Barcode

Modern mobile phones or smartphones have multipurpose functions apart from being used as a device for voice and text communications. They are also embedded with many useful sensors, including camera, barometer, ac-celerometer, and digital compass. Unlike other types of sensor, the smartphone camera has been underutilized. This paper aims to fill the gap by analyzing and reviewing the hardware and software components of smartphones and highlighting the potential uses of the smartphone camera to support human daily life activities. A simple search of research papers indexed in Google Scholar was carried out using guided terms. The papers were filtered to match the research questions for this study. Only relevant papers were analyzed and reviewed. The results of the analysis suggested that the rapid development in the smartphone hardware has extended the use of the smartphone cameras beyond personal and social photography. Consequently, applications (apps) based on smartphone cameras emerge, such as barcode readers, document digitizing tools, augmented reality, translation tools, and indoor positioning device. These apps benefit users and facilitate them in their daily life activities.

ABSTRACT 2D color barcodes have been introduced to obtain larger storage capabilities than traditional black and white barcodes. Unfortunately, the data density of color barcodes is substantially limited by the redundancy needed for correcting errors, which are due not only to geometric but also to chromatic distortions introduced by the printing and scanning process. The higher the expected error rate, the more redundancy is needed for avoiding failures in barcode reading, and thus, the lower the actual data density. Our work addresses this trade-off between reliability and data density in 2D color barcodes and aims at identifying the most effective algorithms, in terms of byte error rate and computational overhead, for decoding 2D color barcodes. In particular, we perform a thorough experimental study to identify the most suitable color classifiers for converting analog barcode cells to digital bit streams.

The Automatic Sorting Machine is used to sort different types of products or commodities based on the barcode provided on them. This gives a provision to reduce the manual effort and hence human error by replacing the conventional methods of sorting in areas involving hectic sorting. The system comes into play in airports and other industrial distribution centres where the products or commodities have to be sorted into batches in order to take them to their respective destination. The products are put on a conveyer system where they are scanned for the particular barcode provided on them. Depending on the barcode, they are placed on the respective carriers automatically where these carriers dispatch them to the corresponding destinations.

Abstrak— Sistem informasi dalam dunia globalisasi menuntut untuk lebih cepat akurat dan efisien. Terutama didalam dunia bisnis, sebuah sistem informasi sangat diperlukan untuk membantu segala sesuatu termasuk segala proses dan pendataan suatu transaksi yang terjadi. Perancangan dan Pembuatan Aplikasi Point of Sale Integrasi Barcode (Studi Kasus Apotek) secara komputerisasi mencangkup pendataan obat serta transaksi pembelian dan penjualan obat yang berjalan agar lebih mudah, efektif dan efisien.

E-commerce has become very popular because of recent development in wireless technology and newly invented communication technique. The recently developed technologies leads to comfort, convenience and efficiency in everyday life. In this project we are developing an application which is based on android .In this proposed system the customers have to scan barcode of every product with android mobile which they wish to purchase and drop into the shopping cart and then proceed to checkout at the billing counter. The billing process is quite tiresome and highly time consuming. We have proposed a " Smart Trolley System Based on Android " which aims to reduce and possibly eliminate the total waiting time of customers i.e. other system takes 10 minutes while our proposed system takes 5 minutes, lower the total manpower requirement from billing counter and increase efficiency overall.

The proliferation of online shopping has introduced a number of problems for the customer not present in what we might call the traditional shopping experience. One of the big new problems is how to handle the receiving of a parcel when not at home. A common practice by couriers is to leave a message indicating their failed attempt to deliver your package due to door lock or leave it in the care of the local neighbors (or not so local) post office. This then introduces a new problem of finding the time to collect your package from a place which is only open during the hours which most people work. What is needed is a way to receive a package at home even when no one is there. This would mean providing a secure location in which the package can be stored until someone gets home to collect it. In our modern busy lifestyles, we are often not having enough time to respond to our routine activities like – answering a person at the door or collecting a door delivery. To handle such situations we propose a solution by automating the parcel collection unit. This system presents a low cost, less time-consuming, safe and effective implementation of Smart Box System through the wireless sensor networks. A special device, called a hardware kit is realized and designed for this purpose. When the parcel is placed inside the box, it is sensed through the optical (IR) sensors and the door will be automatically closed and simultaneously a message will be sent to the android device that the parcel is put in the smart box. In addition, a vibration sensor is also placed in the smart box to identify and inform the android device when any one tries to take away the smart box.

