Business statistics

The objective of this study is to present and discuss how data visualization can be incorporated into teaching approaches by business faculty in introductory business statistics to strengthen business students' practical skills. Data visualization lessens difficulties in learning statistics by providing opportunities to illustrate analytical findings in graphic form, which is essential for learners with different learning styles. Familiarizing students with Excel, Python, or other software in introductory business statistics is beneficial in helping them attain statistical literacy by analyzing real-world data such as COVID-19statistics. Using such data equips students with knowledge of statistical implementation—a core skill in the business

This book's main author is S.P. GUPTA and M.P. GUPTA. I have no connection with this book and I am not contributing as an author of this book. I am just a student of them as a book reader.
I personally love those teachers because of their contributions I am able to understand the statistics concept and implementation.

ABSTRACT Peer-assisted study session (PASS) programs have been shown to positively affect students' grades in a majority of studies. This study extends that analysis in two ways: controlling for ability and other factors, with focus on international students, and by presenting results for PASS in business statistics. Ordinary least squares, random effects and quantile regression models have been used to model data from first-year business statistics students. The findings indicate that the impact of PASS has remained highly significant in both years for both local and international students but is more pronounced for international students. We also find that lower-achieving students derive a higher marginal benefit from attending PASS than higher-achieving students using quantile regression. These findings are significant for institutions implementing similar programs as well as institutional efforts to enhance student performance and improve student retention, or specifically to support international students more effectively.

Worldwide, electronic learning (E-learning) has become an important part of the education agenda in the last decade. The Suan Dusit Rajabhat University (SDRU), Thailand has made significant efforts recently to use Internet technologies to enhance learning opportunities. The results reported here are part of a pioneering study to determine the effectiveness of a new online learning course in the subject “Business Statistics”. This paper compares two groups of students, one studying using a traditional lecture-based approach, and the other studying using e-learning. The comparison is based on students’ attitudes towards statistics measured using a validated questionnaire, both before and after the 16-week course, and for each of the modes of study. Comparisons are also made with students studying by distance, although the numbers in these groups are too small for sensible statistical analysis. The questionnaire data are augmented by material from interviews and other student reports o...

Purpose – the purpose of this article is to review a quasi-experiment study examining whether business students’ math anxiety is reduced after participating in mandala coloring activities. Research methodology – the research methodology integrated quantitative methods including independent t-tests and ANOVAs in a non-random convenient sample of 106 undergraduate students in 2018 in Texas, United States. Findings – results from the one-way ANOVA and t-test analyses revealed that anxiety levels differed across groups, such that after coloring a pre-drawn mandala, math anxiety was significantly reduced in comparison to the control (doodling) group. Paired sample t tests also demonstrated that when comparing the anxiety levels at the baseline and post-treatment, math anxiety was reduced after performing both the pre-drawn and free-coloring mandala activities. Additionally, an independent sample t-test and a two-by-two factorial ANOVA demonstrated that males experienced a significant red...

For a long time, one of my dreams was to describe the nature of uncertainty axiomatically, and it looks like I've finally done it in my co∼eventum mechanics! Now it remains for me to explain to everyone the co∼eventum mechanics in the most approachable way. This is what I'm trying to do in this work. The co∼eventum mechanics is another name for the co∼event theory, i.e., for the theory of experience and chance which I axiomatized in 2016 [1, 2]. In my opinion, this name best reflects the co∼event-based idea of the new dual theory of uncertainty, which combines the probability theory as a theory of chance, with its dual half, the believability theory as a theory of experience. In addition, I like this new name indicates a direct connection between the co∼event theory and quantum mechanics, which is intended for the physical explanation and description of the conict between quantum observers and quantum observations [4]. Since my theory of uncertainty satises the Kolmogorov axioms of probability theory, to explain this co∼eventum mechanics I will use a way analogous to the already tested one, which explains the theory of probability as a theory of chance describing the results of a random experiment. The simplest example of a random experiment in probability theory is the " tossing a coin ". Therefore, I decided to use this the simplest random experiment itself, as well as the two its analogies: the " "flipping a coin " and the " spinning a coin " to explain the co∼eventum mechanics, which describes the results of a combined experienced random experiment. I would like to resort to the usual for the probability theory " coin-based " analogy to explain (and first of all for myself) the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics as a logic of experience and chance. Of course, this analogy one may seem strange if not crazy. But I did not come up with a better way of tying the explanations of the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics to the coin-based explanations that are commonly used in probability theory to explain at least for myself the logic of the chance through a simple visual " coin-based " model that clarifies what occurs as a result of a combined experienced random experiment in which the experience of observer faces the chance of observation. I hope this analogy can be useful not only for me in understanding the co∼eventum mechanics.

