Archaeology and History

The rescripts of king Aspurgus found in Anapa (ancient Gorgippeia) are normally cited and discussed on the basis of the editio princeps by T.V. Blavatskaya in Sov.  Archeol. 1965 (2), 197–209. This edition was immediately corrected by the German epigraphist G. Klaffenbach, whose observations were communicated and discussed by T.V. Blavatskaya in the second article: Aspurgus and Bosporus in 15 A.D., in  S o v.  A r c h e o l. 1965 (3), 28–37. This latter article was mostly overlooked, not only in Western, but also in Soviet research. The present article deals with Klaffenbach’s corrections and Blavatskaya’s not always convincing response to these corrections. Taking into account new readings proposed by Y.G. Vinogradov and C. Zuckerman, the author offers an ameliorated text of Aspurgus’ rescripts. He also defends the view that the emperor to whom Aspurgus paid his visit was Tiberius, not Augustus. In this context, Aspurgus speaks of his anabasis to the emperor. This term having been misunderstood by Blavatskaya, the author explains its correct meaning as the visit of the Bosporan client-king Aspurgus to his imperial overlord in Rome. This view has been corroborated in greater detail in another article of the author: “Fehldeutungen der anabasis und der Politik des bosporanisehen Königs Aspurgos” (Hyperboreus 4, 1998, 340–361 – with Russian summary). The present article and the one published in  H y p e r b o r e u s  are the result of the author's study on the relations between Bosporus and Rome in the period following the death of Mithridates the Great, a topic on which the author is preparing a monograph.

L’Autore partendo dallo scudo di Achille e, più in generale, dall’immagine omerica dell’agora ripercorre, sulla scia di quanto già fatto da Martin, l’evoluzione semantica del termine ‘agora’ segnalando le caratteristiche peculiari del periodo in cui i poemi epici furono realizzati. Attraverso una serie di esemplificazioni l’Autore mette in guardia il lettore dall’utilizzare modelli precostituiti pseudo-omerici facendo notare come l’applicazione di schemi rigidi rischi di naufragare a una più attenta verifica dei dati archeologici (significativi gli esempi di Lato, Amnisos, Dreros). Allo stesso tempo la messa in valore di alcuni elementi ricorrenti nei poemi consente di comprendere meglio le caratteristiche delle prime agorai dell’età del Ferro senza necessariamente costruire immediatamente modelli urbanistici omerici. Significativo è il rapporto tra la casa del capo militare o del basileus e le agorai o anche la vicinanza tra assemblea e tempio poliadico sull’esempio del tempio di Athena Ilias alle porte del Palazzo di Priamo. Da questo punto di vista appaiono di grande interesse i casi specifici di Oropos, Zagora, Emporio e Priniàs. Contestualmente l’approccio delineato da de Polignac per Megara Hyblaea e che, nei limiti della ricerca, possiamo probabilmente riscontrare nelle apoikiai achee d’Occidente (e forse anche nella stessa Atene) induce a pensare, relativamente al momento di formazione delle città, all’esistenza di una pluralità di spazi pubblici prima che la polis, nata dalla competizione e dal conflitto tra i differenti clan, riconosca un unico spazio pubblico, corrispettivo ‘laico’ del culto poliadico generalmente localizzato sull’Acropoli della città.

This is a researching work,  which was part of the course "The Historical Sources" for the winter semester of the MA in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History of Macedonia at the International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki 2019. Its purpose  is to describe the confrontation between Philip II and the Chalkidic League and also the fates that Olynthos and Stageira had.

This essay, while not a “fine chapter of patriotic service," does contribute toward an anthropological history of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW; also known officially as Carnegie Institution or CI). The CIW (also referred to here as "the Carnegie") was founded, with a deed of $IO million in steel stock in I902, as a research institute during the formative period of U.S. science.1 The CIW participated in the general emergence of a public sphere that was driven by the great philanthropic foundations and initiatives of the first decades of the 20th century. It was part of the emergence of a new governmentality that was to transform citizen and society along the rational lines of scientific knowledge. The legacy of the Carnegie also includes, to a great extent, the shaping of both the U.S. military-industrial complex and the shaping of the contemporary structure of scientific research in the United States.

”Evenisation,” borrowed from the biblical Eve, can be defined as the long-developed patriarchal hegemony describing women as inferior, sexually debased, and the patriarchate’s urge for domesticated, passive, and subdued female figures under the total control of men.
This thesis is a genealogy of women’s oppression, its causes, implementations, and emphasizing women’s evolutionary sexual ability as exposed in the earliest civilizations. The focus is on the Mesopotamian pre-patriarchal civilizations and the paradigm shift that led to male domination, creating three female archetypes: Lilith, Eve, and Virgin Mary and the sexual objectification of women.
Extensive use of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded from sources originating in Ancient Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq), dating to the late third and early second millennia BC Together with the Bible, biblical commentary sources, esoteric Jewish mysticism, and early church father teachings, the study analyses how the change of view on women transformed during these millennia and the first millennium BC, and how this influenced modern society.
Based on the present research, I argue that successful warrior tribes from Eurasia, who after domesticating the horse and developing advanced weaponry through sophisticated metallurgical processes, succeeded in altering civilization’s path from fertility worship and an equal sexual affirmation onto a road towards male supremacy and oppression of women.

