Nos. 1-4. They are fenced with vertically placed, finely-dressed large slabs forming a rectangular enclosure. The sarcophagi located inside have average dimensions (length 200-215 cm, width 65-74 cm, height 49-55 cm). Three sarcophagi, unlike other monuments of this section of the necropolis, have religious and decorative details located on the top of the body at both ends (Fig. 6): Sarcophagus No. 1 (Fig. 7) has a deepened solid (nonlinear) equilateral eight-pointed star – an octogram “at the head” and a subquadrate groove “at the feet”; Sarcophagus No. 2 (Fig. 8) has similar two stars at both ends; Sarcophagus No. 3 (Fig. 9) – two paired recessed solid rectangles at the ends of the body, as well as an inset conventional image of a mosque (?) on the western end face of the body. Sarcophagus No. 4 has a strongly compressed pointed, almost semi-cylindrical shape. In the western half of this fenced area in situ there was an elevated pedestal, on which another unpreserved sarcophagus had been once installed. The presence of specifically designed, decorated sarcophagi, a stone pedestal located inside a fenced area suggests that this is a specially designated memorial place where representatives of one social group (members of the same kin, representatives of the religious and military estate), who occupied an uncommon position in the social hierarchy of the medieval city, were buried. This may also be evidenced by the discovery of a prestigious weapon within this area. Researchers have repeatedly pointed out the social status of maces, which served as a symbol of a certain (state, administrative, military) power and were part of the equipment of a certain category of soldiers who occupied commanding positions in the structure of the army. In our case, the place of finding of the iron head of the male – within a separate group of 1045 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 burials surrounded by a fence and distinguished by the design of tombstones – seems to be consistent with the observations of researchers about the socially meaningful nature of this type of weapon. The size and design of the sarcophagi obviously reflected the social, gender and age differences of the deceased. In particular, small sarcophagi, apparently, belonged to children, large – to adults. Small sarcophagi (measuring up to 120 cm in length), which can be considered tombstones over child graves, are represented by 20 specimens (Nos. 24, 28, 35, 36, 38, 39, 52-54, 57-59, 65, 67-69, 73, 75-77), i.e., they make up 25% of the total number of sarcophagi of this section of the necropolis. This may indicate a high infant mortality rate. Several sarcophagi of slightly larger size are adjacent to them (Nos. 17, 18, 34, 37, 44), which, presumably, are installed over the burials of adolescents. Together with child ones, they already make up almost 31%. All these sarcophagi are positionally adjacent to large sarcophagi. A group of closely spaced Sarcophagi Nos. 25-39 is also curious, clearly forming a kin plot of the necropolis. This clustered group was fenced, which is evidenced by several preserved stone columns. The group comprises three major monuments (Nos. 25, 26, 30), with a length of over 2 m, between which there are “children” (No. 28) and “adolescent” (Nos. 27, 29) sarcophagi. Two large monuments (Nos. 31, 32) adjoin them from the south, four “children” monuments (Nos. 35, 36, 38, 39) and three “adolescent” (Nos. 33, 34, 37) monuments – from the east. Judging by the relative position of the monuments, this isolated plot should be considered as a tribal, family group of burials. Moreover, in a separate section of tombstones Nos. 45-55, forming two rows of sarcophagi, “children” monuments (No. 52-54) are surrounded by large (“adult”) sarcophagi. It is possible that Sarcophagi Nos. 41-44, 56 also belong to this group. The remains of a stone fence are recorded here and this group can also be considered a kin plot of the necropolis. Sarcophagi Nos. 41-44 may also belong to this group. Conclusion Thus, as a result of archaeological supervisions carried out on the territory of the Nizami Ganjavi park in Derbent, we identified a separate section