An activity of online buying and selling products causes many online shops on social media. One of social media being used for buying and selling products in society is Instagram. Factors in influencing online purchasing need to be considered by online shops in order to meet the needs and desires of customers. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the online clothes fashion product purchasing on Instagram and other social media to find out the most dominant variables of each factor.  This study employs a descriptive quantitative method and factor analysis in SPSS 20:00 in windows seven. The variables analyzed in this study is the impulse purchase orientation, attitude to online shopping, service quality, perceived risk, informativeness, online trust, specific holdup cost, perceived ease of use, and purchase intention. Data collection techniques are on students of Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) and students of Faculty of Communication and Business (FKB) of Telkom University done by interviews and questionnaires. The sample in this study is using proportionate stratified random sampling of 100 people with a confidence level of 95% and an error of 5%. The results showed that the newly formed five factors that influence online purchase. The fifth factor is the perceived ease of use, online trust, informativeness, attitude to online shopping, and impulse purchase orientation. Online shopping businesses today are expected to pay attention to these factors in order to improve the service. Future studies are expected to use other variables such as enjoyment, perceived usefulness, and innovativeness while also able to use other analytical techniques such as Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Keywords:
Factor Analysis, Online Purchasing, Instagram

You yourself, or what is the same, your experience is such ``coin'' that, while you aren't questioned, it rotates all the time in ``free flight''. And only when you answer the question the ``coin'' falls on one of the sides: ``Yes'' or ``No'' with the believability that your experience tells you.

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Purpose – the purpose of this article is to review a quasi-experiment study examining whether business students’ math anxiety is reduced after participating in mandala coloring activities.

Research methodology – the research methodology integrated quantitative methods including independent t-tests and ANOVAs in a non-random convenient sample of 106 undergraduate students in 2018 in Texas, United States.

Findings – results from the one-way ANOVA and t-test analyses revealed that anxiety levels differed across groups, such that after coloring a pre-drawn mandala, math anxiety was significantly reduced in comparison to the control (doodling) group. Paired sample t tests also demonstrated that when comparing the anxiety levels at the baseline and post-treatment, math anxiety was reduced after performing both the pre-drawn and free-coloring mandala activities. Additionally, an independent sample t-test and a two-by-two factorial ANOVA demonstrated that males experienced a significant reduction in their math anxiety than the females did after performing the mandala coloring activity.

Research limitations – the study used a convenient sample, self-reported items, and a math anxiety measurement. Also, the findings found short-term evidence of math anxiety.

Practical implications – the findings of this study suggest that business statistics instructors who integrate a mandala coloring activity in anxiety-provoking undertakings may help to reduce their students’ math anxiety.

Originality/Value – This study is the first to investigate mandala coloring to reduce math anxiety in business students. Unlike previous studies that focus on anxiety in general, this study examines the benefit of mandala coloring on students’ math anxiety.

Considerable past classroom learning environment research has focused on the primary and secondary levels of education and the subject areas of science and mathematics. The current study is distinctive in its focus on university business statistics learning environments. For the first time, we validated and applied the widely-used What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaires among tertiary statistics students. With a sample of 375 students from 12 university statistics classes, we furnished evidence to support the WIHIC's factor structure, internal consistency reliability, predictive validity (in terms of associations with two types of statistics anxiety) and discriminant validity (in terms of differentiating between three ethnic groups). Limitations, contributions and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The book about the eventology ~ a science about events and its applications to problems of management of sets of events ~ a new direction in philosophy, mathematics and event management (see English version of the book: https://www.academia.edu/38605343/).
This book outlines ideas that inspired me while I was trying to build a new event science, eventology. Not each of these ideas was developed, but all of them inspired me in the construction of eventology, and then in the discovery of a revolutionary theory of experience and chance, co~eventum mechanics. (see, for example, https://www.academia.edu/34357251,
https://www.academia.edu/34373279,
https://www.academia.edu/34390291,
https://www.academia.edu/38368776,
https://www.academia.edu/38154263 and so on).

