ANDEAN ANTHROPOLOGY

En años recientes, los migrantes quechuas provenientes de los Andes peruanos, hoy residentes en la ciudad capital de Lima, vienen apropiándose de los discursos de desarrollo y consumo. Esta apropiación local ha reorientado su identificación con su comunidad de origen, de la cual migraron a mediados del siglo XX, buscando el soñado progreso en la metrópoli. Tal es el caso de los navinos, hoy empresarios exitosos en Lima, y su identificación con la comunidad de origen: antes signo de atraso y pobreza, su comunidad representa hoy una oportunidad de desarrollo en un contexto global. Así, los navinos residentes en Lima están liderando proyectos empresariales de Nueva ruralidad en el territorio comunal, propiciando la urbanización de Nava. Pero estos proyectos empresariales han generado tensiones políticas: mientras los navinos “limeños” consideran que su inversión generará el  progreso de Nava, los residentes en el centro poblado consideran que tales acciones buscan únicamente un beneficio capitalista. Según la etnografía multisituada que guía nuestra investigación, la dinámica de la identidad tiene un rol decisivo en esta disputa política, pues articula relaciones socioeconómicas con discursos de desarrollo y consumo, y además posibilita
el sostenimiento de proyectos empresariales en el territorio comunal. Así, los navinos residentes en Lima han propiciado la integración de la comunidad de origen a su esfera económica, sostenida por la identidad y su influjo social y político.

En el distrito de Marcapata se realiza, cada cuatro años, el "wasi chakuy" de la iglesia local. Este ritual, de una convocatoria inusitada y cuya duración se prolonga a lo largo de toda una semana, tuvo lugar por última vez en agosto del pasado 2003. En este trabajo no sólo se presenta una descripción etnográfica del "wasi chakuy" marcapateño, sino también se propone un modelo explicativo propio de una tradición antropológica en los estudios sobre organización social en los Andes.

Beginning with observations of the photographic material of the Čipaya of Carangas, published by Alfred Métraux, this paper is concerned with the temporal dimension conveyed in one of the first ethnographies of this indigenous population inhabiting the highlands of Bolivia. In recent years, it has been stated that Métraux’s engagement with the Andes acted out on two different levels, oscillating between love and hate. Reappraisal of the various ethnographic writings he devoted to the Čipaya in relation with other works, early and more recent, questions the existence of such a distinction, allowing us to transcend the dichotomy between “past” and “present”, that dilemma faced by all ethnographies.

ISBN: 978-9942-36-370-1

In this chapter, we review aspects of the participation of Andean women in the centres of mothers in the inland villages of northern Chile, period 1960-1970. In this parameter, we established as a working hypothesis that with the introduction of the mother centres, the participation of Andean women in the villages of the interior of Arica was promoted, establishing stereotypes and public-private roles in their binary understanding of sex / gender, from which, the local communities (re) produced endogenous gender models, formulated from their historical situated experiences. Thus, to optimally address this historical dimension of local experience, it was considered relevant to compare documentary sources with orals, based on a qualitative paradigm. The combination of both strategies allows us to understand the nature of the elaboration of the alterity by the State and the national society, and the reflexionality from a case study on the members' memory, and their dynamics of territorial participation/adhesion.

This article explores how viscera, bodies, and forces emerge in resemblance to one another. In the connections between the animals' butcher, the treatment of body parts, and the rituals of herd marking in the Argentinean highlands, folds and wrappings of viscera, leathers, meats, and dances make things 'look like' something else in different scales, highlighting correspondences or reflections between entities. Each level of these compositions refers to another, and a change in one can affect all of them. Resemblances are constantly evaluated and topologi-cally manipulated, either to enable their mutual stimulation or to avoid connections and thus to establish differences between the perspectives of different beings. This article argues that the fabrication of similarities and differences through the manipulation of resemblances offers a privileged key to an understanding of Andean and Amerindian sociality.