Modern mobile phones or smartphones have become a pervasive and affordable device for users at different levels of age around the world. Smartphones equipped with many useful sensors, including camera, barometer, accelerometer, and digital compass. The sensors on smartphones attracted researchers and developers to develop mobile applications (apps) and study the potential use of the sensors to support daily life activities. Unlike other types of sensor, the smartphone camera has been underutilized. Analysis of the literature suggested that smartphone camera mainly serves for personal and social photography. Practically, a smartphone camera can be used as an imaging device for reading a barcode. Although barcode has been used for identifying products and items, the use of a smartphone camera as a reading device has not been explored thoroughly. Further, scholarly resources describing the fundamental knowledge of smartphone camera barcode reading is not available in the literature which could be the reason contributed to slow research progress of the domain. Therefore, this study aims to review the current trends and future directions of smartphone camera for barcode reading. Specifically, the study reviews the literature on the types of applications that are currently available and run on the standard mobile platform for reading a barcode. It also analyzes the necessary components that made up barcode reading apps. Further, the review identifies technical and non-technical issues that are critical for the development of the apps. The contributions of this work are twofold, first, it provides the fundamental knowledge on the building blocks of camera barcode reading apps, and second, it explores the issues in the current camera barcode reading apps that could encourage exploration towards addressing the issues. Practically, the findings could spark new research ideas to address the current issues related to the use of smartphone camera for barcode reading in the near future.

2D color barcodes have been introduced to obtain
larger storage capabilities than traditional black and white
barcodes. Unfortunately, the data density of color barcodes is
substantially limited by the redundancy needed for correcting
errors, which are due not only to geometric but also to chromatic distortions introduced by the printing and scanning process. The higher the expected error rate, the more redundancy is needed for avoiding failures in barcode reading, and thus, the lower the actual data density. Our work addresses this trade-off between reliability and data density in 2D color barcodes and aims at identifying the most effective algorithms, in terms of byte error rate and computational overhead, for decoding 2D color barcodes. In particular, we perform a thorough experimental study to identify the most suitable color classifiers for converting analog barcode cells to digital bit streams.

Cyclidium glaucoma is the best-characterized member of the genus Cyclidium. This ciliated Protist feeds on Bacteria, and therefore plays an important role in the environment, and it is very common in sewage treatment plants.
Different Cyclidium species have been described within the genus Cyclidium, but the validity of these descriptions are problematic because of the lack of morphological and in particular molecular diagnostic data. Additionally, what constitutes a species is not well defined for many Protists.
However, the accurate identification of Protist species is important for having reliable data about their biodiversity, geographic distribution and ecology.
To accurately identify a species, it is necessary to corroborate all available information, especially the morphological data and the molecular data.
Our morphological study deals with silver nitrate and protargol impregnated specimens, and also with DAPI-stained nuclei.
Furthermore, three sequences which are important in molecular systematic have been obtained: the ribosomal RNA 18 S, the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), and the Cytochrome Oxidase (COX). The primers designed for the amplification of the COX produce a 610 bp sequence of the “barcode” region.