As we are assigned to analyze annual reports of different companies, we have collected annual reports of 30 renowned companies.
After collecting the information from these reputed engineering companies, we have used statistical tools to analyze them. We have applied several applications to analyze and determine the outcome of various business situations. Though we faced many difficulties, it is necessary to learn these applications and use them in different conditions of business to gain success in long run.
We have done following applications to analyze the annual report:
 Concept
 Sampling
 Frequency table, Frequency distributions & Graphic Presentation
 Median, Median & Mode calculation
 Standard Deviation
 Co-relation
 Regression Analysis
 Indexing

Over the past years, there have been many studies on the relationship between financial and macroeconomic variables; yet the effect that heteroscedasticity may have on the relationship between these financial and macroeconomic variables have not been explored. Thus, this paper examined the effect of heteroscedasticity on the relationship between financial and macroeconomic variables. Data on Dow Jones stock index, United States consumer price index, United States nominal foreign exchange index (United State dollar/Great Britain pound), and United States consumer confidence index from the period 1980 to 2012 were collected and analyzed. The first difference filter and the Stockhammar and Öller heteroscedasticity removing filter were applied as the filtering strategies to transform and detrend these financial and macroeconomic variables. We found that the vector autoregressive model estimated from the homoscedasticity data had a better in-sample and out-of-sample fit than the vector autoregressive model estimated from the heteroscedasticity effected data. More importantly, the granger causality test estimated revealed that heteroscedasticity may have an effect on the causal relationship between these financial and macroeconomic variables. However, the presence of heteroscedasticity in the innovation accounting did not substantially affect the sensitivity and the proportion of shocks on these financial and macroeconomic variables.
Keywords: Financial Variables, Macroeconomic Variables, First Difference Filter, Heteroscedasticity Removing Filter, Vector Autoregressive model, Granger Causality, Impulse Response Function, Forecast Error Variance Decomposition.

Case  study  method  is  one  of  the  widely  used  methods  in MBA  programs  around  the  world. Its  effectiveness    has  been demonstrated for marketing and management courses. It is rather difficult to implement case study method for quantitative courses (such as a managerial statistics course). The challenge is to use this approach for basic statistics course assuming that students did not have statistics course before. In this paper we discuss a case study related to evaluation of study programs in Latvian universities and colleges in 2012. In addition, three real-life examples from different areas of statistics are also analyzed. The  case  study  and  real-life  examples  were  gradually  introduced  in  a  business  statistics  course  during  the  period  of  several years. Analysis of the results of the survey among students showed that not only the interest to the course has risen but also the willingness to apply statistical methods at work

The logic of uncertainty is not the logic of experience and as well as it is not the logic of chance. It is the logic of experience and chance. Experience and chance are two inseparable poles. These are two dual reflections of one essence, which is called co∼event. The theory of experience and chance is the theory of co∼events. To study the co∼events, it is not enough to study the experience and to study the chance. For this, it is necessary to study the experience and chance as a single entire, a co∼event. In other words, it is necessary to study their interaction within a co∼event. The new co∼event axiomatics and the theory of co∼events following from it were created precisely for these purposes. In this work, I am going to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new theory of co∼events in a studying the logic of uncertainty. I will do this by the example of a co∼event splitting of the logic of the Bayesian scheme, which has a long history of fierce debates between Bayesionists and frequentists. I hope the logic of the theory of experience and chance will make its modest contribution to the application of these old dual debaters.

Keywords: Eventology, event, probability, probability theory, Kolmogorov’s axiomatics, experience, chance, cause, consequence, co∼event, set of co∼events, bra-event, set of bra-events, ket-event, set of ket-events, believability, certainty, believability theory, certainty theory, theory of co∼events, theory of experience and chance, co∼event dualism, co∼event axiomatics, logic of uncertainty, logic of experience and chance, logic of cause and consequence, logic of the past and the future, Bayesian scheme.

For certain algorithms such as sorting and searching, the parameters of the input probability distribution, in addition to the size of the input, have been found to influence the complexity of the underlying algorithm. The present paper makes a statistical comparative study on parameterized complexity between linear and binary search algorithms for binomial inputs.