of the medieval city necropolis, numbering over 80 sarcophagus-like tombstones. The identified objects of archaeological heritage date back to the third of the 11th – 12th centuries and today represent the largest cluster of sarcophagus-like tombstones on the territory of Dagestan and the Caucasus. Judging by the context, the identified burial ground obviously has a continuation in the western direction. In total, over 150 of such tombstones are concentrated on the medieval necropolises of Derbent. Taking into account the burial ground of the Pirmeshki settlement (Pir-Dameshki), located 0.8 km south of the Naryn-Kala citadel and the satellite settlement of Derbent, the 1046 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 number of such monuments increases to 230. This makes Derbent not only the main Caucasian center of the Seljuk empire in the Caucasus, but also the most significant point of the migration wave caused by the Oghuz-Seljuk conquest, which entailed significant changes in the ethno-cultural landscape of Derbent and the entire Eastern Caucasus. More than 500 sarcophagus-like tombstones, including the identified necropolis, have been recorded on the territory of Dagestan. This calls for careful registration of these monuments, their special and comprehensive study, including archaeological one, their accurate classification, the solution of a number of issues of ethnocultural and military-political history of the region. 1047 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 1. View of Derbent with the designation of the place of archaeological observation (highlighted in blue). On: Google Earth. Рис. 1. Вид Дербента с обозначением места проведения археологических наблюдений (выделено синим квадратом). По: Google Earth Fig. 2. Derbent. Nizami Ganjavi Park. The site of the discovery of a Muslim necropolis (highlighted in blue). On: Google Earth Рис. 2. Дербент. Парк им. Низами Гянджеви. Участок обнаружения мусульманского некрополя (выделено синим квадратом). По: Google Earth 1048 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 3. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Extracted sarcophagi No. 1-4 Рис. 3. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Извлеченные саркофаги №№ 1-4 1049 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 4. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. General view: a - from above from the NEE, б - from the north Рис. 4. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Общий вид: а – сверху с СВВ, б – с севера 1050 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Fig. 5. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Plan Рис. 5. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. План 1051 Т. 17. № 4. 2021 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 6. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Fence No. 1, platform No. 1 and sarcophagi No. 1-14: a – from above from the NEE, б – from the north Рис. 6. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Ограда № 1, площадка № 1 и саркофаги №№ 1-14: а – вид сверху с СВВ, б – вид с севера 1052 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 7. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 1-3 Рис. 7. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 1-3 1053 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 8. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 1 Рис. 8. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 1 1054 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 9. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 2 Рис. 9. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 2 1055 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 10. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 3 Рис. 10. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 3 1056 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 11. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 4 Рис. 11. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 4 Fig. 12. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Iron head of the mace Рис. 12. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Железное навершие булавы 1057 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 13. