Body Fat Measurement

The purpose of this study is to survey the literature pertinent to some morphological traits which are related with the production and reproduction of fat-tailed sheep breeds. The fat-tailed breeds were identified according to Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Articles referring to all these sheep breeds were evaluated. The morphology of udders and their measurable variables were collected and described. The particularities of pelt and fleece features which are important from an economic point of view were summarized. Linear, planar, and spatial parameters of body, slaughter, and carcass factors were compared at various ages of breeding. Testicular dimensions and semen characteristics were recorded. Their relationships with productive and reproductive performance were discussed. The pattern of ovarian follicle development and the involution of the genital tract were assessed from the anatomical point of view in normal and untreated animals. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal morphological aspects which are important in the animal production of these breeds.

Anthropometric and body frame size parameters (ABFSP) are used to interpret body mass and to evaluate nutritional status. Objective of the present study was to investigate the interrelationships between ABFSP, percentage body fat (BF%) and body mass index (BMI). The study was carried out in a sample of 141 adult Bengalee healthy male brick-kiln workers (age range 18–59 years) from Murshidabad district in West Bengal, India. Body weight was recorded; anthropo-metric measurements included height, breadth (elbow, wrist, hand, foot, ankle, knee), circumferences (mid-upper arm, chest, waist, hip, thigh, medial calf) and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac). Derived ABFSP included sum of breadth and circumferences, frame index, BMI, BF%, sum of skinfolds, ratio of central and peripheral skinfolds, arm muscle area, arm muscle circumference, arm fat area and brachial adipo-muscular ratio. Correlations (age-controlled) between ABFSP, BMI and BF% were highly significant (p < 0.001). The ABFSP and BF% varied significantly (p < 0.0001) in relation to BMI-based nutritional status (BNS). Multinomial logistic regression analysis (age-adjusted) showed ABFSP had statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships with BNS. There were strong interrelationships between ABFSP, BMI and BF% independent of age. The ABFSP in individuals with normal BMI, suffering from undernutrition (low BMI) or overweight are different.

The aim of the study is to assess the growth and nutritional status of adolescents of the Shabar tribe of Orissa, India. There are no studies on the growth pattern of the Shabar tribe, one of the largest tribal communities of Orissa. Studies of other tribes have shown poor health status of their members. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 328 adolescents (149 boys and 179 girls), aged 10 to 18 years from Khurda and Cuttack districts of Orissa. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess growth and nutritional status. Means, standard deviation and percentile curves were used to examine the pattern of growth, while t-test and 50th percentile values were used to compare the nutritional status with other studies. Values of &lt;5th percentile of body mass index (BMI) for age were considered as indicators of under-nutrition. Most of the body measurements showed high rates of increase between 14 to 15 years among boys and 12 to 13 years among girls, which correspond to the ...

We report the first two-color 320 x 256 infrared Focal Plane Array (FPA), based on a voltage-tunable InAs/InGaAs/GaAs DWELL structure. The detectors, grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) comprise of a 15-stack asymmetric DWELL structure sandwiched between two highly doped n-GaAs contact layers, grown on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The DWELL region consists of a 2.2 monolayer deposition of n-doped InAs quantum dots (QDs) in an In0.15GaAs0.85As well, itself placed in GaAs. The well widths below and above the dots are 50Å and 60Å, respectively. The absorption region asymmetry results in a bias dependent spectral response, with the peak wavelength varying from 5.5 to 10 μm. Using calibrated black body measurements, mid-wavelength and long wavelength specific detectivities (D*) of top-illuminated test pixels at 78K were estimated to be 7.1 x 1010 cmHz1/2/W (Vb= 1.0V) and 2.8 x 1010 cmHz1/2/W (Vb= 2.5V), respectively. Subsequently, a 320 x 256 QDIP FPA array was fabricated on a 30 μm pitch and was hybridized with an Indigo 9705 ROIC. Thermal imaging was successfully carried out at an estimated FPA temperature of 80K, using different optical filters between 3-5 μm, and 8-12 μm, so as to demonstrate two-color operation. The operability of the FPA was greater than 99%, and the noise-equivalent temperature difference was estimated to be less than 100 mK for f#1 (3-5 μm) and f#2 (5-9 μm) optics.

The present research work was conducted at livestock Research and Development station surezai Peshawar, Pakistan. Data was collected on 86 goats of different age groups. 44 were male and 42 were female. The mean bodyweight of male in four age groups (04-12, 13-18, 19-24, ...

The purpose of this study is to survey the literature pertinent to some morphological traits which are related with the production and reproduction of fat-tailed sheep breeds. The fat-tailed breeds were identified according to Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Articles referring to all these sheep breeds were evaluated. The morphology of udders and their measurable variables were collected and described. The particularities of pelt and fleece features which are important from an economic point of view were summarized. Linear, planar, and spatial parameters of body, slaughter, and carcass factors were compared at various ages of breeding. Testicular dimensions and semen characteristics were recorded. Their relationships with productive and reproductive performance were discussed. The pattern of ovarian follicle development and the involution of the genital tract were assessed from the anatomical point of view in normal and untreated animals. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal morphological aspects which are important in the animal production of these breeds.

The purpose of this study is to survey the literature pertinent to some morphological traits which are related with the production and reproduction of fat-tailed sheep breeds. The fat-tailed breeds were identified according to Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Articles referring to all these sheep breeds were evaluated. The morphology of udders and their measurable variables were collected and described. The particularities of pelt and fleece features which are important from an economic point of view were summarized. Linear, planar, and spatial parameters of body, slaughter, and carcass factors were compared at various ages of breeding. Testicular dimensions and semen characteristics were recorded. Their relationships with productive and reproductive performance were discussed. The pattern of ovarian follicle development and the involution of the genital tract were assessed from the anatomical point of view in normal and untreated animals. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal morphological aspects which are important in the animal production of these breeds.

