Benthos

In recent years, a variety of approaches to deriving sediment quality guidelines have been developed. One approach relies on establishing an empirical relationship between the concentration of a contaminant in sediment and the condition of some biological indicator, for example, combining measured sediment concentrations of contaminants combined with data on colocated benthic species to measure in situ community effects of contamination. Biological threshold concentrations derived in this manner are being considered or have already been adopted by some regulatory agencies as a means for deriving sediment guidelines (e.g., Canada's Provincial Sediment Quality Guidelines). In order to test the validity of this method, we constructed several Monte Carlo simulations to illustrate that the methodology used to develop these guidelines is flawed by the effects of sampling and statistical artifacts that emerge from undersampling a lognormal density function. As a case study, this paper will present the screening level concentration method used by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (Toronto, ON, Canada) and provide the results of several probabilistic exercises highlighting these issues. We present a word of caution on the applicability of methods that rely exclusively on statistical and mathematical relationships between invertebrate data and sediment concentrations to derive sediment quality guidelines.

Struktur komunitas merupakan suatu konsep yang mempelajari sususan atau komposisi spesies dan kelimpahannya dalam suatu komunitas. Struktur komunitas berkaitan erat dengan habitat serta parameter kimia dan fisikanya, maka dari itu struktur komunitas plankton, perifiton, dan benthos yang ditemukan di perairan menggenang, mengalir, dan estuari berbeda. Struktur komunitas diamati dengan menghitung indeks nilai keanekargaman, keseragaman, dan dominansinya. Di perairan menggenang struktur komunitas perifiton lebih rendah dari pada komunitas plankton, sedangkan untuk perairan mengalir struktur komunitas perifiton lebih besar kecuali di perairan mengalir yang keruh. Data yang diperoleh dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nilai indeks keanekaragaman dari organisme plankton, perifiton, dan benthos di perairan menggenang, mengalir, dan estuari menunjukkan angka yang cenderung tinggi. Rata-rata nilai indeks keseragaman dari masing-masing organisme di setiap perairan cenderung mendekati 1 atau lebih dari 1 sehingga tingkat keseragamannya tinggi dan dominansinya cenderung rendah.

Descriptive survey method through actual resource assessment was conducted to determine the species diversity of macro-benthic invertebrates in the mangrove forest and seagrass beds of Eastern Bohol, Philippines namely: Anda, Candijay, Mabini, and Ubay. The 4 representative sites were chosen through random sampling. In each municipality, the researcher selected a representative area wherein 3 transects were laid perpendicular to the shoreline. The assessment in each transect covered a strip of 4 m by 50 m. All macro-benthic invertebrates intercepted within 4-meter to the left and right of the transect line were identified, counted and listed in a slate board. The data gathered were subjected to Shannon-Weiner Index and Kruskal Wallis Test. In mangrove forests, results revealed that Anda got the highest species diversity index of 1.66 with 11 species. The lowest value which is 1.15 was recorded in Candijay having only five macro-benthic invertebrate species. In the 4 municipalities, a total of 12 species representing 3 phyla were identified. In seagrass beds, 19 taxa of macro-benthic invertebrates were recorded belonging to three phyla. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that macro-benthic invertebrates in eastern part of Bohol is diverse both in mangrove forests and seagrass beds. Moreover, there is no significant difference in the species diversity among the four representative sites.

Ekosistem adalah hubungan timbal balik antara unsur biotik dan abiotik yang membentuk sistem ekologi. Ekosistem perairan dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu perairan tawar, laut, dan estuari. Estuaria adalah wilayah pesisir semi tertutup yang mempunyai hubungan bebas dengan laut terbuka dan menerima masukan air tawar dari daratan. Tujuan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi perairan estuari melalui analisis parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Metode yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah metode sampling. Lokasi pengambilan data di Blanakan, Subang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali pengulangan. Parameter fisika yang diamati adalah, kedalaman rata-rata sedalam 66cm, suhu perairan 28.3oC, warna perairan adalah hijau kehitaman, dan tipe substratnya lumpur. Nilai pH pada perairan sebesar 8.6 dan salinitas sebesar 5ppt yang merupakan parameter kimia. Parameter biologi yang diamati adalah plankton sebanyak 33 spesies, benthos sebanyak 1 spesies dan 3 spesies perifiton.

Ekosistem adalah hubungan timbal balik antara unsur biotik dan abiotik  yang membentuk sistem ekologi. Ekosistem perairan tawar dapat dibedakan menjadi dua karakter, yaitu perairan tergenang (lentik) dan perairan mengalir (lotik). Tujuan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi perairan tergenang melalui analisis parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Metode yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah metode sampling. Lokasi pengambilan data di Situ Gede, Bogor. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali pengulangan. Parameter fisika yang diamati adalah, kedalaman rata-rata sedalam 119cm, kecerahan pada 65,33cm , suhu perairan rata-rata 28,53oC, warna perairan adalah hijau kehitaman, tipe substratnya lumpur, dengan bau lumpur. Nilai pH pada perairan sebesar 6 yang merupakan parameter kimia. Parameter biologi yang diamati adalah plankton sebanyak 7 species, benthos sebanyak 17 species, dan tidak ditemukan perifiton.