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Stone box and sarcophagus No. 5 Рис. 13. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Каменный ящик и саркофаг № 5 1058 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 14. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 6 (а, б) and 7 (в, г) Рис. 14. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 6 (а, б) и 7 (в, г) 1059 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 15. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 8-10 (а) and 11-13 (б) Рис. 15. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 8-10 (а) и 11-13 (б) 1060 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 16. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 14 (а, б) and 15, 16 (в) Рис. 16. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 14 (а, б) и 15, 16 (в) 1061 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 17. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 14-39. View from the NEE from above Рис. 17. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 14-39. Вид с СВВ сверху 1062 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 18. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 17, 18 (а,) and 19 (б, в) Рис. 18. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 17, 18 (a) и 19 (б, в) 1063 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 19. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 20-22 (а) and 23, 24 (б) Рис. 19. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 20-22 (а) и 23, 24 (б) 1064 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 20. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Group of sarcophagi No. 25-39. General view (а – from SE, б – from the north) and plan (в) Рис. 20. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Группа саркофагов №№ 25-39. Общий вид (а – с ЮВ, б – с севера) и план (в) 1065 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 21. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 25 (а, б), 28 (в), 29 (г, д) Рис. 21. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 25 (а, б), 28 (в), 29 (г, д) 1066 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 22. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 30 (а), 33 (б), 34 (в), 35 (г) Рис. 22. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 30 (а), 33 (б), 34 (в), 35 (г). 1067 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 23. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 40 Рис. 23. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 40 1068 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 24. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 40. Plan and sections Рис. 24. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 40. План и разрезы 1069 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Fig. 25. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Group of sarcophagi No. 40-56. View from SE from above Рис. 25. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Группа саркофагов №№ 40-56. Вид с СВ сверху. 1070 Т. 17. № 4. 2021 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 26. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Group of sarcophagi No. 43-56. View from SSW Рис. 26. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Группа саркофагов №№ 43-56. Вид с ЮЮЗ. Fig. 27. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagus No. 41 Рис. 27. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаг № 41 1071 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 28. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 43 (а), 44 (б), 51 (в), 52 (г) Рис. 28. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 43 (а), 44 (а), 46 (б), 51 (в), 52 (г) 1072 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 29. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Group of sarcophagi No. 57-81 and platform № 2. View from NE from above Рис. 29. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Группа саркофагов №№ 57-81 и площадка № 2. Вид с СВ сверху 1073 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 30. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 57 (а), 60 (б), 64 (в), 66 (г), 71 (д), 76 (е) Рис. 30. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 57 (а), 60 (б), 64 (в), 66 (г), 71 (д), 76 (е) 1074 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 31. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Sarcophagi No. 78 (а), 79 (б, в), 80 (г), 81 (д) Рис. 31. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Саркофаги №№ 78 (а), 79 (б, в), 80 (г), 81 (д) 1075 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 32. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Platform № 2 Рис. 32. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Площадка № 2 1076 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 33. Derbent. Medieval Muslim necropolis. Fragments of pottery Рис. 33. Дербент. Средневековый мусульманский некрополь. Фрагменты керамических изделий 1077 История, археология и этнография Кавказа Т. 17. № 4. 2021 Fig. 34. Derbent and its necropolis. View from the north. Engraving after a drawing of Adam Olearius, 1638. Рис. 34. Дербент и его некрополь. Вид с севера. Гравюра по рисунку Адама Олеария, 1638 г. 1078 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Т. 17. № 4. 2021 REFERENCES СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Hajiev M.S. Bab al-Qiyama: a Medieval Cultic Site in Derbend. Islam and Sufism in Daghestan. Ed. by Moshe Gammer. Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ. Humaniora. Vol. 352. 2009: 29-39, 174-182. 2. Gadjiev M.S. Bab al-Qiyama: a Medieval Muslim Cultic Site in Derbent [Bab al-kiiama – srednevekovoe musul’manskoe kul’tovoe mesto v Derbente]. Dagestan i musul’manskii Vostok. Sbornik statei v chect’ professora A.R. Shikhsaidova [Daghestan and the Muslim East. Studies on History and Sources of Islam in Honor of Amri Shikhsaidov]. Eds.: A.K. Alikberov, V.O. Bobrovnikov. Moscow: Mardzhani Publishing house, 2010: 20-37. (In Russ.). 3. Gadjiev M.S. Bab al-Qiyama. Islam in the territory of the former Russian Empire. Encyclopedic dictionary [Islam na territorii byvshej Rossijskoj imperii. Enciklopedicheskij slovar’]. Issue 5. Ed. by S.M. Prozorov. M., 2012. P. 3536. (In Russ.). 4. Gadjiev M.S., Tajmazov A.I., Budajchiev A.L., Abdullaev A.M., Abiev A.K. Early Muslim necropolis in Derbent (Bab al-Abwab). [Rannemusulmanskij nekropol v Derbente (Bab al-abvabe)]. Problems of History, Philology, Culture [Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury]. №. 1 (63). 2019. S. 202-226. (In Russ.). 5. Gadjiev M.S., Gasanov M.A. Sarcophagus-shaped gravestone with a Kufic inscription of the Muslim necropolis of Derbent, 11th-12th centuries [Sarkofagoobraznyj nadmogilnyj pamyatnik s kuficheskoj nadpis’yu musul’manskogo nekropolya Derbenta XI-XII vv.]. Materials on archeology and history of the Ancient and Medieval Black Sea region [Materialy po arheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Prichernomor’ya]. № 13. 2021 (in press). (In Russ.). 6. Mukherjee S. The Star that commemorates a landmark in Islamic architecture. Najmat-al-Quds. 2018. https://farbound. net/najmat-al-quds-star-of-jerusalem-humayuns-mausoleum-nizzamuddin-east/ - date of the application: 09.07.2021. 7. Dmitrov L.D. On the question of mysterious spheroconical vessels as incendiary bombs of the 13th century A.D. [K voprosu o zagadochnyh sferokonicheskih sosudah, kak zazhigatelnyh bombah XIII stoletiya n.e.]. Scientific notes of the Institute of History and Archeology of Ukraine [Nauchnye zapiski Instituta istorii i arheologii Ukrainy]. Book I. Kiev, 1941: 117-139 (In Russ.). 1. Hajiev M.S. Bab al-Qiyama: a Medieval Cultic Site in Derbend // Islam and Sufism in Daghestan. Ed. by Moshe Gammer. Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ. Humaniora. Vol. 352. 2009. Р. 29-39, 174-182. 2. Гаджиев М.С. Баб ал-кийама – средневековое мусульманское культовое место в Дербенте // Дагестан и мусульманский Восток. Сб. статей в честь профессора А.Р. Шихсаидова. Сост. и отв. ред. А.К. Аликберов, В.О. Бобровников. М.: Издательский дом Марджани, 2010. С.20-37. 3. Гаджиев M.C. Баб ал-Кийама // Ислам на территории бывшей Российской империи. Энциклопедический словарь. Вып. 5. Сост. и отв. ред. С.М. Прозоров. М., 2012. С. 35-36. 4. Гаджиев М.