Cluster Sampling

CERIN, E., B. E. SAELENS, J. F. SALLIS, and L. D. FRANK. Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale: Validity and Development of a Short Form. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 1682-1691, 2006. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the factorial and criterion validity of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and to develop an abbreviated

Aims: To examine the psychosocial correlates of substance use among adolescents in six European countries. Design: Cross-sectional school population survey (ESPAD) based on standardized methodological procedures. Setting: High schools in six European countries: ...

Purpose: Teacher hiring decisions have far-reaching consequences for a school, its students, and faculty. This article examines how new teachers in four states are hired and explores whether the process leads to good matches between these individuals and their schools. The authors conceive of hiring as a two-way process and examine the extent to which the hiring process provides opportunities for prospective teachers and schools to collect rich information about, and form accurate impressions of, one another.Research Methods: This study surveyed a representative random sample of 486 first-year and second-year teachers in California, Florida, Massachusetts, and Michigan. Participants were chosen using two-stage stratified cluster sampling, and the study achieved a response rate of 65%. Statistical methods used in the analysis include principal components analysis, chi-square analysis, and t tests.Findings: The data reveal that the majority of new teachers in these states are hired th...

To estimate the prevalence of self medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in Khartoum State, Sudan and evaluate factors associated with self medication. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 600 households, (1750 adult persons), selected from three cities in Khartoum State, Sudan, using a multistage stratified clustered sampling. One thousand two hundred and ninety three (73.9%) of the study population had used antibiotics or antimalarials without a prescription within one month prior to the study. Eight hundred and forty one (48.1%) of the respondents agreed that they have used antibiotics, 43.4% used antimalarials, while 17.5% used both. Self medication with either antibiotics/ antimalarials was found to be significantly associated with age, income, gender and level of education. Overall, self medication with any antibiotics or antimalarials was least common among the > or = 60 years compared to youngest age group (OR: 0.07; 0.04 -0.11) and...

According to World Health Organization’s report upon household air pollution and health (2018), it has been estimated that globally around 3 billion of population uses kerosene and solid fuels (i.e. cow dung, charcoal, wood, coal and crop waste) for cooking food in ineffectual stoves and in open fires. However, the majority of the population lives in rural areas and has low income. As the process of such type of cooking is inefficient which results in producing high level of toxic compounds and gases within the surroundings of household, these gases then directly penetrates into the lungs causing health diseases. Such gases and compound fall into household air pollution or indoor air pollution categories.
This report examined the impact of household air pollution upon the health of household members and the minimizing this impact through usage of efficient cookstoves (i.e. Jaan Pakistan Supreme Stove). The survey was conducted upon the respondents residing in some of the off-grid districts of Pakistan by asking questions regarding their own understandings of danger of household air pollution and feasibility of using efficient biomass fuel combustion technology and its impact upon their lives.

Objective To assess the satisfaction of parents with the immunization services and its association with their sociodemographic characteristics. Methods The study was a part of the coverage evaluation survey conducted using the WHO 30 cluster sampling methodology in the Urban slums of Lucknow district, north India. Analysis for a total of 388 respondents of completely or partially immunized children, was done to assess the level of satisfaction and its determinants. Results The overall satisfaction was more than 90% in the respondents of both the categories of the children, however the difference between the satisfaction rates was found to be significant. Also the satisfaction with accessibility (p Conclusion The dissatisfaction regarding the various aspects of immunization services emphasizes the imperative need to take urgent intervention, for the achievement of goal of universal immunization.

The prevalence of hypothyroidism in Iran is unknown. The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism among the adult population of Isfahan, a large metropolitan city in Iran, 15 years after universal salt iodization. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2006 through April 2006. The selection was conducted by stratified probability cluster sampling through household family members in Isfahan, Iran. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 2523 men and women aged >20 years (mean: 39.0) was measured. Additional thyroid tests were done and serum levels of antithyroid antibodies were evaluated in individuals with elevated TSH. Elevated TSH with normal free T4 index (FT4I) at the second measurement was considered as subclinical and high TSH with low FT4I as overt hypothyroidism. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 4.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.7, 6.1] in men and 12.8% (95% CI 10.9, 14.6) in women; and 37.6...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present research was to determine the role of family functioning and psychological problems of drug addicts and non addicts by assessing the difference between the two groups. After detailed literature review it was hypothesized that scores on the variable of communication, affective expression and control among family members of addicts will be higher than non addicts. Furthermore scores on the variables of anger control problems, emotional distress and positive self will also be higher of addicts. METHODS This was a cohort study. A cluster sampling method was used. Sample of present research consisted of 240 adolescents divided into two groups of 120 addicts and 120 non-addicts each from different socio-economic status. General scale of Family Assessment Measure-Version III (FAM-III) was administered in order to measure the level of communication, value and norms whereas dyadic Relationship Scale was used to measure affective expression and control am...

