Civil Defense

This paper aims essentially to demonstrate the magnitude of the bureaucratic bottlenecks that hinder the development of processes efficient and effective service actions to assist victims of disasters caused by extreme water events. Even before the use of all logic of logistics and supply chain business in the field of humanitarian aid, the bureaucracy of the brazilian legal system does not track the evolutionary process and the pressing need for immediate support to the vulnerable population.

Šajā Civilās aizsardzības plānā aprakstīti iekšējo un ārējo iespējamo avāriju teorētiskie aspekti un sniegtas vadlīnijas avāriju izcelšanās un iespējamo seku mazināšanai, ievērojot Latvijas likumos un Ministru kabineta noteikumos noteiktās prasības.
Civilās aizsardzības plāns paredzēts kā praktiskais mācību līdzeklis Alūksnes Mākslas skolas darbiniekiem, izglītojamajiem un apmeklētājiem, apgūstot zināšanas par Civilās aizsardzības pamatnostādnēm Alūksnes Mākslas skolā, vai saskaroties ar reāliem draudiem avāriju ietekmē.
Izstrādāto Civilās aizsardzības plānu var izmantot Alūksnes Mākslas skolas darbinieki, darba aizsardzības un ugunsdrošības speciālisti, kompetentie speciālisti u.c., kas savā ikdienas darbā saskaras ar Civilās aizsardzības pasākumiem.

Autors:
Judīte Andersone – Mg. Darba aizsardzībā

© Judīte Andersone
Bez autora rakstiskas atļaujas nevienu Civilās aizsardzības plāna sadaļu nedrīkst pārpublicēt vai pavairot (kopēt).

The Republic of China on the island of Taiwan has experienced at least 20 terrorist events since 1979, including 13 aircraft hijackings and five bombings. Factors responsible for the relatively small burden of terrorism on Taiwan in the past include tight military control over political dissent until 1987, a warming relationship with the People's Republic of China in the 1990s, political inclusion of major internal cultural groups, geographic isolation, and a lack of other significant international enemies. Nevertheless, today Taiwan faces a new prospect of terrorism by adversaries of the United States and its allies and by an international paradigm shift in the types of weapons used by terrorists. National emergency management has been enhanced significantly since the Ji Ji earthquake in 1999, including the assignment of lead government agencies to the planning and preparedness for specific types of terrorist events involving nuclear, biological, and/or chemical releases. Other...

As the time past, the man was trying to tone down the sufferings of war, by providing care to the injured soldiers and gathering of the dead soldiers in order to reward them with the credit they deserved. Almost in the end of the 19th century, the appearance of the Humanitarian movement of the Red Cross which led to the first Convention of Geneva, allowed in special-ized civilians-volunteers to offer medical care during battles to those who had its need indis-criminately. The volunteers of Red Cross constituted the model of creation of later Sanitary service of Armed Forces and they discreetly brought signals in their uniform, so that they take place under the protection of belligerents and they can provide unhinderedly care in the injured people. The non combatant population and the soldiers who had been out of battle constitute until today  the groups-targets of the International Humanitarian Law which is the purpose of the Civil Defence.
Alongside, the intensely natural phenomena and the destructions that these caused, forced the man to develop progressively methods of self-protection, demonstrating his adaptability in the confrontation of dangers, which became always more with the passage of years. In the modern era, the results of the regularly appeared natural and man-made disasters, in com-bination with the humanitarian crisis which is being created as a result of the international and non-international conflicts, obligated the man to advance confrontation mechanisms or toning down mechanisms of the dangers who threatened his life, his property, and the continuing of his everyday life.
At a global level, each country has decided on its own criteria, the type of protection and rehabilitation mechanism, both citizens and their critical functions.
Depending on the era and the hazards considered as threats, various mechanisms were cre-ated, the names of which were mainly related to the central orientation that distinguished them.
Therefore, different names had been prevailed despite of the fact that the mechanisms had the same goals; in periods of peace (even in war for some countries), on the one hand the protection of life, property and environment, on the other hand the capability of the quick recovery of the most important State conformations in case of their destruction. The terms «Civil defence», «Civil safety», «Civil protection», and «Civil Emergency Planning» etc, will be exam-ined in the present thesis over the conformation and the content which had been attributed to them either by the international community or by some states, in order to be evaluated as much in the light of the international frame and the following practice, as in their completeness over the capability in crisis confrontation in period of peace and war. Finally, it is the intention and aim of the author to initiate direct debates at a competent service level, to make the necessary decisions for the creation of a new emergency management mechanism, taking into ac-count the holistic approach of the risks and disasters which probably Greece will face in the future. This will ensure both the desired security of the citizens and the operational continuity of the state machine under any circumstances of extraordinary needs, in peacetime or wartime.

