Bis/bas

The behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation (BIS/BAS) scales (Carver & White, 1994), which allow rating the Gray's motivational systems, were translated and adapted into Portuguese. In this study, the authors present the procedure and the psychometric analyses of the Portuguese version of the scales, which included basic item and scales psychometric characteristics, as well as confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. After the psychometric analyses provided evidence for the quality of the Portuguese version of the scales, the normative data was provided by age and school grade. The confirmatory factor analysis of the BIS/BAS scales that the authors performed did not demonstrate satisfactory fit for the 2- or 4-factor solution. The authors also tested the more recent 5-factor model, but the fit indices remained inadequate. As fit indices were not satisfactory they proceeded with an exploratory factor analysis to examine the structure of the Portuguese scales. These psych...

Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Personality and Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament - analysis of their associations in a Polish sample The present study explores the relationship between Cloninger scales and Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT) traits. Cloninger's psychobiological model identifies four dimensions of temperament (Novelty seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Persistence) and three dimensions of character (Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence). RTT proposes the traits of Briskness, Perseveration, Sensory Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance and Activity as the basic dimensions underlying individual differences. The relationships between the dimensions of Cloninger's Temperament and Character and Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament are investigated in a sample of 282 participants. Data analysis demonstrated some significant correlations between the two models. The strongest a...

En Neuromarketing and cognitive psychology perspectives underlined the present research which investigated the choice and preference of consumers, by using behavioural, psychophysiological and neuropsychological measures. In particular, research found that cognitive and affective advertising elicited activity in different cortical brain areas and it was shown that the deliberative and intuitive systems were both involved in decision-making. In the present research we analyzed if the consumer and luxury goods associated with emotional stimuli (neutral, negative or positive) showed in supraliminal or subliminal condition produced variations in response time, subjective preference, autonomic measures (electrodermal activity, puls, and blood volume pressure) and ERP indexes. Emotive stimuli(high arousal with positive/negative valence) were extracted from the IAPS database. Results revealed that the SCL (skin conductance) was significantly higher for the emotive (positive and negative) s...

BackgroundSelf-control, as one of the most popular research topics, requires strong definition boundaries to enable generalization of the results. There are inconsistencies between researchers in the understanding of the concept, due to the fact that self-control is a complex phenomenon that involves many psychological functions and has a strong impact on human everyday performance. This research contributes to a wider scientific debate on self-control’s theoretical framework by examining its relationship with Jan Strelau’s theory of temperament.Participants and procedureOne hundred sixty-four adults (95 women) were asked to fill in two paper-and-pencil questionnaires: NAS-50, measuring self-control and its five factors (goal maintenance, proactive control, initiative and persistence, inhibition and adjournment, switching and flexibility), and FCB-TI, measuring six dimensions of temperament (briskness, perseverance, sensory sensitivity, emotional reactivity, endurance, and activity)...

Resumen: Sobre la base de la teoría de la personalidad de BIS/BAS (Carver y White, 1994) y de la teoría motivacional de la Self-determination theory (Gagné y Deci, 2005), se estudió la relación entre ambos modelos con el fin de identificar perfiles que nos permitan entender las características y las necesidades motivacionales de los individuos. Se tomó una muestra de 232 individuos a los que se les realizó el cuestionario completo de BIS/BAS, el cuestionario completo de la Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (Gagné et al., 2015) y se indagó sobre una serie de incentivos con el objetivo de contar con los más efectivos para cada perfil. Los cinco perfiles propuestos permiten entender cómo se comportan los subtipos de motivación dentro del modelo de personalidad BIS/BAS y como se compone el conjunto de incentivos más efectivos para cada perfil.

Palabras clave: Motivación, incentivos, personalidad, neuromotivación, neuroliderazgo, organización, management, BIS/BAS, self determination theory., amenazas sociales, recompensas

Summary: Based on the theory of personality BIS / BAS (Carver and White, 1994) and the motivational theory of Self-determination theory (Gagné and Deci, 2005), studied the relationship between both models in order to identify profiles that allow us to understand the characteristics and motivational needs of individuals. A sample of 232 individuals was taken from whom the complete BIS/BAS questionnaire, the complete questionnaire of the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (Gagné et al., 2015) was carried out and a series of incentives were investigated with the objective of having the most effective for each profile. The five proposed profiles allow us to understand how the motivation subtypes behave within the BIS/BAS personality model and how the most effective set of incentives for each profile is composed.