Recent deep‐sea explorations in the South Pacific have documented around New Caledonia the most diverse fauna of gastropods of the family Volutomitridae anywhere in the world. Fourteen species (nine new, two remaining unnamed) are recorded, all essentially confined to the 250–750 m depth range. The high number of species in the New Caledonia region does not appear to be an effect of sampling intensity, but appears to result from four factors: regional spatial heterogeneity, frequency of hard substrates, syntopy, and a historical heritage shared with Australia and New Zealand, which until now ranked as the major centre of volutomitrid diversity. In the New Caledonia region, volutomitrids show a marked preference for hard bottoms and up to three species may co‐occur in the same dredge haul. Many species appear to have extremely narrow geographical distributions within the region (e.g. a single seamount or a single submerged plateau); conversely, Microvoluta joloensis, the only non‐endemic volutomitrid present in New Caledonia, ranges from the Mozambique Channel to Tonga.

Agricultural pyrethroid insecticides especially cypermethrin and deltamethrin are being used regularly for the control of aquatic insects in commercial carp aquaculture ponds in northwest Bangladesh. Thisstudy was conducted in a farmer's ponds under commercial aquaculture to know the impact of cypermethrin and deltamethrin on aquatic invertebrates (insects, zooplanktons and benthos). Commercial aquaculture ponds were treated with cypermethrin and deltamethrin @ 5 µg (active ingredient)/liter pond water in presence of fish. Required amount of each of the insecticides were diluted with water in big aluminium pots and broadcasted over the pond water. Water quality parameters of the experimental ponds were measured at pretreatment stage. Sampling of aquatic invertebrates was done pretreatment and after 1 day, 2 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 21days and 28 days of the application of insecticides. No fish mortality was recorded after the treatment. Aquatic insect population was found to be most affected;number count declined89.87% and 86.24% for cypermethrin and deltamethrin respectively within one day after treatment. The insect count recovery began after day 10 and day 5 of cypermethrin and deltamethr in treatment respectively. Loss of insect diversity was observed in cypermethrin treatment and diversity count did not recover within observation period of 28 days.Zooplankton populatio nwas relatively less impacted (21.10% and 26.33% declined respectively in cypermethrin and deltamethrin treatment). Benthos population count and diversity was not affected, possibly due to the high organic carbon content and clay soil of the pond bottom.

"A detailed well-structured presentation of the author’s innovative and multifaceted conceptualization of how almost all aquatic organisms work together toward making water clear and clean. As a matter of fact, this conceptualization is a new theory of ecological self-purification of water:
Title: On the multifunctional role of the biota in the self-purification of aquatic ecosystems.
Author(s): Ostroumov S.A.
Source: RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Volume: 36, Issue: 6, Pages: 414-420, DOI: 10.1007/s11184-005-0095-x Published: NOV-DEC 2005;
Full English text free: http://www.scribd.com/doc/45572968
Abstract, additional relevant sites: http://www.scribd.com/doc/75101299/;
http://www.econf.rae.ru/article/6963
The reference in a traditional form:
Ostroumov S.A. On the multifunctional role of the biota in the self-purification of aquatic ecosystems. -RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, 2005, 36 (6): 414-420.
https://www.academia.edu/1893226/;

Recent blog posts, bibliography. Ecology, bioscience, water quality. Available in Internet online. http://5bio5.blogspot.com/2012/08/environmental-science-recent-blog-posts.html

Abstract: A fundamental concept is proposed of aquatic ecosystem as a bioreactor that carries out the function of water purification in natural water bodies and streams. The ecosystem as a bioreactor has the following characteristic attributes: (1) it is a large-scale (large-volume) bioreactor; (2) it is a diversified (in terms of the number of taxa and the scope of functional activities) bioreactor; (3) it possesses a broad range of biocatalytic (chemical-transforming and degrading) capabilities. New experimental data on xenobiotics-induced inhibition of the functioning of the molluscs Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, M. galloprovincialis and Limnaea stagnalis emphasize the potential ecological hazard from sublethal concentrations of pollutants (including those exemplified by synthetic surfactants and detergents).

another closely related publication:
Ostroumov S. A. An aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale diversified bioreactor with a water self-purification function. - Doklady Biological Sciences, 2000. Vol. 374, P. 514-516. scribd.com/doc/49065542; New facet of the essence and identity of ecosystem: it has attributes of a bioreactor; http://www.scribd.com/doc/49069997;

Publications by the same author. Main Results.
Публикации того же автора. Основные результаты: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59437439/;

On the author. Об авторе (С.А.О.):
http://www.famous-scientists.ru/3732/;

In short:

