Causality and Analyticity

The core of D. Lewis' many con tribution to philosophy, including his work in philosophical ontolo gy, intensional logic and semantics, probability and decision theory, and topics within philosophy of science as well as a distinguished philosophy of mind, dan ve understood as the development of a philosophical postion that is centered around his conception of Humean supervenience. If we accept the thesis that i t is physical science and not philosophical reasoning that will eventually arrive at the basic constituents of all matter pertaining in our world will supervene on the class of physical truht in the following sense: there are no truth in any compartment of our world that cannot be accounted for in terms of differences and similarities among those properties and external space-time relationsthat are fundamental to our world accordint to physical science.
Together the published essays challenge  aspects of Lewis' philosophy, posing new questions  and opening up new points of view in one of contemporary philosophy's most  ingenious and independent authors.

Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.

https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742512009/Reality-and-Humean-Supervenience-Essays-on-the-Philosophy-of-David-Lewis

1 Einleitung …………….............…………. 3
2 Erste Jeremiade …………...........….  3
3 Zweite Jeremiade ………...........….  4
4 Dritte Jeremiade ………...…...........  6
5 Vierte Jeremiade ……..…...........…  6
6 Der ratiomorphe Apparat ..........  9
7 Die Abgrenzungskriterien .......... 10
8  Der Informationsbegriff ……….... 11
9  Das Theorem der Homologie .. 16
10 Die Wurzeln des Denkens ……... 19
11 Die Tradierungshypothese …..… 22
12 Mängel unserer ratiomorphen
        Dependenzhypothesen …….…. 23
13 Fazit ……………………………….......……. 24

Deductionism assimilates nature to conceptual artifacts (models, equations), and tacitly holds that real physical systems are such artifacts. Some physical concepts represent properties of deductive systems rather than of nature. Properties of mathematical or deductive systems can thereby sometimes falsely be ascribed to natural systems.

There is always an inherent phase difference between a sinusoidal input and output (response)  for  a linear passive causal system. This is explained in detail and even in the Fourier series of a periodic ‘causal’ function, this principle can be elegantly used with profit and better understanding. Several illustrations are give in support of this novel idea. There need not be a special section for Fourier cosine/sine transforms as this approach covers them also.

This paper analyses the causal relationship between institutional quality and economic growth to investigate whether institutional quality is the outcome or the cause of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses annual panel data of 27 countries for the period spanning 1996 to 2014 by employing Pedroni panel co-integration, Wald panel causality, and the system GMM techniques. The co-integration test results show that there is a long-run relationship between institutional quality and economic growth. Also, the causality test results show a unidirectional causality from economic growth to institutional quality but not the other way round. Furthermore, the study found that institutional quality, trade openness, financial development, and debt positively affect economic growth. Also, economic growth and freedom are found to be important determinants of institutional quality. However, debt servicing and dependence on natural resources negatively affect economic growth and institutional quality respectively. It is, therefore, recommended that enhancement of institutional quality, openness, and financial development; while downsizing of debt servicing is crucial in achieving desired level economic growth in the region.

... Free Will: a historical and philosophical introduction jej autor, Ilham Dilman, przenikają karty najstarszych dzieł literatury greckiej [Dilman, 1999]. ... świadomej woli: „plany działania nie wydają się wymuszać zachowa-nia w tym sensie, iż jeśli pojawi się dany plan, dochodzi do ...

S Pakistan is facing high rates of budget and current account deficits. The validity of the twin deficits issue is examined in the context of Pakistan economy using annual time series data for the period 1972 to 2015. The three different econometric techniques are used to check the robustness and comparison of results for Twin Deficit hypothesis. Impulse response function is also imposed to check the policy impact of variables. Results through all co-integration techniques have given a support of Twin Deficit hypothesis and one way causality from current account deficit to the budget deficit has been proved by three approaches. Finally this empirical study confirms the validity of twin deficits hypothesis and concludes that trade deficit is one of the determinants of budget deficit and can cause it in case of Pakistan.