This paper provides a general overview of Business Demography Statistics (BDS) and illustrates current practices through country case studies from the Asia-Pacific region.
First, a review of the main international guidelines and standards is conducted in order to compile a comprehensive typology of demographic events, and a review of the main data sources for the production of BDS. Then, the paper outlines the use and importance of BDS as an instrument for informed policy-making and policy evaluation. Finally, three country case studies (Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea) are provided with the purpose of offering insight on the business demography statistics produced in the region.
It is the hope of the authors that the paper will motivate national statistical offices (NSOs) in the region to compile BDS for informed decision-making and generate understanding of the need for the development of statistical capacity and infrastructure, especially statistical business registers, for compilation of BDS.

Eventology of multivariate statistics
Eventology and mathematical eventology
Philosophical eventology and philosophy of probability
Practical eventology
Eventology of safety
Eventological economics and psychology
Mathematics in the humanities, socio-economic and natural sciences
Financial and actuarial mathematics
Multivariate statistical analysis
Multivariate complex analysis
Decision-making under risk and uncertainty
Risk measurement and risk models
Theory of fuzzy events and generalized theory of uncertainty
System analysis and events management

EEC'2016 ~ workshop on axiomatizing experience and chance, and Hilbert's sixth problem

With topics from quantum physics, probability and believability to economics, sociology and psychology, the workshop will be intended for an interdisciplinary discussion on mathematical theories of experience and chance. Topics of discussion include the results, thoughts and ideas on axiomatization of the eventological theory of experience and chance in the framework of the decision of Hilbert sixth problem.
Eventology of experience and chance
Beleivability theory and statistics of experience
Probability theory and statistics of chance
Axiomatizing experience and chance

Consider the following two opinions, both of which can be found in the literature of consumer demand systems:(a) As the real income of a consumer becomes indefinitely large, re-mixing the consumption bundle becomes irrelevant: having chosen the ultimately satisfying ...

The main theorem of the games theory of random coalitions is reformulated in the random set language which generalizes the classical maximin theorem but unlike it defines a coalition imputation also. The theorem about maximin random coalitions has been introduced as a ...

The logic of uncertainty is not the logic of experience and as well as it is not the logic of chance. It is the logic of experience and chance. Experience and chance are two inseparable poles. These are two dual reflections of one essence, which is called co∼event. The theory of experience and chance is the theory of co∼events. To study the co∼events, it is not enough to study the experience and to study the chance. For this, it is necessary to study the experience and chance as a single entire, a co∼event. In other words, it is necessary to study their interaction within a co∼event. The new co∼event axiomatics and the theory of co∼events following from it were created precisely for these purposes. In this work, I am going to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new theory of co∼events in a studying the logic of uncertainty. I will do this by the example of a co∼event splitting of the logic of the Bayesian scheme, which has a long history of fierce debates between Bayesionists and frequentists. I hope the logic of the theory of experience and chance will make its modest contribution to the application of these old dual debaters.

Keywords: Eventology, event, probability, probability theory, Kolmogorov’s axiomatics, experience, chance, cause, consequence, co∼event, set of co∼events, bra-event, set of bra-events, ket-event, set of ket-events, believability, certainty, believability theory, certainty theory, theory of co∼events, theory of experience and chance, co∼event dualism, co∼event axiomatics, logic of uncertainty, logic of experience and chance, logic of cause and consequence, logic of the past and the future, Bayesian scheme.

Introductory statistics courses should incorporate unstructured projects where students themselves generate the problems they choose to study, gather their own data, analyze the information using suitable computer software, and communicate their findings in a report. This article describes my experience with projects in the context of a large lecture course where projects are carried out in groups. Special problems that

Forecasting is the initial part of a decision making process and the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and most commonly by analysis of trends. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar, but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or alternatively to less formal judgmental methods. Usage can differ between areas of application. Risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting and prediction; it is generally considered good practice to indicate the degree of uncertainty attaching to forecasts. In any case, the data must be up to date in order for the forecast to be as accurate as possible. In some cases the data used to predict the variable of interest is itself forecasted.Before making a forecast, it must be known in advance what exactly is the problem in making that decision. The development of more sophisticated forecasting techniques along with advances in computers, especially in the development of personal computers and software, has made forecasting receive more attention. Every manager now has the ability to use very sophisticated data analysis techniques for forecasting and understanding these techniques are now important for business managers. For the same reason, forecasters must be alert to the inaccuracy in using forecasting techniques because the inaccuracy of predictions will result in bad decisions.