Bugs

Style and function are intuitively appealing concepts we bring to archaeological classification based on our interaction in daily life with our own artifacts. In this interaction, we routinely distinguish between functional and stylistic aspects of artifacts and it is but a short step to extend our experiential knowledge to the domain of artifact classification by introducing a distinction between functional and stylistic types. We can distinguish a functional trait as one in which variation in the values for a trait have consequences at a phenomenological level in accordance with physical properties, mode of energy transfer involved in doing an activity with an artifact, and so on, when using an artifact with the trait in question for some task. In a stylistic trait, variation in the values for the trait has consequences at the ideational level and may thereby alter a conceptual relationship between the artifact on which that trait is embedded and the performance of an activity with that artifact.  Evolutionary archaeologists, following Robert Dunnell, have mistakenlyargued that neutral traits should be equated with stylistic traits and the traits affected by selection should be equated with functional traits, even though both functional and stylistic traits are subject to selection.

This is a chapter from the book Eco Noir - A Companion for Precarious Times, published by The Academy of Fine Arts at the University of the Arts Helsinki, edited by Jack Faber and Anna Shraer.

The entire book can be read here:

https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/322352/Eco_noir_2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&fbclid=IwAR0vBLN18YDZHZmpwNlYZNdW7l_hNHuHGXZYbuqOdm7JWOgeum2SuLpx0OI

> Context • Constructionism, Papert's pedagogy and learning theory, involves experiential learning where students engage in exploration, create things that are personally meaningful, and share them with others. This approach is quite motivating, evidenced by the popularity of maker spaces, hackathons, and educational technologies that promote creative computing. With constructionism, the learner's choice is important. This means that learning is often serendipitous. It also means that people often abandon their designs when obstacles arise. This is problematic in learning environments where coverage of key concepts is necessary, practice to develop skills is essential, and persistence with troubleshooting errors is required. > Problem • How can teachers and instructional designers complement a constructionist approach with one that addresses its limitations? I introduce de-construction-ism, a pedagogy and learning theory that emphasizes learning from taking things apart. It is inspired by reverse engineering, cognitive load theory, practice theory, and theories of learning from errors and negative knowledge. This approach is applicable to computer science, as described here, and other disciplines. > Method • I report on a design-based research experiment, where university students interacted with Python practice problems during weekly labs. The designs of the individual problems, and series of problem sets, were based on a model for de-construction developed by the author. > Results • The experiment serves as a successful proof of concept for implementing practice problems designed with a de-constructionist approach. Few technical difficulties arose, and the students enjoyed the learning experience. A few revisions to the model for de-construction were warranted. > Implications • I provide teachers and instructional designers with a simple, practical way to think about instruction , in terms of construction and de-construction. The de-constructionist approach involves ample, effective practice with taking apart well-built examples, some with intentional bugs. > Constructivist content • I propose a pedagogy that is opposite yet complementary to constructionism. >

"Brower explores the way philosophers were inspired by entomological social systems and communication to reflect on human psyche, social behavior, community organization, communication, and inter-individual relationships. His essay rehearses the swarms of insects embedded in contemporary philosophy and literary theory, not only showing how many of the major concepts (or philosophemes) in continental philosophy – sexuality, politics, thinking, time, interdependence, and language – draw lessons from the world of insects, but also illustrating again how the insect world spurred human reflection."

There is general agreement that people can learn from their own mistakes, but the idea of intentionally incorporating errors into curricula is controversial. Some think it will introduce misconceptions, while others think it could help students learn concepts, avoid common errors and misconceptions, and reduce anxiety about errors. This paper develops a theoretical framework that supports this technique, and reviews the experiences and experiments of over a dozen research teams that have employed it for mathematics and computer science education. It also reports on a 14-week study that investigates this issue, where undergraduates learning to program with Python solved web-based practice problems during weekly labs. Approximately 80% of the problems were the same for all students. For the remaining 20%, the treatment group got problems with carefully designed bugs in supplied code. The control group got similar problems without bugs. According to two pre/post measures , the treatment group learned as much as the control group, with no statistical difference in learning gains. Instructional designs, design principles, and future research plans are discussed.

Background

The California Coastal Prairie has the highest biodiversity of North America's grasslands, but also has the highest percentage of urbanization.  The most urbanized part of the California Coastal Prairie is its southernmost area, in Los Angeles County.  This southernmost region, known as the Los Angeles Coastal Prairie, was historically dotted with vernal pools, and has a unique biodiverse composition.  More than 99.5% of its estimated original 95 km (23,475 acres), as well as almost all its vernal pool complexes, have been lost to urbanization.