С., Таймазов А.И., Будайчиев А.Л., Абдуллаев А.М., Абиев А.К. Раннемусульманский некрополь в Дербенте (Баб ал-абвабе) // Проблемы истории, филологии, культуры. №. 1 (63). 2019. С. 202-226. 5. Гаджиев М.С., Гасанов М.А. Саркофагообразный надмогильный памятник с куфической надписью мусульманского некрополя Дербента XI-XII вв. // Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья. № 13. 2021 (в печати). 6. Mukherjee S. The Star that commemorates a landmark in Islamic architecture. Najmat-alQuds. 2018. https://farbound.net/najmat-alquds-star-of-jerusalem-humayuns-mausoleumnizzamuddin-east/ – дата обращения: 09.07.2021. 7. Дмитров Л.Д. К вопросу о загадочных сфероконических сосудах, как зажигательных бомбах XIII столетия н.э. // Научные записки Института истории и археологии Украины. Кн. I. Киев, 1941. C. 117-139. 8. Джанполадян Р.М. Сфероконические сосуды из Двина и Ани // Советская археология. № 1. 1958. C. 201-213. 9. Ахмедов Г.М. Неполивная керамика Орен-кала IX-XIII вв. (По материалам раскопок 1953-1955 гг.) // Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР. № 67. 1959. C. 186227. 10. Вильчевский О.Л. Сфероконические сосуды в переднеазиатском трактате по прикладной технологии XII в. // Советская археология. № 2. 1961. C. 210-212. 1079 История, археология и этнография Кавказа 8. Dzhanpoladyan R.M. Spheroconical vessels from Dvin and Ani [Sferokonicheskie sosudy iz Dvina i Ani]. Soviet archeology [Sovetskaya arheologiya]. № 1. 1958: 201-213 (In Russ.). 9. Ahmedov G.M. Non-glazed pottery of Oren-kala of the 9th-13th centuries (Based on materials from excavations of 1953-1955) [Nepolivnaya keramika Oren-kala IX-XIII vv. (Po materialam raskopok 1953-1955 gg.)]. Materials and research on archeology of the USSR [Materialy i issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR]. № 67. 1959: 186-227 (In Russ.). 10. Vil’chevskij O.L. Spheroconical vessels in the Near East tractate on applied technology of the 12th century [Sferokonicheskie sosudy v peredneaziatskom traktate po prikladnoj tehnologii XII v.]. Soviet archeology [Sovetskaya arheologiya]. № 2. 1961: 210-212. (In Russ.). 11. Lunin B.V. To the question of the functional purpose of spheroconical vessels in connection with one handwritten source of the 16th century [K voprosu o funkcional’nom naznachenii sferokonicheskih sosudov v svyazi s odnim rukopisnym istochnikom XVI v.]. History of the material culture of Uzbekistan [Istoriya material’noj kultury Uzbekistana]. Issue 2. Tashkent: Academy of sciences of the Uzb.SSR, 1961: 255267 (In Russ.). 12.Gyuzalyan L.T. Inscriptions on two spheroconical vessels from Baylakan [Nadpisi na dvuh sferokonicheskih sosudah iz Bajlakana]. Palestinian miscellanea [Palestinskij sbornik]. Issue 13(76). 1965: 166-170 (In Russ.). 13. Dostiev T.M. Medieval archaeological sites of Northeastern Azerbaijan (9th - mid 13th century) [Srednevekovye arheologicheskie pamyatniki Severo-Vostochnogo Azerbajdzhana (IX- seredina XIII v.)]. Baku: Baku State Univrsity, 1999. (In Russ.). 14. Ramishvili R.M. Georgia in the era of the developed Middle Ages (10th-13th centuries). Material and spiritual culture [Gruziya v epohu razvitogo srednevekov’ya (X-XIII vv.). Material’naya i duhovnaya kultura]. Archeology. Crimea, North-Eastern Black Sea region and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages: 4th-13th centuries [Arheologiya. Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor’e i Zakavkaz’e v epohu srednevekovya: IV-XIII veka]. M.: Nauka, 2003: 308-320 (In Russ.). 15. Arakelyan B.N. Armenia in the 9th-13th centuries. Craft, decorative arts, writing [Armeniya v IX-XIII vekah. Remeslo, dekorativnoe iskusstvo, pismennost’]. Archeology. Crimea, the North-Eastern Black Sea region and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages: 4th-13th centuries [Arheologiya. Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Т. 17. № 4. 2021 11. Лунин Б.В. К вопросу о функциональном назначении сфероконических сосудов в связи с одним рукописным источником XVI в. // История материальной культуры Узбекистана. Вып. 2. Ташкент: Изд-во АН УзССР, 1961. C. 255-267. 12. Гюзальян Л.Т. Надписи на двух сфероконических сосудах из Байлакана // Палестинский сборник. Вып. 13(76). М.