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación sobre complementariedad ecológica en una comunidad aymara localizada en la sierra de Huaylillas, región de Arica-Parinacota. A partir de un análisis histórico e información etnográfica, se estudió en perspectiva diacrónica la complementariedad ecológica desplegada por las familias de Socoroma con el objetivo de acceder a recursos presentes en diversas zonas productivas. La etnografía destaca que durante el siglo XX este sistema se caracterizó por un patrón de movilidad y residencia temporal que ligó el territorio tanto de manera intracomunal –entre las distintas localidades pobladas del espacio comunitario– como extracomunal –en desplazamientos hacia la costa, valles adyacentes y sectores altiplánicos–. Se propone que durante el siglo pasado esta forma de habitar e integrar el territorio descansó principalmente en las dinámicas pastoriles de la población, las que de acuerdo a distintos contextos históricos intensificaron y constriñeron los modos de complementariedad ecológica.

La práctica historiográfica pone énfasis en las fuentes que componen a los archivos y repositorios. Estos últimos en la región de Arica y Parinacota (extremo norte de Chile), suponen un sistemático reto, donde el oficio de “historiar” se revela atingente a la identificación, registro y valoración de tales recursos documentales. En este trabajo, se expone una experiencia del proyecto FONDART N° 21123, ejecutado el año 2012, de valoración patrimonial de un repositorio sobre bienes inmuebles regionales. Desde tal, como resultados, se logró intervenir el repositorio sobre bienes inmuebles, organizando la documentación bajo la norma ISAD (G) y elaborando una base de datos con la documentación. Desde ello, por último, se reflexiona sobre el rol de los archivos y repositorios regionales de Arica y su implicancia respecto del ejercicio comprender y explicar los contextos y procesos socio-históricos que han conformado a la región, como así el rol de este tipo de patrimonio respecto de la promoción a la conservación y participación ciudadana.
Palabras claves: Historia regional, investigación historiográfica, repositorios y Archivos, Arica y Parinacota

En este trabajo se presenta y describe un altar ("ofrenda") confeccionado por los pobladores campesino-indígenas y quechua hablantes del distrito de Marcapata (provincia de Quispicanchi, Cuzco), en ocasión del deceso de uno de sus miembros. Los elementos con los cuales es confeccionado el altar, así como la lógica que inspira su disposición en la "ofrenda", remiten a un fenómeno de  comunicación entre elementos provenientes de las "tierras altas" y las "tierras bajas" en este sector de los Andes sur-peruanos. La descripción es antecedida por una serie de ejemplos etnográficos, ajenos y pertenecientes al área en cuestión, con miras a contextualizar e incursionar en la lógica simbólica desplegada en la "ofrenda".

Ferreira, F. (2016) 'Introduction: Community Ethnographies and the Study of Andean Culture,' in F. Ferreira with B.J. Isbell (eds.) A Return to the Village: Community Ethnographies and the Study of Andean Culture in Retrospective. London: Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Studies, University of London (ISBN 978-1-908857-24-8), pp. 1-43.

This is the introduction of an edited volume that explores the role of community ethnographies in the study of Andean culture, particularly in Peru but also in neighbouring Bolivia and Ecuador. The book brings together prestigious anthropologists who have produced outstanding community ethnographies in these Andean countries, between the 1970s and 2000s. In their respective chapters, they reassess their original work in light of contemporary Anthropology. The introduction explains the origins and objectives of the book, offering a review and interpretation of Andean community ethnographies.

n the spirit of justice Blas Valera broke all the rules—and paid with his life. Hundreds of years later, his ghost has returned to haunt the official account. But is it the truth, and will it set the record straight?

This is the story of Father Blas Valera, the child of a native Incan woman and Spanish father, caught between the ancient world of the Incas and the conquistadors of Spain. Valera, a Jesuit in sixteenth-century Peru, believed in what to his superiors was heresy: that the Incan culture, religion, and language were equal to their Christian counterparts.

As punishment for this treachery he was imprisoned, beaten, and, finally, exiled to Spain, where he died an untimely death at the hands of English pirates in 1597.

Four centuries later, this Incan chronicler had been all but forgotten, until an Italian anthropologist discovered some startling documents in a private Neapolitan collection. The documents claimed, among other things, that Valera's death had been faked by the Jesuits; that he had returned to Peru; and, intriguingly, while there had taught his followers that the Incas used a secret phonetic quipu—a record-keeping device of the Incas—to record history.