Keywords: Motivation, incentives, personality, neuromotivation, neuroleadership, organization, management, BIS/BAS, self determination theory. , social threats, social rewards, SIC, SAC, SCARF, job satisfaction, work environment, engagement, social pain, organizational commitment

The behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation (BIS/BAS) scales (Carver & White, 1994), which allow rating the Gray's motivational systems, were translated and adapted into Portuguese. In this study, the authors present the procedure and the psychometric analyses of the Portuguese version of the scales, which included basic item and scales psychometric characteristics, as well as confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. After the psychometric analyses provided evidence for the quality of the Portuguese version of the scales, the normative data was provided by age and school grade. The confirmatory factor analysis of the BIS/BAS scales that the authors performed did not demonstrate satisfactory fit for the 2- or 4-factor solution. The authors also tested the more recent 5-factor model, but the fit indices remained inadequate. As fit indices were not satisfactory they proceeded with an exploratory factor analysis to examine the structure of the Portuguese scales. These psych...

Background and Study Aim: Temperament is a set of relatively consistent and stable traits that are related to emotions and formal characteristics of behavior. Temperamental traits are essential in both physical and athletic activities and help predict athletic performance and involvement in physical activity. Although research into temperament of athletes has been previously conducted, little is known about the temperament of physical education students. However, knowledge about temperamental traits can increase efficacy of physical education teaching and sports coaching. This study examines differences in temperamental traits between physical education (PE) and mechanical engineering (ME) students according the regulatory theory of temperament. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted at a large university in the south of Poland. The participants were 208 university students who were 19-40 years old (M = 21.27, SD = 2.61), including 83% of males (n = 173). The entire sample consisted of 106 PE undergraduates (51% of the total sample) and 102 ME students (49%). The FCB-TI self-report questionnaire in a standard "paper-and-pencil form was used to identify six temperamental traits, i.e., sensory sensitivity, endurance, emotional reactivity, activity, briskness, and perseveration. Results: The Student's t-test revealed that PE undergraduates scored significantly higher in activity as a temperamental trait compared to ME students. No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed in sensory sensitivity, endurance, emotional reactivity, briskness, and perseveration. The mediation role of activity on the relationship between emotional reactivity and physical activity was found in this study. Conclusions: Activity level is crucial to explain the mechanism of how emotional reactivity determines engagement in physical exercise. Temperament should be considered in the PE curriculum as an important factor that determines healthy lifestyle, well-being, training effectiveness, and sport performance.

Background and Study Aim: Temperament is a set of relatively consistent and stable traits that are related to emotions and formal characteristics of behavior. Temperamental traits are essential in both physical and athletic activities and help predict athletic performance and involvement in physical activity. Although research into temperament of athletes has been previously conducted, little is known about the temperament of physical education students. However, knowledge about temperamental traits can increase efficacy of physical education teaching and sports coaching. This study examines differences in temperamental traits between physical education (PE) and mechanical engineering (ME) students according the regulatory theory of temperament. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted at a large university in the south of Poland. The participants were 208 university students who were 19-40 years old (M = 21.27, SD = 2.61), including 83% of males (n = 173). The entire sample consisted of 106 PE undergraduates (51% of the total sample) and 102 ME students (49%). The FCB-TI self-report questionnaire in a standard "paper-and-pencil form was used to identify six temperamental traits, i.e., sensory sensitivity, endurance, emotional reactivity, activity, briskness, and perseveration. Results: The Student's t-test revealed that PE undergraduates scored significantly higher in activity as a temperamental trait compared to ME students. No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed in sensory sensitivity, endurance, emotional reactivity, briskness, and perseveration. The mediation role of activity on the relationship between emotional reactivity and physical activity was found in this study. Conclusions: Activity level is crucial to explain the mechanism of how emotional reactivity determines engagement in physical exercise. Temperament should be considered in the PE curriculum as an important factor that determines healthy lifestyle, well-being, training effectiveness, and sport performance.