The Madrona Marsh Preserve, in Torrance, California, safeguards approximately 18 hectares (44 acres) of Los Angeles Coastal Prairie and includes a complex of vernal pools.  Its aquatic biodiversity had been studied, predominantly to genus level, but its terrestrial macro-invertebrates were virtually unknown, aside from butterfly, dragonfly, and damselfly observations.

Results

In order to better understand the biodiversity at the Madrona Marsh Preserve, a minimally-invasive macro-invertebrate inventory was conducted. The results of this inventory, with 689 invertebrate organisms recorded, covering eight phyla, 13 classes, 39 orders, and 222 families, are presented in this document.

In this paper, we present the results of a controlled experiment aimed to investigate whether there is a difference when comprehending apps implemented with either cross-platform (Ionic-Cordova-Angular) and native (Android) technologies. We divided participants into two groups. The participants in each group were asked to comprehend the AQ1 source code of either the app implemented using Ionic-Cordova-Angular technology or its Android version. We also asked the participants to identify and fix faults in the source code. The goal was to verify if the technology might play a role in the execution of these two kinds of tasks. We also investigated the affective reactions of participants and the difficulty they perceived when accomplishing the tasks mentioned before. The most important takeaway result is: there is not a statistically significant difference in the comprehension and in the identification and fixing of bugs when dealing with either native or cross-platform apps.

Walangsangit (Hemiptera: Alydidae) merupakan serangga potensi hama tanaman padi (Oryza sativa). Kerugian hasil panen padi berbanding lurus dengan kemelimpahan populasi walangsangit. Ketersediaan informasi mengenai kemelimpahan populasi walangsangit di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta sangat minimal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemelimpahan populasi walangsangit, serta untuk menginventarisasi keanekaragaman jenis walangsangit pada ekosistem sawah dengan ketinggian 20, 29, 44, 58, 99, 141, 206, 300, 428, 478, dan 570mdpl di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Teknik sampling yang digunakan dalam menentukan daerah sampling adalah teknik sampling
bertujuan (purposive sampling technique). Area persawahan tidak terawat memicu pertumbuhan berbagai spesies tumbuhan lain yang potensial menjadi tanaman inang walangsangit. Ketidakseragaman pola tanam, perbedaan varietas tanaman padi dan resistensi hama terhadap insektisida memicu tingginya kemelimpahan populasi walangsangit yang ditemukan pada ketinggian 428mdpl yaitu sebesar 10326 individu/ha (1,0326 individu/m2). Pada ketinggian 29mdpl, area persawahan memasuki musim tanam kedua sehingga kemelimpahan populasi walangsangit menjadi rendah yaitu sebesar 140 individu/ha (0,014 individu/m2). Kemelimpahan walangsangit pada ketinggian 20, 44, 58, 99, 144, 206, 303, 478, dan 570mdplmasing masing 642, 246, 437, 3457, 2033, 1050, 2377, 1383, dan 1640 individu/ha. Walangsangit yang ditemukan pada berbagai ketinggian di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta tergolong dalam spesies Leptocorisa oratorius.

Tukra is one of the major problem in mulberry growing
areas and it is caused by pink mealy bug  Maconellicoccus
hirsutus which affect both the quality and yield of mulberry leaf.
In general the tukra- diseased leaves showed high moisture
content compared to normal healthy leaves. A preliminary
attempt has been made to know the effect of plant extracts of
natural pesticide origin on moisture content, loss and retention
capacity of tukra affected mulberry leaves. The seed kernel and
leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Madhuca
longifolia  and only leaf extracts of Lantana camara, Adathoda
vasica  were directly used as a foliar spray on M-5 mulberry
variety under field conditions. The results revealed that the tukra
affected leaves showed high moisture content (75.92%)
compared to normal healthy leaves (71.32%). The moisture
content was more in NSKE @ 4% (73.83%) PSKE @ 4%
(73.80%), MSKE @ 4% (73.30%), and lowest was recorded
from MSKE @ 2% (71.76%) followed by control (70.66%).  The
maximum moisture retention capacity in infested leaves of tukra
was observed in NSKE @ 4% (80.60%) sprayed leaves and
lowest was recorded from PLE @ 8% (78.46%) compare to
control (77.80%). The minimum and maximum moisture loss of
26.06 and 28.20 % was observed in NSKE @ 4% and MSKE @
2% respectively over the control (29.23%). There was no
significant difference among the different treatments with respect
to moisture content, loss and retention capacity of tukra affected
mulberry leaves.