Obrona cywilna (civil defence) to pojęcie zdefiniowane m.in. w dokumentach międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego, tj. w I Protokole dodatkowym z 1977 roku do konwencji genewskich z 12 sierpnia 1949 roku. Celem jest ochrona przede wszystkim ludności cywilnej nie tylko w czasie konfliktów zbrojnych, lecz także w przypadku wystąpienia zagrożeń naturalnych (klęsk żywiołowych). Ponadto zwraca się uwagę na usuwanie skutków zagrożeń i pomoc ludności w przetrwaniu.

MARTINS, L. B. . As Cinco Faces de Apophis: sobre males compartilhados, paradigmas de segurança e defesa planetária. Insight Inteligência (Rio de Janeiro), v.95, p.38 a 50, 2021. Para o acesso à edição completa, faça o download pelo link da revista, em <https://inteligencia.insightnet.com.br/pdfs/95.pdf>.

Este artigo buscou, seguindo a abordagem de Nancy  Nercessian    (1995),  identificar  como  especulações e  ensaios insipientes se  articularam  e  amadureceram ao longo do século XX, até constituírem os paradigmas contemporâneos de segurança.  Para  efeito  da  discussão,  o termo “paradigma de segurança” é tomado como conjunto coerente  de  ideias  capaz  de  orientar  a  percepção  e  a  ação individual e coletiva no campo dos riscos e desastres. A partir da investigação  do  percurso cognitivo-histórico foram  identificados  cinco  paradigmas  estruturantes  e a  ascensão  recente  de  uma  abordagem  transversal  –  a defesa planetária.

Obrona cywilna to jedno z podstawowych zadań współczesnego państwa. Jednym z państw dysponujących dobrze rozwiniętym systemem obrony cywilnej jest Izrael. Jest to jednocześnie jedno z nielicznych państw wysoko rozwiniętych, które skuteczność obrony cywilnej regularnie sprawdza w praktyce. Celem artykułu jest analiza struktury organizacyjnej i rozwiązań praktycznych stosowanych w
izraelskiej obronie cywilnej oraz wskazanie wartościowych wzorców dla innych państw, dotyczących m.in. powszechnego przygotowania społeczeństwa do reagowania na zagrożenia, zaangażowania organizacji społecznych oraz roli wojska w ochronie ludności. Na podstawie doświadczeń Izraela określono rolę obrony cywilnej w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa współczesnego państwa.

Civil defense is considered to be one of the basic tasks of the modern state. One of the countries with the best-developed civil defense system is Israel. It is also one of the few highly developed countries that regularly test their civil defense effectiveness in practice and thus improve it. The purpose of this article is to analyze the organizational structure and practical solutions used by the Israeli civil defense and to indicate valuable models for other countries, including widespread emergency preparedness, social organizations involvement in civil defense tasks as well as the role of the armed forces in protection of the civilian population. Basing on Israel’s example, the author attempts to define the role of civil defense in shaping national security of the modern state.

This article paper was one of the “Most Read Article with 620+ views published via LinkedIn Publishing Network page last January 20, 2018. The document has been prepared to provide a course background with the requirement of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) which is the QCDD (Qatar Civil Defense Department) for the Fire Detection and Alarm System (FDAS) on all building built scales applications within the building built environment in Qatar constructions specifically. However, this article paper also applies in other state or country around the world in the protection building properties and lives. And thus, provides a learning process and experiences that will involve within the course of my study and research over time in particular with Fire Protection and Safety Engineering, and sharing with you something on the design aspect and even in the construction side.

This dissertation is conceived to be a contribution to the understanding of the Italian “Civil Peace Corps” Concept, as a tool delivering non-violent conflict transformation actions of positive peace, contributing to Human Security interventions within National, European and International “Early Warning Systems”, Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Operations. It is, anyway, not concerned on how to run these interventions, taking into brief account the existing framework, into which an institutionalized implementation of the Italian CPC concept would find its place, as an instrument complementary to others.
This thesis is, therefore, aimed to address the following question: could the institutionalised development of the Italian CPC Concept be considered as a potentially useful tool, in the framework of comprehensive approaches to HS in EWS, CP and CMO? The tentative answer is organized in five chapters, giving overviews over: the international CA to CM; the Italian approach to a HS CM; the CPC concept; the path towards a CPC institutionalisation in Italy; the potential usefulness of the CPC in the current system with education, training and employment issues, considering also cultural concerns in the background, aiming to give an answer to the main question, in the most comprehensive way.

Biological weapons achieve their intended target effects through the infectivity of disease-causing infectious agents. The ability to use biological agents in warfare is prohibited by the Biological and Toxin Weapon Convention. Bioterrorism is defined as the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria or other agents used to cause illness or death in people, but also in animals or plants. It is aimed at creating casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss, inspired by ideological, religious or political beliefs. The success of bioterroristic attempts is defined by the measure of societal disruption and panic, and not necessarily by the sheer number of casualties. Thus, making only a few individuals ill by the use of crude methods may be sufficient, as long as it creates the impact that is aimed for. The assessment of bioterrorism threats and motives have been described before. Biocrime implies the use of a biological agent to kill or make ill a single individual or small g...