Background: Obesity has been identified as an important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases; however, other factors, combined or not with obesity, can influence cardiovascular risk and should be considered in cardiovascular risk stratification in pediatrics.
Objective: To analyze the association between anthropometry measures and cardiovascular risk factors, to investigate
the determinants to changes in blood pressure (BP), and to propose a prediction equation to waist circumference (WC)
in children and adolescents.
Methods: We evaluated 1,950 children and adolescents, aged 7 to 18 years. Visceral fat was assessed by WC and waist‑hip relationship, BP and body mass index (BMI). In a randomly selected subsample of these volunteers (n = 578), total cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides levels were evaluated.
Results: WC was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.85; p < 0.001) and BP (SBP r = 0.45 and DBP = 0.37; p <
0.001). Glycaemia and triglycerides showed a weak correlation with WC (r = 0.110; p = 0.008 e r = 0.201; p < 0.001, respectively). Total cholesterol did not correlate with any of the variables. Age, BMI and WC were significant predictors on the regression models for BP (p < 0.001). We propose a WC prediction equation for children and adolescents: boys: y = 17.243 + 0.316 (height in cm); girls: y = 25.197 + 0.256 (height in cm).
Conclusion: WC is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and presents itself as a risk factor predictor ofhypertension in children and adolescents. The WC prediction equation proposed by us should be tested in future studies.

Knowing body fat is an extremely important issue since it affects everyone's health. Although there are several ways to measure body fat percentage (BFP), accurate methods are often associated with hassle and high costs. Therefore, specific measurements or explanatory variables are used to predict the BFP. This study proposes an intelligent feature subset selection approach with an unspecified number of features based on Binary GA and Fuzzy Binary GA algorithms to discover the most critical variable or feature and facilitate an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier model is applied for body fat prediction (BFP). The proposed forecasting model can effectively predict the BFP with the error of ± 3.64031% and the most helpful feature of forearm circumference among twelve features by using Fuzzy Binary GA.

With the use of 3D body scanners, body measurement techniques can be non-contact, instant, and accurate. However, how each scanner establishes landmarks and takes the measurements should be established so that standardization of the data capture can be realized. The purpose of this study was to compare body-scanning measurement extraction methods and terminology with traditional anthropometric methods. A total of

Sizing standards used in the United States that identify the body measurements used in the design and development of clothing were established from identified &quot;best practices&quot; of the apparel industry. However, the industry as a whole has not adopted a single system of clothing sizing. We know that manufacturers and retailers use their own sizing systems as a marketing tool, convinced that this is a differential advantage of their product for their market. Regardless of the sizing systems used, however, almost all are based on the myth that humans have mathematically proportional bodies and that they grow in proportional ways. In addition, the shapes and proportions of today&#39;s American population differ greatly from the shapes of the generations before. So a variety of issues impact our inability to &#39;fit&#39; the American customer of today. These fit issues continue to be a growing concern. This article, as Part One of two, describes the historical process involved ...

Foi estudado, em indivíduos normais, o valor angular da lordose lombar e a participação dos corpos vertebrais e discos intervertebrais na sua composição. Foram avaliadas as radiografias da coluna lombar de 350 indivíduos normais e assintomáticos com a idade variando de 18 a 50 anos (média 29,0 anos ± 8,24), sendo 143 homens e 207 mulheres. Foram medidas a curvatura lombossacra (L1S1) e a curvatura lombolombar (L1L5). As medidas das curvaturas lombares e dos seus componentes apresentaram grande variabilidade. Foram observados valores médios de -61° para a curvatura lombossacra e de -45° para a curvatura lombolombar. As medidas dos corpos vertebrais apresentaram valores cifóticos para L1, neutros para L2, e progressivamente lordóticos de L3 a L5. Os discos intervertebrais apresentaram angulação lordótica progressiva desde L1-L2. Os elementos caudais da curvatura, discos intervertebrais L4-L5 e L5-S1 e o corpo vertebral L5 corresponderam a quase 60% medida angular da curvatura lombossa...

Fourteen foals between 4 and 4.5 mo of age were used to determine the effects of 12 mo of daily treatment with equine somatotropin (eST) on growth, metabolic, and hormonal characteristics. The foals were paired by sex, type, and lineage, and one of each pair was administered eST daily at 20 microg/kg of BW. Body weights, body measurements, and assessments of glucose tolerance and feedback effects on endogenous somatotropin (ST) secretion were made routinely. Treatment with eST did not alter (P &gt; 0.10) BW, height at withers, length of body, widths of chest and rump, heart girth, length of head, front or rear cannon lengths, front or rear cannon circumferences, gaskin circumference, or skin thickness, even though plasma IGF-I concentrations were doubled (P = 0.012). Glucose concentrations were higher (P = 0.03) in treated horses before glucose infusion; there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) in the glucose response to infusion. The insulin response to glucose infusion in the treated...

This paper discusses the propagation channel between two half-wavelength dipoles placed near a human body. Different parts of the body are investigated separately. Statistical properties of the wireless on-body channel have been investigated. Path loss parameters and time domain channel characteristics are extracted from the measurement data. Path loss models for the arm and torso have been derived. A comparison with a path loss model near a flat, homogeneous medium has been made.