This paper is a hybrid faction piece that presents a history of ants in SF (across texts and media) as one connected narrative, while working through this history as an insertion into Nature-Culture debates through the production of new SF. The full text is available online at: https://www.natcult.net/journal/issue-5/ant-network-theory/

There has been a recent surge of evolutionary explanations of art. In this article I evaluate one currently influential example, Brian Boyd’s recent book On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (2009). The book offers a stimulating collection of findings, ideas and hypotheses borrowed from a wide range of research disciplines (philosophy of art and art criticism, anthropology, evolutionary and developmental psychology, neurobiology, ethology, etc.), brought together under the umbrella of evolution. However, in so doing Boyd lumps together issues that need to be separated, most importantly, organic and cultural evolution. In addition, he fails to consider alternative explanations to art as adaptation such as exaptation and constraint. Moreover, the neurobiological literature suggests current evidence of biological adaptation for most of the arts is weak at best. Given these considerations, I conclude by proposing to regard the arts instead as culturally evolved practices building on pre-existing biological traits.

Computer programming is an important component of statistics research and data analysis. This skill is necessary for using sophisticated statistical packages as well as for writing custom software for data analysis. Emacs Speaks Statistics (ESS) provides an intelligent and consistent interface between the user and software. ESS interfaces with SAS, S-PLUS, R, and other statistics packages under the Unix, Microsoft Windows, and Apple Mac operating systems. ESS extends the Emacs text editor and uses its many features to streamline the creation and use of statistical software. ESS understands the syntax for each data analysis language it works with and provides consistent display and editing features across packages. ESS assists in the interactive or batch execution by the statistics packages of statements written in their languages. Some statistics packages can be run as a subprocess of Emacs, allowing the user to work directly from the editor and thereby retain a consistent and const...

Abstract: Today’s integrated circuits (ICs) are vulnerable to hardware Trojans, which are malicious alterations to the circuit, either during design or fabrication. The interventions of human in production of Hardware resources have given room for possible modification of hardware components, so as to achieve some malicious aims. This modification help with possible loop holes in the hardware component for later attack. Due to the increase in popularity aim of attacks using embedded Trojan horse programs into chips, attacker are more likely to suppress them with malicious program, also notwithstanding the increase in disintegration of the design and manufacturing process of our microelectronic products (ICs), we should not only concern about inclusion of unplanned, undesirable hardware features (“bugs”), rather about inclusion of planned malicious hardware features: “Trojan Horses,” which act as spies or guerrillas. This paper presents a Model of the fundamental attacks and possible...

Software systems drive our phones, cars, banks, cities, etc. This places a heavy load on software industry because all these systems must be continuously updated, corrected and extended when users and consumers express new needs and high quality software is now perceived as a "must have" rather than "should have". Developers has to do their best to assure that their code has minimal defects. Nowadays technologies evolve rapidly, software suffer from some majors problems. Firstly software maintainers have to deal with the past (past languages, existing systems, old technologies). It is often misunderstood and treated as a punishment. Secondly developers have to ensure a good software quality. To deal with such problems, approaches have been proposed to support software maintenance and reduce the efforts of developers. One approach commonly adopted is the usage of rules to ensure source code quality and ease maintenance activities. We propose in this paper an approach to ease corrective maintenance task and help to improve software quality by exploiting human knowledge available in software repositories. This approach support remediation of bad situations; by reducing for example time spent to read, understand and how the code can be changed.

Aufgrund der Beschaffenheit bestimmter medialer Texte (z. B. Bücher oder Filme) ist es im Regelfall nicht vorgesehen, dass sich die Figuren nicht so verhalten, wie es die Autoren in ihrem Werk festgehalten haben. Während in einigen medialen Sonderformen wie z. B. in Abenteuer-Spielbüchern oder dem Pen & Paper-Rollenspiel der Verlauf der Narration und das Verhalten der Figuren vom Rezipienten beeinflusst werden können, existiert im digitalen Spiel ein kritischer Faktor, der diese Aspekte deutlich zu Ungunsten der diegetischen Kohärenz beeinflussen kann: Die Logik der verwendeten Software. Diese folgt einem vorher festgelegten Schema und den implementierten Algorithmen der Spielentwickler, um die Rahmung und die Regeln des Spiels zu definieren. Da jedoch bestimmte OpenWorld-Rollenspiele wie z. B. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim eine riesige Spielwelt mit unzähligen Konfigurations- und Interaktionsobjekten bereitstellen, gibt es häufig Interferenzen zwischen diegetischer und programmiertechnischer Logik, die sich durch ihre unerwarteten Ausprägungen auf den Spielverlauf, die Diegese und die Involvierung des Spielers auswirken können. Dieser Beitrag soll die geschilderte Problematik anhand einiger Beispiele und möglicher Kausalitäten verdeutlichen.