Seite
I. Einleitung                                   1
II. Die düsteren Theorien           2
III. Hoffnung in den Widersprüchen  7
IV. Die Strategie der Genesis           9
V. Die ‚Helfer’ der Genesis           11
VI. Noch einmal: Was ist von der Genesis schlechthin zu halten? 14
VII. Die Frage nach Sinn und Freiheit 17
VIII. Verwendete Literatur                   20

Inhalt
1 Erste Jeremiade:                                                                     2
2 Zweite Jeremiade:                                                             2
3 Dritte Jeremiade                                                                     2
4 Vierte Jeremiade                                                                     3
5 Der ratiomorphe Apparat                                                     5
6 Die Abgrenzungskriterien…                                             5
6.1 Eine Normenhypothese                                                       6
6.2 Eine Interdependenzhypothese                                       6
6.3 Eine Hierarchiehypothese                                                       6
7 Der Informationsbegriff                                                       6
8 Das Theorem der Homologie                                               10
9 Die Wurzeln des Denkens                                                       12
10 Die Tradierungshypothese                                               14
11 Mängel unserer ratiomorphen Dependenzhypothesen 15
12 Zudem wissen wir endlich, daß wir nichts sicher wissen
        können. Wir können nur  vermuten.                                 18

It is argued that the part-whole account of the relation between evidence and the larger state of affairs the evidence is evidence of --- an account that was elucidated in the paper `Truthmaking, Evidence of, and Impossibility Proofs'  (Acta Analytica) --- provides a better basis for epistemology than causal relations between events. I apply this to a well-known phenomenon in physics which suggests that causal connectedness is not necessary for knowledge.

This short essay seeks to identify and prevent a pitfall that attends less careful inquiries into “physiosemiosis.” It is emphasized that, in order to truly establish the presence of sign-action in the non-living world, all the components of a triadic sign — including the interpretant — would have to be abiotic (that is, not dependent on a living organism). Failure to heed this necessary condition can lead one to hastily confuse a natural sign (like smoke coming from fire) for an instance of abiotic semiosis. A more rigorous and reserved approach to the topic is called for.

Einleitung                                                                                            4
Die Düstere Theorie                                                                          6
Die Dreifach betrübliche Frage                                                        7
Die Klagen                                                                                          8                                                                   
Die moderne Kosmologie                                                              11
Die Synthetische Theorie                                                                12
Hoffnung in den Wiedersprüchen                                                  13
Rätsel des Gestaltens                                                                      14
Widerspruch                                                                                      15
Die Strategie der Genesis                                                                16
Begriff der Kausalität                                                                        17
Die ‚Helfer‘ der Genesis                                                                      18
Entstehung des Lebens                                                                      19
Evolution des Kosmos                                                                        20
Noch einmal: Was ist von der Genesis schlechthin zu halten?    21
Was ist von der Genesis schlechthin zu halten?                            22
Die Frage nach Sinn und Freiheit                                                      24
Materialismus vs. Idealismus                                                            25
Was nun ?                                                                                              26
Die Genesis                                                                                          27
Fazit                                                                                                        28

Abstract:  This paper traces a Kantian and pragmatist line of thinking that connects the ideas of conceptual content, object cognition, and modal constraints in the form of counterfactual sustaining causal laws.  It is an idea that extends from Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason through C. I. Lewis’s Mind and the World-Order to the Kantian naturalism of Wilfrid Sellars and the analytic pragmatism of Robert Brandom.  Kant put forward what I characterize as a modal conception of objectivity, which he developed as an extended argument stretching from the transcendental deduction through the analogies of experience to the regulative maxims of reason and reflective judgment.  In related ways in Lewis and Sellars, the very idea of an object of knowledge (and of intentionality more generally) is connected with a certain lawfulness or modal constraint the necessary representation of which, they argue, is an achievement of conceptualization.  While Sellars agreed with the spirit of Lewis’s famous pragmatic conception of the a priori, Sellars’s conception of meaning and conceptual content differed in crucial ways with important consequences for this issue.  I argue furthermore that a certain phenomenalist temptation threatens to spoil this insight both among some of Kant’s interpreters and in Lewis’s thought. Finally, I point out that Brandom’s “Kant-Sellars thesis” provides new support for this line of thought. Although questions concerning idealism continue to raise controversies for neo-Kantians and pragmatists, the line of thought itself represents a distinctive and still promising approach to questions concerning intentionality and conceptual content.