Revisions to Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST; Gray & McNaughton, 2000) have made a clearer distinction between BIS and FFFS, and recently these two systems have been distinguished within Carver & White’s (1994) BIS/BAS scales. Based on this distinction, the role of BIS-anxiety in deliberate risk appraisal and FFFS-fear in imminent threat processing will be explored and the ways in which these map onto explicit and implicit research methods. Hence, this talk addresses the question as to how individual differences may help to tap into implicit and explicit motivations, specifically avoidance behaviour towards aversive stimuli. As such, it is argued that different mechanisms associated with individual differences may underlie explicit and implicit responses and subsequently account for discrepancies between explicit and implicit measures of emotions, cognitions and behaviour in other research fields.

Gray’s revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray & McNaughton, 2000) may play a key role in explaining psychopathic tendencies (Heym & Lawrence, 2010; Corr, 2010). In this paper, we examine the role of rRST subsystems in moderating the relationship between self-reported psychopathy (measured by LSRP and SRP-III) and self-reported (study 1; N=132) and experimental (study 2; N=60) aggression in normal populations. The results of study 1 show that (i) the link between primary psychopathy and proactive aggression is more pronounced in low BIS-anxiety and low BAS-reward individuals; whereas (ii) the link between secondary psychopathy and reactive aggression is more pronounced in high FFFS-fight individuals. The results of study 2 mirrored these findings in behavioral aggression assessed using the Taylor aggression paradigm. Measurement issues and wider implications for the role of rRST as underlying mechanisms for psychopathy will be discussed.

It is argued in this paper that the disruption of one aspect of the 'sense of self' in schizophrenia, that relating to the continuity of conscious experience and the organization of action, may be linked to current models of the information-processing disturbance prominent in the disorder. The 'sense of self' in normal persons in part results from the consistent manner in which contextually appropriate stored material operates of sensory input. If, as has been proposed, there is in schizophrenia a disruption in the moment-by-moment integration of these sources of information, then a disturbance in the 'sense of self' is implicit in the cognitive model. A consideration of action identification theory (Vallacher & Wegner, 1987) permits further links to be made, since higher-level action identities are viewed as being practically synonymous with self-defining significance. It is suggested that the information-processing disturbance results in a tendency to low-l...

Revisions to Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST; Gray & McNaughton, 2000) have made a clearer distinction between BIS and FFFS, and recently these two systems have been distinguished within Carver & White’s (1994) BIS/BAS scales. Based on this distinction, the role of BIS-anxiety in deliberate risk appraisal and FFFS-fear in imminent threat processing will be explored and the ways in which these map onto explicit and implicit research methods. Hence, this talk addresses the question as to how individual differences may help to tap into implicit and explicit motivations, specifically avoidance behaviour towards aversive stimuli. As such, it is argued that different mechanisms associated with individual differences may underlie explicit and implicit responses and subsequently account for discrepancies between explicit and implicit measures of emotions, cognitions and behaviour in other research fields.

Issues in the cognitive representation and control of action are broached from the perspective of action identification theory. This theory holds that any action can be identified in many ways, ranging from low-level identities that specify how the action is performed to ...

This research examined individual differences in action identification level as measured by the Be-havior Identification Form. Action identification theory holds that any action can be identified in many ways, ranging from low-level identities that specify how the action is performed to ...

Neuromarketing and cognitive psychology perspectives underlined the present
research which investigated the choice and preference of consumers, by using behavioural,
psychophysiological and neuropsychological measures. In particular,
research found that cognitive and affective advertising elicited activity in different
cortical brain areas and it was shown that the deliberative and intuitive systems
were both involved in decision-making. In the present research we analyzed if
the consumer and luxury goods associated with emotional stimuli (neutral, negative
or positive) showed in supraliminal or subliminal condition produced variations
in response time, subjective preference, autonomic measures (electrodermal
activity, puls, and blood volume pressure) and ERP indexes. Emotive stimuli
(high arousal with positive/negative valence) were extracted from the IAPS database.
Results revealed that the SCL (skin conductance) was significantly higher
for the emotive (positive and negative) stimuli compared to the neutral stimuli
and for female subjects in subliminal condition; the ERN effect (error-related
negativity) was higher in subliminal condition within the left temporal area; the
N200 (attentional index) was higher in subliminal condition and parietal area; the
P300 index (alert response) is higher in right parietal area for supraliminal condition.
So the research highlighted the hypothesis that consumers do not observe
and process information in a neutral way. On the contrary, different conditions
of stimulation and of emotional valence influence the choices of consumers, in
the way they respond in both in an automatic and deliberative way.