-Л., 1965. C. 66-170. 13. Достиев Т.М. Средневековые археологические памятники Северо-Восточного Азербайджана (IX - середина XIII в.). Баку: Бакинский Государственный Университет, 1999. 154 с. 14. Рамишвили Р.М. Грузия в эпоху развитого средневековья (X-XIII вв.). Материальная и духовная культура // Археология. Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказье в эпоху средневековья: IV-XIII века. М: Наука., 2003. C. 308-320. 15. Аракелян Б.Н. Армения в IX-XIII веках. Ремесло, декоративное искусство, письменность // Археология. Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказье в эпоху средневековья: IV-XIII века. М.: Наука, 2003. C. 342-350. 16. Нуретдинова А.Р. Сфероконические сосуды Суварского городища. Казань: Издательство Казанского государственного университета, 2016. 52 с. 17. Якобсон А.Л. Художественная керамика Байлакана (Орен-кала) (По материалам раскопок 1953-1955 гг.) // Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР. № 67. 1959. C. 228-302. 18. Достиев Т.М. Поливная керамика средневекового города Шабрана (XI-XIII вв.) // Советская археология. № 3. 1989. C. 193206. 19. Шелковников Б.А. Поливная керамика из раскопок города Ани. Ереван: Издательство АН Армянской ССР, 1957. 115 c. 20. Grube E.J. Islamic Pottery of the Eighth to Fifteenth Century in the Keir Collection. London: Faber and Faber, 1976. 21. Early Islamic Ceramics. Benaki Museum Athens. Vol. I. Text Helen Philon. London: Islamic Art Publications, 1980. 22. Ахмедов Г.М. Характерные особенности средневековой поливной керамики Азербайджана // Материалы I Симпозиума по 1080 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus Prichernomore i Zakavkaz’e v epohu srednevekovya: IV-XIII veka]. Moscow: Nauka, 2003: 342-350. (In Russ.). 16. Nuretdinova A.R. Sphero-conical vessels of the Suvar fortified settlement [Sferokonicheskie sosudy Suvarskogo gorodischa]. Kazan: Kazan State University Press, 2016. (In Russ.). 17. Yakobson A.L. Artistic ceramics of Baylakan (Oren-kala) (Based on materials from excavations in 1953-1955) [Hudozhestvennaya keramika Bajlakana (Oren-kala) (Po materialam raskopok 1953-1955 gg.)]. Materials and research on archeology of the USSR [Materialy i issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR]. № 67. 1959: 228-302. (In Russ.). 18. Dostiev T.M. Glazed pottery of the Medieval city of Shabran (11th-13th centuries) [Polivnaya keramika srednevekovogo goroda Shabrana (XI-XIII vv.)]. Soviet archeology [Sovetskaya arheologiya]. № 3. 1989: 193-206 (In Russ.). 19. Shelkovnikov B.A. Glazed potteru from the excavations of the city of Ani [Polivnaya keramika iz raskopok goroda Ani]. Erevan: Academy of sciences of the Arm.SSR, 1957. (In Russ.). 20. Grube E.J. Islamic Pottery of the Eighth to Fifteenth Century in the Keir Collection. London: Faber and Faber, 1976. 21. Early Islamic Ceramics. Benaki Museum Athens. Vol. I. Text Helen Philon. London: Islamic Art Publications, 1980. 22. Ahmedov G.M. The characteristic features of the Medieval glazed pottery of Azerbaijan [Harakternye osobennosti srednevekovoj polivnoj keramiki Azerbajdzhana]. Materials of the 1st Symposium on the problem “Polychrome glazed pottery of Transcaucasus – Origins and ways of distribution” [Materialy I Simpoziuma po probleme «Polihromnaya polivnaya keramika Zakavkaz\ya – Istoki i puti rasprostraneniya»]. Abstracts. Tbilisi, 1985: 27-29. (In Russ.). 23. Ahmedov G.M. Azerbaijan in the 9th13th centuries. Craft and trade [Azerbajdzhan v IX-XIII vv. Remeslo i torgovlya]. Archeology. Crimea, North-Eastern Black Sea region and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages: IV-XIII centuries [Arheologiya. Krym, Severo-Vostochnoe Prichernomor’e i Zakavkaze v epohu srednevekovya: IV-XIII veka]. Moscow: Nauka, 2003: 378-386. (In Russ.). 24. Babayan F.S. Development of glazed polychrome pottery in Armenia in the 9th-13th centuries [Razvitie polivnoj polihromnoj keramiki v Armenii IX-XIII vv.]. Materials of the 1st Symposium on the problem “Polychrome glazed pottery of Transcaucasus – Origins and ways of distribution” [Materialy I Simpoziuma po Т. 17. № 4. 