We address the problem of constraint-based causal discovery with mixed data types, such as (but not limited to) continuous, binary, multinomial, and ordinal variables. We use likelihood-ratio tests based on appropriate regression models and show how to derive symmetric conditional independence tests. Such tests can then be directly used by existing constraint-based methods with mixed data, such as the PC and FCI algorithms for learning Bayesian networks and maximal ancestral graphs, respectively. In experiments on simulated Bayesian networks, we employ the PC algorithm with different conditional independence tests for mixed data and show that the proposed approach outperforms alternatives in terms of learning accuracy.

In his famous book "Seeing Dark Things: The Philosophy of Shadows" (2008), Roy Sorensen put forward a 'blocking theory of shadows', a causal view on these entities according to which a shadow is an absence of light caused by blockage. This approach allows him to solve a quite famous riddle on shadows, 'the Yale puzzle', that was devised by Robert Fogelin in the late 1960s and that Sorensen presents in the form mentioned by Bas van Fraassen (1989). István Aranyosi has recently criticized Sorensen's solution to the Yale puzzle, on the grounds that it does not resist another version of the riddle, that Aranyosi calls 'the Bilkent puzzle'. A new perspective on shadows, the 'Material Exstitution View', that allegedly permits to solve both puzzles, could be adopted as an alternative. In this paper I will show that Sorensen's blockage theory can actually handle both the Yale and the Bilkent puzzle, plus another one that I put forward ('the donut puzzle'), which instead is fatal to Aranyosi's position. As Sorensen puts it, nothing aside from the original blockage of light is needed.

The chapter is focused mainly on the process of strategy choice for emotion regulation or coping. I will outline issues such as the social rootedness of emotional experience, the communicative value of emotional exchange in relation to regulation strategies, and the role of imagination in emotional regulation. Further, I will also pay attention to several more general issues, like the sense of inauthenticity or the presumption of causality rooted in thinking styles.

The purpose of this study is to explore long run affiliations between exports and carbon dioxide emissions. This paper examines thirty-seven countries over the period 1960 to 2010 and uses the Toda and Yamamoto causality approach to investigate the direction
of causal links. The results reveal that carbon dioxide emissions Granger cause exports in the following economies: Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Morocco, Austria and Ireland. Nonetheless, the reverse causality proved that exports Granger cause carbon dioxide emissions in twelve economies. Furthermore, the study registered bidirectional causal
links between exports and carbon dioxide emissions in the USA and Burkina Faso. We conclude that countries should consider exports market demand, energy consumption and economic growth in their attempts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

This paper proposes a new definition of life forms in relation to a new type of “hybrid” causality, gravity and the possible existence of hierarchical parallel universes.

Keywords: life forms, gravity, hierarchical parallel universes;
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"... one thing that follows is there not being a sufficient reason to exclude some fact is sufficient reason to cause it to obtain. MEA shows consistency with 'all else besides' is a truth-maker such that causality can be, and regardless of whatever else causality ‘is,’ must be a matter of logical constraint, or implication, based on consistency with whatever else is the case, all told, at any given time.

It's surprising to conclude 'being consistent with all else', is enough to make P true, but there’s more:

Take 'all the true propositions besides P' as our focus, and then regard the single true proposition P as 'all the other truths'. Well, by dint of MEA, whatever conjunction of propositions is logically consistent with true P also happens to be the grand conjunction of true propositions.

In other words, any single true proposition, no matter what it is, is such that it 'entails' the truth of all the others."