The use of manual key circulating on the market are already not very secure anymore, because manual key has some shortcomings, among others, the key is impractical because it is too heavy to be easily lost, easily stolen and easily copied. Because of the shortage of manual key usage then increasingly unpopular people and return the switch to the use of the key that works in electronic doors. Electronic door key advantages compared with manual key lock that is not easily lost because only with memorized password, operation easier and more smooth, the key could not be stolen.The same as the programming language Basic, Pascal, C and others – other. But the Basic, Pascal and C is intended for operating systems MS-DOS, while Visual Basic is intended for the Windows operating system. The barcode is essentially the order of black and white vertical stripes with different thicknesses, very simple but very useful, with uses to store data-specific data e.g. production code, expiry date, number of identity with easy and cheap, though such technology continues to evolve with the discovery of magnetic media, electronics, Rfid tags, serial eeprom (as in smart cards), slots, scanner, to the CCD and even we can make it your own. Types of barcode is very much a traditional start from i.e.

Two dimensional barcodes are wide used as an interface to attach potential customers and promotional material contents. However, the looks of a traditional 2nd barcode pattern is usually too obtrusive for group action into an esthetically designed promotional material. Besides, no human decipherable info is provided before the barcode is with success decoded. This paper proposes a brand new picture-embedding 2D barcode, known as PiCode, which mitigates these two limitations by mobilization a scannable 2D barcode with a picturesque look. PiCode is intended with careful concerns on each the sensory activity quality of the embedded image and therefore the decipherment lustiness of the encoded message. Comparisons with existing beautified 2nd barcodes show that PiCode achieves one among the simplest sensory activity quality for the embedded image, and maintains a more robust trade-off between image quality and decipherment lustiness in varied application conditions.

Species are often presumed to be apparent in nature, but in practice they may be difficult to recognise, especially when viewed across continents rather than within a single site. Coalescent-based Poisson-tree-process (PTP) models applied to fast-evolving genes promise one quantitative criterion for recognising species, complete with the estimates of uncertainty that are required of a scientific method. Such methods face challenges especially in discerning between widespread polytypic species and complexes of closely related, restricted-range species. In particular, ‘over-sampling’ of many closely related individuals within one species could risk causing groups of less closely-related individuals within other species appearing relatively more distinct and consequently could risk them being interpreted falsely as separate species. Some of the most persistent taxonomic problems among bumblebees (genus Bombus Latreille, 1802) are within the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880. For a global revision of Melanobombus species, we use COI barcodes and seek to reduce the risk from localised over-sampling by filtering the data to include only unique haplotypes. Unique haplotypes give more conservative results than unfiltered data, but still increase the number of species in comparison with recent morphological treatments. After integrative assessment of COI coalescents in comparison with morphological groups, the number of accepted species shows a non-linear increase with sample size that plateaus to an increase of 47% (to 25 species) compared with a previous estimate (of 17) based on morphology alone. For the most widespread and variable species-complexes, our revised species improve the match to the patterns expected of species, both for genetic divergence-with-distance and for sympatry, leading to three main inferences. (1) The particularly widespread polytypic Bombus sichelii Radoszkowski, 1859, is a single species. (2) We detect two candidates for species within previous broad concepts of each of the former B. lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758), B. miniatus Bingham, 1897, and B. rufofasciatus Smith, 1852. Within B. lapidarius s. lat. we find insufficient evidence to corroborate the candidate species, with no coalescent or morphological support for a recent claim for a separate species, B. bisiculus Lecocq, Biella, Martinet & Rasmont, 2019 described from southern Italy, but rather we find a weak and uncorroborated coalescent for a different and much broader group of samples from across southeastern Europe but excluding Turkey. Within the former broad concepts of B. miniatus s. lat. and B. rufofasciatus s. lat. the coalescent evidence is stronger and subtle evidence from morphology corroborates recognising B. miniatus s. str. and B. eurythorax Wang, 1892 stat. rev. as separate species as well as B. rufofasciatus s. str. and B. prshewalskyi Morawitz, 1880 stat. rev. as separate species. (3) Our coalescent and morphological results ‘split’ more clearly what has long been interpreted as a single polytypic B. keriensis Morawitz, 1887, s. lat., by supporting novel concepts of the restricted-range species: B. alagesianus Reinig, 1930 stat. rev., B. incertoides Vogt, 1911 stat. rev., B. keriensis s. str., B. qilianensis sp. nov., B. separandus Vogt, 1909 stat. rev., and B. tibeticus sp. nov. A lectotype is designated for the name B. keriensis and a neotype is designated for the name B. alagesianus. We estimate the phylogeny of Melanobombus species by including three slower-evolving genes to provide more evidence for deeper relationships, to estimate the time calibration of this phylogeny, and to estimate ancestral distributions, all within a Bayesian framework. We provide the first keys for identifying all of the species of Melanobombus.