The book develops the research begun in the previous Homo transgenicus. Sociologia e comunicazione delle biotecnologie (FrancoAngeli, 2003) on the sociological imagination about biotechnology and introduces to the symbolic foundations of innovation and to the sociology of contemporary knowledge. Innovation is a word that recurs more and more frequently in politics. Let us define it as "a step into the future”, and we are immediately faced with a vital question: how do we imagine our future? In other words: what is the future today? The question deals with the our sociological imagination, i.e. the ability to realize that the lifetime of each person and the whole history of humanity intersect in today's society, the one in which, in fact, we are preparing the future tomorrow. It is critical to examine the cultural resources that we have, if we try to think "in free mind”. And if what fills the daily experience, making us of human beings (the values, hopes, fears ...), it is a complex skein in which our lives are interwoven with each other, in order to look for the key to it, it needs to undertake an adventurous journey to discover the imaginary contemporary. With the idea that history does not pass, but rather settles down, day after day, tracing the journey through the cultural history of Mankind. So, knitting together psychogenesis and sociogenesis, à la Norbert Elias, re-emerge some of the great myths arose in antiquity personified by Gaia (the Beautiful as the bucolic, holistic being in harmony with Mother Nature), Kronos (the Good as respect of the chronical, despotic order) and Athena (the True as the dictat of an abstract Reason, as the utopian view from-nowhere). We recognize, too, the opposite cultural productions from the first modernity (the reductionism in its many faces, the sociological narcissism of homo clausus, and the relativism). The taken-for-granted when imagining innovation is, therefore, constituted by a pair of Canons, mirroring each other, and so constituting the Classical Matrix that binds our imagination. Only by coming to terms with it, we can free contemporary sociological imagination and dismiss the many traps still present in our minds, to build a tomorrow that may result, in the end, desirable.

INDICE
Prefazione
Introduzione
(Innovazione e immaginazione sociologica; Due culture, forse tre (la scienza sociale); Due correnti parallele nella cultura moderna; La conoscenza nella sociologia)

Parte I. Canone Antico: il nomos olimpico
Introduzione
(La rivoluzione sociale di Eschilo; Coscienza società cultura)
Pathos e armonia: la comunità nell'ipotesi-Gaia
(Una (non-)filosofia arcadica della vita: il Pianeta Azzurro; La Grande Disillusione: l'apocalisse tecnologica; Una filosofia (anti)sociale: il Comunitarismo)
Nomos e Kronos: il pendio scivoloso della tecnofobia
(L'incubo del futuro dietro le spalle; La sindrome del pendio scivoloso)
Il Logos olimpico: Athena e la scienza angelicata
(Lo sguardo da nessun luogo; La dea ci scampi dalla Sociologia della scienza; Chiusura del Canone Antico e apertura al moderno)

Parte II. Canone Moderno: l'anomia narcisistica
Introduzione
(La parabola del moderno)
Riduzionismo tecnofrenico: la corsa all'atomo
(La colonizzazione delle scienze sociali; Informazione e cognizione; Riduzionismo quantofrenico; Una tipizzazione)
Narcisismo sociologico: la fine tragica di Homo clausus
(Ammazzare il tempo per ritrovarsi da soli; Specchiarsi in un istante di gloria senza futuro; L'individuo asociale)
Relativismo assoluto: tutto è uguale a tutto (o no?)
(Homo mensura; Soggettivismo ed essenzialismo; Il sacrificio di Athena)
Epilogo

Riferimenti bibliografici.

Software companies spend over 48% of their total cost to fix the bugs. An effective way to automatically fix the bugs to the correct developer is called Bug Triage or Bug Assortment. Data sets containing the bug reports are collected from two large open source projects like Mozilla and Firefox. These projects consist of open source bug repositories. Bug repositories are large repositories which stores all the details of bugs. The details are stored in the form of a bug report. These bug report are saved as a document and a related developer is mapped to the label of the document. Software companies spend most of their total cost in fixing these bugs. In bug repositories the two main challenges faced is the large quantity of the data set and the low quality. Noise and redundancy are the main cause for the low quality of the data set. However, irrespective of all these difficulties assigning a proper developer to fix the bug is not an easy task without knowing the actual class of the bug. In this paper we propose data reduction technique which reduces the high scale of the data but it retains the quality of the data set. We also propose domain wise bug solution.

Dieser Beitrag soll anhand einer kurzen historischen Herleitung die Wechselwirkungen technischer Störungen auf die Diegese im Bildschirmspiel aufzeigen. Als Grundlage dienen verschiedene Werke zur narrativen Logik digitaler Spiele sowie zur Involvierung und Immersion des Spielers. Abschließend soll aus den einzelnen Überlegungen ein Fazit gezogen werden, welches einerseits die Frage nach den Ursachen dieses Phänomens näher beleuchtet und andererseits einen Ausblick auf mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen gibt, die aus diesen Beobachtungen resultieren können.