The Appetitive Motivation Scale (Jackson & Smillie, 2004) is a new trait conceptualisation of Gray’s (1970, 1991) Behavioural Activation System. In this experiment we explore relationships that the Appetitive Motivation Scale and other measures of Gray’s model have with Approach and Active Avoidance responses. Using a sample of 144 undergraduate students, both Appetitive Motivation and Sensitivity to Reward (from the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, SPSRQ; Torrubia, Avila, Molto, & Ceseras, 2001), were found to be significant predictors of Approach and Active Avoidance response latency. This confirms previous experimental validations of the SPSRQ (e.g., Avila, 2001) and provides the first experimental evidence for the validity of the Appetitive Motivation scale. Consistent with interactive views of Gray’s model (e.g., Corr, 2001), high SPSRQ Sensitivity to Punishment diminished the relationship between Sensitivity to Reward and our BAS criteria. Measures of BIS did not however interact in this way with the appetitive motivation scale. A surprising result was the failure for any of Carver and White’s (1994) BAS scales to correlate with RST criteria. Implications of these findings and potential future directions are discussed.

Disruption of the sense of being effective and causally determinant in performing an action was explored in the present research by inducing an erroneous external spatial feedback in response to the subject's behaviour. ERPs were recorded from fifteen subjects when they were receiving mismatching/matching feedback information on direction. In addition, subjective sensitivity to the external cues was monitored by Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioural Activation System (BAS) measures, as well as Behaviour Identification process was tested by Behavior Identification Form (BIF). One negative ERP deflections of higher amplitude was revealed in concomitance to false feedback, peaking at about 210 ms post-stimulus, more central-posteriorly localized. We supposed that it may represent feedback-error system of which activity might be reflected in FRN, deputed to monitor the unattended feedback furnished by an external system. Moreover, a P3b effect was also observed in great measure for false spatial feedback, more posteriorly (Pz) distributed. According to the context-updating hypothesis, the P3b may reflect the revision of the mental model of the context. BIS showed to be more sensitive to both veridical and false feedback that increased FRN, whereas higher-BAS and BAS-Reward measures revealed an increased proactive attitude to external feedback (higher P3b). Finally, low-level of action representation explained FRN amplitude more than high-level one.

On the basis of a review of the extant literature describing emotion– cognition interactions, the authors propose 4 methodological desiderata for studying how task-irrelevant affect modulates cognition and present data from an experiment satisfying them. Consistent with accounts of the hemispheric asymmetries characterizing withdrawal-related negative affect and visuospatial working memory (WM) in prefrontal and parietal cortices, threat-induced anxiety selectively disrupted accuracy of spatial but not verbal WM performance. Furthermore, individual differences in physiological measures of anxiety statistically mediated the degree of disruption. A second experiment revealed that individuals characterized by high levels of behavioral inhibition exhibited more intense anxiety and relatively worse spatial WM performance in the absence of threat, solidifying the authors’ inference that anxiety causally mediates disruption. These observations suggest a revision of extant models of how anxiety sculpts cognition and underscore the utility of the desiderata. Keywords: anxiety, working memory prefrontal cortex (PFC), hemispheric asymmetries, facial electromyography (EMG)

Gray’s (1970) reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) was recently updated (Gray & McNaughton, 2000), but the changes have not received extensive empirical validation. The study tests three novel predictions of the revised RST. First, the behavioral activation system (BAS) is expected to be sensitive to both con- ditioned and unconditioned incentives. Second, the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is expected to be sensitive to conflicting incentives such as between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, and not to avoidance responses or aversive stimuli alone. Third, during approach-avoidance conflicts only, BAS is expected to moderate BIS responses to conflict such that individuals with high BAS show the strongest effect of BIS. In order to test these hypotheses, we developed a novel incentive task that crosses approach/avoidance conditioned responses to appetitive/aversive unconditioned stimuli. Conflict between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli occurred on the approach-aversive and avoid-appetitive trials. Results confirm the predictions and provide support for the revised RST.