2021 проблеме «Полихромная поливная керамика Закавказья – Истоки и пути распространения». Тезисы. Тбилиси, 1985. C. 27-29. 23. Ахмедов Г.М. Азербайджан в IX-XIII вв. Ремесло и торговля // Археология. Крым, Северо-Восточное Причерноморье и Закавказье в эпоху средневековья: IV-XIII века. М.: Наука, 2003. C. 378-386. 24. Бабаян Ф.С. Развитие поливной полихромной керамики в Армении IX-XIII вв. // Материалы I Симпозиума по проблеме «Полихромная поливная керамика Закавказья – Истоки и пути распространения». Тезисы. Тбилиси, 1985. C. 25-27. 25. Мицишвили М.Н. Поливная керамика средневековой Грузии (IX-XIII вв.). Автореферат диссертации … доктора исторических наук. Тбилиси, 1998. 26. Ахмедов Р.Дж. Керамика Баку IXXVII вв. Баку: Элм, 1992. 27. Кудрявцев А.А. К изучению архитектуры средневекового Дербента // Древняя и средневековая архитектура Дагестана. Махачкала: Дагестанский филиал АН СССР, 1989. C. 98-113. 28. Дебиров П.М. Архитектурная резьба в Дагестане. М., 1966. 29. Шихсаидов А.Р. Эпиграфические памятники Дагестана X-XVII вв. как исторический источник. М.: Наука, 1984. 461 с. 30. Мамед-заде К.М. Строительное искусство Азербайджана (с древнейших времен до XIX в.). Баку: Элм, 1983. 336 с. 31. Nicolle D. Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000-1568. London: Osprey Publishing, 1988. 32. D’Amato R. Σιδηροράβδιον, βαρδούκιον, ματζούκιον, κορύνη: The warmace of Byzantium, the 9-15 c. AD. New evidences from the Balkans in the collection of the World Museum of Man, Florida // Acta Militaria Mediaevalia. VII. Kraków – Rzeszów – Sanok, 2011. 7-48. 33. Гаджиев М.С., Будайчиев А.Л., Абдулаев А.М., Мамаев Р.Х. Навершие булавы-шестопера из Дербента // Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья. № 13. 2021 (в печати). 34. Лавров Л.И. Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа на арабском, персидском и турецком языках. Ч. 1. Надписи X-XVII вв. Тексты, переводы, комментарии, 1081 История, археология и этнография Кавказа probleme «Polihromnaya polivnaya keramika Zakavkaz’ya – Istoki i puti rasprostraneniya»]. Abstracts. Tbilisi, 1985: 25-27. (In Russ.). 25. Mitsishvili M.N. Glazed pottery of medieval Georgia (9th-13th centuries). Abstract of the dissertation of Doctor of Historical Sciences [Polivnaya keramika srednevekovoj Gruzii (IX-XIII vv.). Avtoreferat dissertacii … doktora istoricheskih nauk]. Tbilisi, 1998. (In Russ.). 26. Ahmedov R.Dj. Pottery of Baku of the 9th-17th centuries [Keramika Baku IX-XVII vv.]. Baku, 1992. (In Russ.). 27. Kudryavcev A.A. To the study of the architecture of medieval Derbent [K izucheniyu arhitektury srednevekovogo Derbenta]. Ancient and medieval architecture of Dagestan [Drevnyaya i srednevekovaya arhitektura Dagestana]. Makhachkala: Dagestanian branch of the Academy of sciences of the USSR, 1989: 98-113. (In Russ.). 28. Debirov P.M. Architectural carving in Dagestan [Arhitekturnaya rez’ba v Dagestane]. M., 1966. (In Russ.). 29. Shikhsaidov A.R. Epigraphic monuments of Dagestan of the 10-17th centuries as historical source [Epigraficheskie pamyatniki Dagestana X-XVII vv. kak istoricheskii istochnik]. Moscow: Nauka, 1984. (In Russ.). 30. Mamed-zade K.M. Construction art of Azerbaijan (from ancient times to the 19th century) [Stroitel’noe iskusstvo Azerbajdzhana (s drevnejshih vremen do XIX v.)]. Baku: Elm, 1983. (In Russ.). 31. Nicolle D. Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000-1568. London: Osprey Publishing, 1988. 32. D’Amato R. Σιδηροράβδιον, βαρδούκιον, ματζούκιον, κορύνη: The war-mace of Byzantium, the 9-15 c. AD. New evidences from the Balkans in the collection of the World Museum of Man, Florida. Acta Militaria Mediaevalia. VII. Kraków – Rzeszów – Sanok, 2011: 7-48. 33. Gadjiev M.S., Budajchiev A.L., Abdulaev A.M., Mamaev R.H. Head of mace-sheshper from Derbent [Navershie bulavy-shestopera iz Derbenta]. Materials on archeology and history of the Ancient and Medieval Black Sea region [Materialy po arheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Prichernomor’ya]. № 13. 2021 (in press). (In Russ.). 34. Lavrov L.I. Epigraphic monuments of the North Caucasus in the Arab, Persian and Turkish languages. Part 1. Inscriptions of the 10-17th centuries [Epigraficheskie pamyatniki Severnogo Kavkaza na arabskom, persidskom i turetskom yazykakh. Ch. 1. Nadpisi X-XVII vv.]