The APAIC Report on the Holocode Crisis is a short story that imagines the future of machine-readable data encodings. In this story, I speculate about the next stage in the development of data encoding patterns: after barcodes and QR codes, the invention of “holocodes” will make it possible to store unprecedented amounts of data in a minuscule physical surface. As a collage of nested fictional materials (including ethnographic fieldnotes, interview transcripts, OCR scans, and intelligence reports) this story builds on the historical role of barcodes in supporting consumer logistics and the ongoing deployment of QR codes as anchors for the platform economy, concluding that the geopolitical future of optical governance is tied to unassuming technical standards such as those formalizing machine-readable representations of data.

In this paper we present a prototype system for location-based guiding. A user survey has been conducted and the observations are used to support design choices. The prototype allows for both indoor and outdoor navigation at and in the vicinity of the NaturBornholm experience centre in Denmark using a combination of Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC), GPS and QR codes. Bluetooth, NFC and GPS are used for location-based information and QR codes are used to convey user preferences. 

DNA barcoding involves sequencing a standard region of DNA as a tool for species identification. However, there has been no agreement on which region(s) should be used for barcoding land plants. To provide a community recommendation on a standard plant barcode, we have compared the performance of 7 leading candidate plastid DNA regions ( atpF–atpH spacer, matK gene, rbcL gene, rpoB gene, rpoC1 gene, psbK–psbI spacer, and trnH–psbA spacer). Based on assessments of recoverability, sequence quality, and levels of species discrimination, we recommend the 2-locus combination of rbcL + matK as the plant barcode. This core 2-locus barcode will provide a universal framework for the routine use of DNA sequence data to identify specimens and contribute toward the discovery of overlooked species of land plants.

Floral visitation resulting in interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) from non-native or invasive plant species can affect the reproductive fitness of native plant species through pollen allelopathy, stigma clogging, stylar clogging, and ovule (seed) discounting. The prevalence of IPT and the importance of pollinators in mediating its impacts, however, remain poorly understood. Although most traditional methods for examining visitor movement are insufficient for determining rates of potential IPT, one promising alternative is the use of DNA barcoding. Because floral visitors eat, collect or unknowingly obtain pollen, nectar and other floral tissues, plant DNA should be recoverable from their bodies, permitting molecular identification of pollen loads. To assess the utility of plant DNA barcodes for tracking floral visitation, I collected 89 honeybees (Apis mellifera) and 49 bumblebees (Bombus spp.) from a disturbed forest edge in Columbus, Georgia and analyzed their pollen loads using ...

“D2D (Day to Day) Smart Billing System” is developed that abets a person in everyday shopping in malls involving some automation in customarily practiced process. Malls and supermarkets are self-service shops offering a wide variety of food and household products. This system helps the customer in everyday shopping by minimizing the time required and increase the shop productivity. The main objective is to provide a robust techno-savvy trolley with low-cost, high efficiency and easily adaptable system. Each techno-trolley is set up with a Raspberry Pi that is a unique identification device for that trolley. The camera scanner on the trolley will scan the purchased product and display it on LCD that is interfaced to the raspberry pi. The web-based application for trolleys and mobile-based application for baskets are designed to minimize the waiting time in “Queue” at the billing counters. At the billing counter, the confirmation of the total bill is done and the same is forwarded to the admin.