New concepts and terminology were introduced in the paper: ecological tax; ecological repair of water quality. Opinion paper. Also, a review paper.
              Title: Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders.
Author(s): Ostroumov S.A.
Source: HYDROBIOLOGIA,  2005, Volume: 542,  Pages: 275-286,  DOI: 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1;  Published: JUL 1 2005,
Text online free, in English: www.scribd.com/doc/44105992/
http://www.econf.rae.ru/article/6964
**
Key words: filter-feeders, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity,
filter-feeders, filtration, suspension feeders, benthos, ecology, aquatic, marine, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity, AFDW, ash-free dry weight, LD, liquid detergent, SD, synthetic detergent, laundry detergent, SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate, TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, ecological tax; ecological repair, water quality, reliability, stability, functioning, ecosystem, role, habitat heterogeneity, migration of chemical elements,

**

Abbreviations: AFDW - ash-free dry weight; LD - liquid detergent; SD - synthetic detergent (laundry
detergent in the form of powder); SDS - sodium dodecyl sulphate; TDTMA
-tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide
**
in more detail:
Abstract
On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have
formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filterfeeders
in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the
role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of
contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration
of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from
water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of
the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of
the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial
function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author
additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and
rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others).
Some of new blogs with additional relevant publications:
publications authored and coathored by S.A.Ostroumov are available online free:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/5152_TextsOnlineFree;
Examples of some citations of S.A.Ostroumov's papers:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/3380_Ecology_biology_life_sciences_Bibliography ;
Book: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/4528_EcotoxicologyDetergents;
FAQ (Frequently asked questions) : how to use the book and relevant papers;

https://www.academia.edu/1893508/;

The distribution of the allochthonous crab Percnon gibbesi and its relationships with other benthic invertebrate species was assessed inside the marine reserve of Cabo de Palos—Islas Hormigas (Mediterranean sea, Spain) and neighbouring non-protected sites. Although a significant spatial variability was detected at finer spatial scale, there was no influence of protection measures or insularity on the abundance of P. gibbesi. The presence of small holes, encrusting algae and low slope favour the colonization success of this crustacean, and the spatial distribution of these habitat features could explain the observed pattern. The abundance of P. gibbesi was similar to that of native crab species; however, a non-significant negative relationship between the abundance of P. gibbesi and native crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus and Eriphia verrucosa), urchins (Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus) and a snail (Phorcus turbina-tus) was observed. This work highlights the importance of monitoring alien crab population densities taking structural habitat and other potentially influential factors into account and the likely effect of this alien species on the native ones.

Perairan dapat diukur kualitasnya menggunakan berbagai indikator, salah satunya dengan indikator biologis. Tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mempelajari bagaimana karakteristik ekosistem sungai dan faktor-faktor pembatasnya, mempelajari teknik pengambilan data parameter fisik dan biologi suatu perairan, menghitung dan mengidentifikasi makrozoobenthos serta mempelajari korelasi antara faktor lingkungan dengan populasi benthos. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Ekman Grab namun pada beberapa kondisi digunakan metode Hand Sorting. Sungai Semanggi di kawasan Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan dipilih karena akses yang mudah dan cepat serta arus yang tidak deras. Sebagai pembanding, digunakan data benthos dari ekosistem perairan Situ Gintung. Dari hasil pengamatan yang didapatkan, terlihat bahwa Indeks Shannon yang didapatkan pada perairan Sungai Semanggi memiliki nilai yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan nilai Indeks Shannon yang didapatkan pada perairan Situ Gintung. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa kualitas perairan pada Sungai Semanggi tidak sebaik pada perairan Situ Gintung, dan benthos yang digunakan dapat dijabarkan sebagai indikator perairan yang baik atau tidak.

The new species, Anemonia alicemartinae (Actiniidae), is described from rocky shores of north and central Chile. Its members’ abundance, occurrence in exposed positions, and bright red colour make it one of the most eye-catching species of northern Chile. The
description is based on 74 specimens collected between 1975 and 2001, and on live observations of several hundred animals in their
habitats and in aquaria. The natural microhabitats are positions exposed to currents but protected from surge surf, ranging from tide
pools down to depths of 16 m. In 1998, the southern distribution limit was 37° S, the southernmost extent of the southerly Chile
Coastal Countercurrent. The species is similar to Anemonia natalensis and Pseudactinia varia from South Africa. The most distinctive
features of A. alicemartinae n. sp. are its bipartite acrorhagi on the margin, uniform red colour, and marks from frequent longitudinal
fission. Bud-like structures were observed in two specimens. Evidence of frequent fission and the absence of fertile males in the
sample indicate a predominance of asexual reproduction in the population. The fact that such a conspicuous species was not reported in previous surveys of Chilean sea anemones suggests that it has been increasing in abundance and/or expanding its range
during the last 50 years. Reasons for this may be human impact on benthic communities or recent introduction of this species into the
area.