. Texts, translations, commentaries, intro- Т. 17. № 4. 2021 введение и приложения. М.: Наука, 1966. 300 с. 35. Олеарий А. Описание путешествия в Московию и через Московию в Персию и обратно. Пер. А.М. Ловягина. СПб.: Издание А.М. Суворина, 1906. xxviii, 582 с. 36. Котов Ф. Хождение купца Федота Котова в Персию. Под ред. А.А. Кузнецова. М.: Издательство восточной литературы, 1958. 112 с. 37. Аликберов А.К. Средневековый культовый комплекс Кырхляр в Дербенте: устные предания и письменные источники о сорока «мучениках за веру» // Исследования по Аравии и исламу: Сборник статей в честь 70-летия Михаила Борисовича Пиотровского. Сост. и отв. ред. А.В. Седов. М.: Государственный музей Востока, 2014. С. 370-391. 38. Френ Х. О надписях города Дербента // Труды и летописи Общества Истории и Древностей Российских. Т. VIII. СПб.: Университетская типография, 1837. С. 101-128. 39. Frähn Ch. Die Inschriften von Derbend // Eichwald E. Reise auf dem Caspischen Meere und den Kaukasus. Bd. II. Berlin, 1838. S. 205229. 40. Шихсаидов А.Р. Ислам в средневековом Дагестане (VII-XV вв.). Махачкала: Типография Дагестанского ФАН СССР, 1969. 251 с. 41. Аликберов А.К. Эпоха классического ислама на Кавказе: Абу Бакр ад-Дарбанди и его суфийская энциклопедия «Райхан ал-хака’ик» (XI-XII вв.). М.: Восточная литература, 2003. 854 c. 42. Гаджиев М.С. Поселение Пирмешки и его некрополь // История, археология и этнография Кавказа. Т. 14. № 2. 2018. С. 10-22. 1082 History, Arсhaeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus duction and applications. Moscow: Nauka, 1966. (In Russ.). 35. Olearius A. The description of a travel to Moskovia and through Moskovia to Persia and back [Opisanie puteshestviya v Moskoviyu i cherez Moskoviyu v Persiyu i obratno]. Transl. by A.M. Lovyagin. Sankt-Petersburg: A.M. Suvorin’s edition, 1906. (In Russ.). 36. Kotov F. Travels of the merchant Fedot Kotov to Persia [Khozhdenie kuptsa Fedota Kotova v Persiyu]. Ed. by А.А. Kuznetsov. Moscow: Vostochnaja literatura publishing house, 1958. (In Russ.). 37. Alikberov A.K. The medieval cult complex Kyrkhlyar in Derbent: oral legends and written sources about forty “martyrs for belief” [Srednevekovyi kul’tovyi kompleks Kyrkhlyar v Derbente: ustnye predaniya i pis’mennye istochniki o soroka «muchenikakh za veru»]. Issledovaniya po Aravii i islamu: Sbornik statei v chest’ 70-letiya Mikhaila Borisovicha Piotrovskogo [Researches on Arabia and Islam: The collection of articles in honor of Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovsky’s 70 anniversary]. Ed. by A.V. Sedov. Moscow: The State Museum of Oriental Art, 2014: 370-391. (In Russ.). 38. Fren Kh. About inscriptions of the city Derbent [O nadpisyakh goroda Derbenta]. The works and chronicles of Society of Russian history and antiquities [Trudy i letopisi obshchestva istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh]. T. VIII. Sankt-Petersburg University printing house, 1837: 101-128. (In Russ.). 39. Frähn Ch. Die Inschriften von Derbend. Eichwald E. Reise auf dem Caspischen Meere und den Kaukasus. Bd. II. Berlin, 1838. S. 205229. 40. Shikhsaidov A.R. Islam in medieval Dagestan, 7th-15th centuries [Islam v srednevekovom Dagestane (VII-XV vv.)]. Makhachkala: Dagestanian branch of the Academy of sciences of the USSR, 1969. (In Russ.). 41. Alikberov, A.K. The era of classical Islam in the Caucasus: Abu Bakr al-Darbandi and his Sufi encyclopedia “Rayhan al-haka’ik”, 11th12th centuries) [Epokha klassicheskogo islama na Kavkaze: Abu Bakr ad-Darbandi i ego sufiiskaya entsiklopediya «Raikhan al-khaka’ik» (XI-XII vv.)]. Moscow: Vostochnaja literatura, 2003. (In Russ.). 42. Gadjiev M.S. Pirmeshki settlement and its cemetery [Poselenie Rirmeshki i ego necropol’]. History. Archeology and Ethnology of the Caucasus. № 14.2. 2018: 10-22. (In Russ.). 1083 Т. 17. № 4. 2021

RELATED PAPERS

RELATED TOPICS

Log In

NEWLY DISCOVERED SECTION OF THE DERBENT MUSLIM NECROPOLIS OF THE 11-12TH CENTURIES

NEWLY DISCOVERED SECTION OF THE DERBENT MUSLIM NECROPOLIS OF THE 11-12TH CENTURIES

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS

RELATED TOPICS