Paperback 1.10 may be the 1st outright case of state sponsored encoding of the crypto encoding stage on x86 Windows 10 PCs. The code being attacked has been around for some time -- the adage of updating often is a good security measure seems to be the rule here...

DNA phylogenetic comparisons have shown that morphology-based species recognition often underestimates fungal diversity. Therefore, the need for accurate DNA sequence data, tied to both correct taxonomic names and clearly annotated specimen data, has never been greater. Furthermore, the growing number of molecular ecology and microbiome projects using high-throughput sequencing require fast and effective methods for en masse species assignments. In this article, we focus on selecting and re-annotating a set of marker reference sequences that represent each currently accepted order of Fungi. The particular focus is on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region in the nuclear ribosomal cistron, derived from type specimens and/or ex-type cultures. Re-annotated and verified sequences were deposited in a curated public database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), namely the RefSeq Targeted Loci (RTL) database, and will be visible during routine sequenc...

Buku ini sangat baik bagi pembaca yang ingin belajar membangun sistem dengan Java Netbeans serta menjadi panduan bagi mahasiswa IT yang ingin membuat skripsi. Dalam buku ini diajarkan cara instalasi software secara lengkap, termasuk library-library yang dibutuhkan agar aplikasi berjalan dengan baik, teori java yang lengkap serta cara analisis dengan metode Object Oriented Design (OOD), dan cara membuat UML dengan softaware ArgoUML juga tak lupa penulis berikan. Pembaca dapat mengikuti sesi demi sesi dan mempraktikkan langsung di depan komputer untuk belajar pemograman Java Netbeans ini. Pembaca akan dapat membangun aplikasi absensi dosen, mulai dari absen masuk, absen pulang, sampai perhitungan keterlambatan datang dan laporan-laporan yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem informasi absen dosen ini. Di dalam buku ini juga diajarkan bagaimana menjadikan smartphone sebagai alat untuk men-scan kehadiran dosen, termasuk software-software yang dibutuhkannya.

In this paper we present a prototype system for location-based guiding. A user survey has been conducted and the observations are used to support design choices. The prototype allows for both indoor and outdoor navigation at and in the vicinity of the experience centre NaturBornholm1 in Denmark using a combination of Bluetooth, GPS and QR-codes. Bluetooth and GPS are used for location-based information and QR-codes are used to convey user preferences.

Barcoding system is a cheap and reliable way for tagging the products. Barcode detection process is needed for an invetory system to detect the barcodes of the products and for the billing system of the inventory concerned. Now a days, laser scanners are costly which is used to detect single barcode in supershops. If we can detect multiple barcodes from an image, it can help everyone to save some more time than scanning them separatelt. Previously there were many methods like filtering, feature extraction, YOLO model for detecting single barcodes in a fast and reliable way. All those methods did not focus to detect multiple barcodes accurately. In this thesis work, we have developed a model which works better for detecting and decoding multiple barcodes
simultaneously. We have used Faster RCNN model for the detection of multiple barcodes. The detection process is also done using Pyzbar library separately. But Faster RCNN gives us better output to detect barcodes from an image than this library does. With the help of Tensorflow API, we worked on our dataset for the detection process of
barcodes at first. After training the barcodes, the model is tested with more than three hundred images of high and low resolutions. The detection rate is much improved than the existing studies, for both resolutions and almost all the barcodes are effectively detected.
Moreover, the decoding process is done on Arte-Lab dataset with the help of Zbar library. Though the detection rate using Faster RCNN is little bit slower, but it gives better accuracy. The detection and decoding accuracy throughout the model can facilitate business system for faster transaction.

Management of goods is an essential part of many businesses. Goods can be identified by different means, but often labor intensive methods are avoided. For this reason barcode and radio identification methods have become popular. In this paper we study the usability of cellular phone camera for tracking goods and present a test application, which can be used for tracking goods. In our test application all the data about the goods is located in a central server which the cellular phone connects via data connection. Readability of barcode in different environments is also evaluated.