L'analyse du texte de l'Onirocriticon d'Artémidore de la deuxième moitié du IIe siècle ap. J.-C., de sa partie théorique ainsi que du catalogue des rêves, montre assez le grand intérêt que les chercheurs peuvent y trouver. C'est un texte qui ouvre de nouvelles voies aux historiens et particulièrement aux historiens de mentalité, aux spécialistes de l'iconographie, de la symbolique, ou de l'anatomie et à tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la flore ou à la faune, à la cuisine ou à la médecine. Il est indispensable de l'étudier dans son intégralité et non d'une façon fragmentaire, puisqu'il nous donne l'image de la société dans toute sa complexité. Nous avons réuni 3421 rêves racontés par des hommes, femmes ou enfants de toutes couches sociales, que nous analysons en utilisant le logiciel Excel. Ce sont des Grecs en majorité, mais aussi des Romains, citoyens d'Ephèse ou d'autres cités de l'Orient grec. Nous parlons de toutes les occupations et de tous les métiers de cette société ancienne de l’Orient romain. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à la société, à sa structure et son image. Il nous semble que cette source, souvent méprisée, devrait attirer davantage l'attention des chercheurs.
Onirocriticon metninin, hem teorik kısmınin hem de rüyalarin kataloğunun analizi, araştırmacılarin büyük ilgisini çekmektedir. Burada bahsedilen metin, tarihçilere, sosyal bilimcilere, ikonografi uzmanlarina ve de hayvanlar, bitkiler, mutfak ve tipla ilgilenen herkese, semboller ve anatomi ile ilgili yeni yollar açmaktadir.
Bu metni, bütün olarak incelemek mümkün değildir, çünklü bize toplumu bir bütün olarak tanitmaktadir. Bilgisayar yardimiyla, eserde incelediğimiz 3.421 rüyayi biraraya getirdik.
Burada, Artemidor ile ilgili olan çalişmalarimizin bir kismini sunuyoruz. En çok ilgilendiğimiz şey, toplum, toplumum yapisi ve görünümüydü. Araştırmacıların, çok kez eleştirilen bu kaynakla daha çok ilgilenmeleri gerektiği kanaatindeyiz.
Αρτεμίδωρος ο Εφέσιος  (ή Αρτεμίδωρος ο Δαλδιανός): ή Ονειροκριτικός

El período medieval en Andorra ha sido el que ha suscitado un mayor interés como objeto de investigación histórica. Pese a las brillantes
aportaciones realizadas por diferentes investigadores, algunos aspectos clave estrechamente relacionados con el proceso de petrificación del paisaje, como puedan ser la organización del hábitat, la arquitectura o la configuración general de los espacios aldeanos, han quedado siempre en un segundo plano y se han tratado de un modo muy tangencial. Cabe decir que, en gran medida, los motivos de este tratamiento superficial se han debido a la ausencia de excavaciones de zonas de hábitat. Efectivamente, hasta hace poco más de diez años nuestro conocimiento sobre el hábitat, su organización y su articulación o sobre la arquitectura misma, se reducía a una serie de topónimos y un catálogo de 26 iglesias que hunden sus raíces entre la alta y plena edad media. La excavación de yacimientos como el Camp Vermell, o la Roureda de la Margineda y el desarrollo de programas de prospección y excavación en zonas de alta montaña en las parroquias de Ordino, Encamp y en el Vall del Madriu-Perafita-Claror, nos han permitido ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la arquitectura y su evolución, lo que unido al conocimiento previo y a una revisión de la documentación ha posibilitado que podamos esbozar una aproximación sobre la gestación de las aldeas medievales y el proceso de petrificación del paisaje en los valles andorranos.

The medieval period in Andorra is the period that has prompted the greatest interest as an object of historical research. Despite major contributions made by several researchers, some key aspects closely related to the process of landscape petrification, such as the organization of the habitat, architecture, or the overall configuration of the villages, have always remained in the background, and have been treated only tangentially. It must be said that the reasons for this superficial treatment have been due to the absence of excavations of habitat areas. Indeed, until a little more than ten years ago, our knowledge of the habitat, its organization, the way it was structured, and the buildings themselves, was reduced to a series of place-names, and a catalogue of 26 churches dating back to the medieval period. The excavation of sites such as the Camp Vermell, or Roureda de la Margineda, and the development of surveying and excavation programmes in high mountain areas in the parishes of Ordino, Encamp and in the Madriu-Perafita-Claror valley, have allowed us to broaden our knowledge of the architecture and its evolution, which, together with previous information and a review of the documentation, has enabled us to outline an approach to the birth and gestation of medieval hamlets, and the process of landscape petrification in the Andorran valleys.

This essay, while not a “fine chapter of patriotic service," does contribute toward an anthropological history of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW; also known officially as Carnegie Institution or CI). The CIW (also referred to here as "the Carnegie") was founded, with a deed of $IO million in steel stock in I902, as a research institute during the formative period of US science.1 The CIW participated in the general emergence of a public sphere that was driven by the great philanthropic foundations and initiatives of the first decades of the 20th century. It was part of the ...

"The present study lists the evidence for the exploitation of marine mammals in Ireland, contrasting archaeological findings with indications from written sources.
The case is put forward that there was an inshore-hunt for smaller whales as early as the pre-Christian Iron Age, while sealing might have played a lesser role than generally assumed.

P.S.
Offprint available on request..."

This essay, while not a “fine chapter of patriotic service," does contribute toward an anthropological history of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW; also known officially as Carnegie Institution or CI). The CIW (also referred to here as "the Carnegie") was founded, with a deed of $IO million in steel stock in I902, as a research institute during the formative period of US science.1 The CIW participated in the general emergence of a public sphere that was driven by the great philanthropic foundations and initiatives of the first decades of the 20th century. It was part of the ...