Far from settling anything, the documents created an international sensation among scholars and led to bitter disputes over how they should be assessed. Are they forgeries, authentic documents, or something in between? If genuine, they will radically reform our view of Inca culture and Valera. The author insightfully examines the evidence, showing how fact and fiction intertwine, and brings the dimly understood history of this author-priest to light.
". . . a wonderfully written study that takes the reader into the early colonial world where an Andeanised Christianity was a plausible alternative to idol-smashing ethnocide, and where it was still possible to imagine other outcomes for Peruvian society. The rise and fall of mestizo Valera's work and the tragic arc of his life humanise otherwise dry Tridentine debates over how much authorship Andeans would be granted over the religion they would publicly practice in the colonial world. . . . Hyland is to be thanked for giving us this beautifully written and moving history. A must for specialists, it is also suitable for advanced undergraduate classes."
—Itinerario
"Sixteenth-century mestizo Jesuit Blas Valera has long remained an elusive figure in colonial Andean history, but Sabine Hyland's new study of this fascinating man changes that. Her book uncovers the key events in Valera's life and spells out his ideas on native Peruvian history, religion, and language. As a result, Valera rises from the shadows and becomes a significant player in the debates on the historical conception of the Incas and evangelization strategies for the indigenous population in the sixteenth century. . . . Thanks to Sabine Hyland's book, many readers will find a new window through which to view the history of colonial Peru."
—CLAHR: Colonial Latin American Historical Review
". .. . Hyland provides insight into the life of the Jesuit scholar, indigenous historian, teacher, and religious comparativist. Part history, part detective novel, the book plunges into various controversies: Christianity and indigenous Inca religion; Jesuits and the Spanish Crown; Valera's own mixed heritage; and even Valera and the Jesuits who imprisoned and then exiled him, despite his loyalty to the order. . . . Valera takes his place among ethnographers such as Acosta and Native rights advocates such as Las Casas, and Hyland's book provides captivating access to his unique contribution to history. Highly Recommended."
—Choice
"This is a beautifully written, deeply informed and highly informative work. . . . [Hyland] has cast a bright light into a corner of early colonial Latin American scholarship that we had all but abandoned hope of ever seeing into very clearly."
—Gary Urton, Harvard University

"[A] refreshingly lucid account of an important but poorly known figure in colonial Latin American history."
—Richard L. Burger, Yale University

". . . a 'must-read' by all serious scholars of native Andean history."
—Catholic Historical Review

La migración interna y la movilidad poblacional de los sujetos andinos en el extremo norte de Chile, se inscribe en la trayectoria que ha seguido la inserción de estos contingentes respecto de los modelos de desarrollo y modernización orquestados por el Estado, dando contexto a un conjunto de transformaciones a nivel institucional y organizativo que importa documentar y problematizar, especialmente según la asociación entre dinámicas comunitarias y los factores que van actuando en la definición sociocultural de las realidades poblacionales locales. En este sentido, el presente estudio se orientó a comprender el rol de las prácticas de parentesco local en la estructuración de los fenómenos de migración y movilidad poblacional contemporánea campo-ciudad de los sujetos andinos, advirtiendo la elaboración de racionalidades culturales y las dinámicas de la comunidad, entendida como un sistema específico de relaciones orientadas a la producción histórica de formas de acción colectiva. Metodológicamente, en base a un estudio de tipo descriptivo y de orientación cualitativa, a partir del caso del valle de Codpa, se realizó una etnografía multi-situada y de tipo caso extendido, entre la localidad y la ciudad de Arica. Se asoció a aquello, la sistematización de fuentes secundarias de la prensa de Arica a mediados del S. XX, que fue de utilidad para complementar el análisis etnográfico. Como resultado, se describen los itinerarios migratorios que inscribieron la proyección regional de los sujetos colectivos en el valle según la integración de los espacios de campo-ciudad, y se caracterizan sus dimensiones subjetivas, organizativas e institucionales actuales asociadas a la experiencia de movilidad poblacional, revisando especialmente el rol cohesionador y de diferenciación que ha tenido el parentesco en su articulación regional.
Palabras claves: Movilidad poblacional, migración interna, parentesco, sujetos andinos, valle de Codpa, Región de Arica y Parinacota, extremo norte de Chile.