The European Union's policy in the scope of internal security: Determinants - implementation - challenges in the second decade of the XXIst century

Tematyka książki dotyczy polityki Unii Europejskiej w zakresie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, uwarunkowań tej polityki, jej realizacji oraz wyzwań i zagrożeń w drugiej dekadzie XXI w. Zwalczanie różnych form przestępczości, w tym cyberprzestępczości, terroryzmu, wzmacnianie ochrony granic, troska o ochronę ludności i niwelowanie skutków klęsk żywiołowych i katastrof naturalnych oraz tych wywołanych działalnością człowieka i awariami przemysłowymi to główne problemy z zakresu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, z którymi stara się zmierzyć Unia Europejska. Poruszane w publikacji zagadnienia to niewątpliwie fascynujący obszar badań i analiz nie tylko dla naukowców, lecz także dla licznej grupy praktyków. Adresatami prezentowanej książki są zatem ci Czytelnicy, którym omawiane kwestie są bliskie i stanowią przedmiot ich zainteresowań naukowych bądź zawodowych. Książka skierowana jest również do wszystkich tych, którzy pragną poszerzać swoją wiedzę na temat zmian zachodzących w Unii Europejskiej w odniesieniu do problematyki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego.

Streszczenie: Organizacje międzynarodowe, w tym organizacje rządowe i pozarządowe, są jednym z podmiotów stosunków międzynarodowych. Ochrona cywilów przed katastrofami naturalnymi, konfliktami zbrojnymi oraz pomoc humanitarna wpisuje się w działalność m.in. United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) – mechanizm ekspercki Na-rodów Zjednoczonych ds. oceny i koordynacji działań w przypadku wystąpienia kryzysów hu-manitarnych, katastrof naturalnych lub spowodowanych przez człowieka. Jest on zapleczem eksperckim Biura ds. Koordynacji Pomocy Humanitarnej ONZ (OCHA). Inną instytucją zajmują-cą się obroną cywilną w ramach Unii Europejskiej jest Dyrekcja Generalna ds. Pomocy Humani-tarnej i Ochrony Ludności (ECHO). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na genezę i działalność Międzynarodowej Organizacji Obrony Cywilnej (International Civil Defence Organisation – ICDO) z siedzibą w Szwajcarii, która od początku swojej aktywności zorientowana była na pomoc ludności cywilnej w wypadku konfliktów zbrojnych, a obecnie także w przypadku katastrof naturalnych. Ponadto przeanalizowane zostaną cele i działalność ICDO w czterech ob-szarach: budowania potencjału narodowego (national capacity building), współpracy między-narodowej (international cooperation), działalności humanitarnej (humanitarian projects) oraz aspekty dotyczące świadomości i gotowości (awarness and preparedness). Określone zostaną także wyzwania stojące przed tego typu organizacją. Słowa kluczowe: obrona cywilna, międzynarodowa organizacja rządowa (IGO's), pomoc hu-manitarna, zarządzanie kryzysowe Summary: International organizations, including governmental and non-governmental ones, are one of the subjects of international relations. Protecting civilians against natural disasters, armed conflicts and humanitarian aid is in line with the activity of the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC), which is an expert mechanism of the United Nations for evaluation and coordination of actions in the case of the appearance of humanitarian crises and disasters caused by nature and humans. It is an expert backup facility of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Another example is the civil protection mechanism within the European Union, which is the office of D-G. for European

The currently reactor wreckage in Fukushima raised the following important questions: Is our knowledge of the possible dangers of ionizing radiation sufficient to warrant special action? What is the role of the medical community in technical radiation accidents from Windscale to Fukushima? What is the role of the medical community in terrorist radiation attacks? Are we prepared for those challenges? How can medical services communicate information in the media framework? What have we learned recently? And, what should be improved? In this review of the current literature on ionizing radiation, we try to answer these questions. Our conclusion is that medical services have to improve their communication skills and convince the public that the dangers of ionizing radiation can be quantitated within certain limits to support a qualified discussion about its risks and benefits.

Following the severe flood events of 1998 and 2000, the United Kingdom's Environment Agency prioritised the need to increase public flood risk awareness. Drawing on data collected during research undertaken for the Environment Agency, this paper contributes to understanding of one aspect of flood awareness: people's recognition that their property is in an area that is potentially at risk of flooding. Quantitative analyses indicate that class is the most influential factor in predicting flood risk awareness, followed by flood experience and length of time in residence. There are also significant area differences. Our qualitative work explores how those defined as ‘at risk’ account for their lack of awareness or concern about their risk status. We conclude that the problem is often not simply a lack of awareness, but rather, assessments of local risk based on experience that underestimate the impact of rare or extreme events. We underline the importance of engaging with local perspectives on risk and making local people part of ‘awareness-raising’ processes.