The research in the field of history puts accent on the documentary sources of the archives and repositories to understand the stories and subjects of the past; however, still have little tune with the reflexivity around the cultural heritage dimensions and the social dynamics of producing its. This schema in the Region of Arica-Parinacota region (northern Chile) have a special challenge where the craft of historicizing is revealed in a constant tension, through which, the lack of consideration of the cultural patrimonial features coupled with a relative absence concerning to the archival actors and specialists, plays a context where the documentary sources are relegated to a marginal, temporary and precarious place. In this article about such emphasis, we show the experience of a case about to the archival description in a public repository, highlighting their contribution to the understanding of aspects of the regional indigenous communities land ownership. As result, we described and characterized the documentary corpus of the “subfondo regularización de bienes inmuebles” from the repository, and we make an essay with a socio-historical approach about to the indigenous land ownership at northern Chile, considering specially the highland of Arica.
Key words: Repositories, Indigenous communities, Regional and local history, Northern Chile, Arica- Parinacota Region (Chile)

Originally, written as a sequel to "Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process," the book is really a statement of environmental, historical and archaeological context of pottery production in Quinua, Peru with broader implications for those interested in archaeological ceramics of the Andean Middle Horizon. Like my article "Ceramic Ecology of the Ayacucho Valley, Peru," the book challenges the widely held notion held by Peruvian archaeologists (from Kroeber to Rowe and beyond) that environment had no role whatsoever in pottery production in the Andes, but rather Andean ceramics were simply the result of culture imprinting itself on the plastic clay as 'style'.

Pottery making in Quinua must be understood in light of the environmental, geographical, and historic context of the Ayacucho Valley that recognized that pottery production in Quinua was not only located in a context of abundant and diverse ceramic resources, but the Ayacucho Valley was critical as the main route for human populations through the south central Andes. Agricultural land around Quinua was limited, highly eroded, with limited access to irrigation, and limited and often unpredictable rainfall, especially in the lower parts of the slope.

Within this context, Quinua potters produced pottery for utilitarian uses such as cooking, water storage, food storage, chicha-making and storage, and ritual. Quinua vessels also materialize ideological and mythological themes. Potters use two pastes, one especially suited for use on the fire, and another tempered with the abundant volcanic ash exposed through erosion in the slopes below the village.

Within this context, potters decorated their pottery in a way that the symmetry patterns reflect the social structural principles in the community. Such patterns, although most frequent, show considerable variability, and reflect a variety of choices for decoration: design fields, design structure, design motifs although the symmetry analysis of the pottery design reveal that certain symmetry types have a high frequency.

This volume shows both the environment and historical factors that affect pottery production, but also reveals the technological choices in vessel shapes and design can be quite variable. The book is a bridge between my early work with what is now called technical choices of raw materials and designs, and a desire to get beyond such a culturally-relative approach to understanding patterns that can be applied more widely cross-culturally. Yes, potters do make choices and have a wide variety of raw materials available, but there are broader patterns one can use to understand pottery production world-wide.

At the end of the volume, the book argues that the expansion of Wari pottery during the Middle Horizon was a response by local inhabitants to a drier climate that favored pottery production over agriculture.

El artículo presenta el caso de una estancia altiplánica en la comuna de General Lagos, cuyos habitantes desarrollan la actividad pastoril como medio de subsistencia familiar, iterando entre la ciudad y el campo, para abordar el ámbito de la reproducción del sistema de pastoreo altiplánico en el extremo norte de Chile. Con esta base, desde datos etnográficos, se caracterizan aspectos de las transformaciones organizativas que experimentan estos pastores en un contexto histórico que imputa elementos de desestructuración a su forma de manejo socioambiental.

‘John Victor Murra y el siglo XX’ es la primera de cuatro partes de la traducción castellana por Luis Arana Bustamante de una presentación en inglés dado a la tercera ‘Histories of Archaeology Research Network International Conference’ por Monica Barnes llevada a cabo en la University of Central Lancashire, Preston, el 3 de noviembre de 2017.