The German National Educational Panel Study covers educational processes during Kindergarten and elementary school age in two stages: “Kindergarten and transition to elementary school” and “elementary school and transition to lower secondary school.” One cohort covers both of these two stages, starting in winter 2010/2011 with a cluster sample of 3,000 target children at about age 4 in Kindergarten. When most of these children enter school, the cohort will be more than doubled by integrating their classmates into the survey. In addition to direct assessment of children’s competencies, their parents are interviewed and teachers and principals fill out self-administered questionnaires. In these stages, assessments focus on early scientific and mathematical literacy as well as language competencies (e.g., vocabulary, grammar, phonological awareness). We survey the structure and aspects of the quality of Kindergarten and elementary school, families, and nonformal learning environments. Information on parents’ socioeconomic status and their evaluation of decision-relevant aspects allows us to model school choice and disentangle primary and secondary effects of stratification. Theoretically relevant aspects of migrants’ situation are surveyed. Further aspects are children’s health, social competencies, and the different care settings. Bildungsprozesse im Kindergarten und in der Grundschule werden im Nationalen Bildungspanel durch zwei Etappen abgedeckt: „Kindergarten und Übergang in die Grundschule“ und „Grundschule und der Übergang zur Sekundarstufe“. Diese beiden Etappen haben eine gemeinsame Startkohorte, die im Winter 2010/2011 mit einer Clusterstichprobe von 3.000 Kindergartenkindern im Alter von ca. 4 Jahren startet. Bei der Einschulung dieser Kinder wird der Stichprobenumfang mehr als verdoppelt, da nun auch deren Mitschüler in die Studie aufgenommen werden. Zusätzlich zur direkten Erfassung der kindlichen Kompetenzen werden die Eltern der Kinder telefonisch befragt und die pädagogischen Fachkräfte und Leitungen der Kindergärten bzw. Schulen füllen Fragebögen aus. In den beiden Etappen werden primär frühe naturwissenschaftliche und mathematische Fähigkeiten sowie Sprachkompetenzen (z. B. Wortschatz, Grammatik, phonologische Bewusstheit, Lesekompetenz) erhoben. Zudem werden Struktur- und Qualitätsaspekte von Kindergärten, Grundschulen, Familien sowie von informellen/non-formalen Lernumwelten erfasst. Die Erfassung des sozioökonomischen Status der Eltern und deren Bewertung relevanter Aspekte von Schulwahlentscheidungen ermöglichen die analytische Unterscheidung zwischen primären und sekundären Effekten der sozialen Herkunft. Zudem werden theoriegeleitet migrationsrelevante Indikatoren von Kindern, Eltern und pädagogischen Fachkräften erhoben. Weitere erfasste Bereiche sind Sozialkompetenzen, der Gesundheitszustand und die Betreuungssituation der Kinder.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits, attitudes, and practices related to smoking among students of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan.Students (n=650) were recruited in randomly selected, cluster samples drawn from the medical and engineering colleges of JUST. They were made familiar with a modified Arabic

To study the prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking in Morocco. A sample of 9,195 individuals aged 15-90 years, were randomly selected, using a stratified cluster sampling technique. A cross-sectional, household, community-based survey was conducted using a tested questionnaire. The interview covered personal, social and educational characteristics of the respondents and their smoking status. The association between current smoking and sociodemographic variables was estimated. The overall prevalence of current smoking was 31.5% for males and 3.1% for females. In men, smoking was associated with lower educational level. In women, it was associated with higher educational level and social class. Cigarette smoking remains an important public health problem in Morocco. A comprehensive strategy for tobacco control is needed.

Several studies have documented women's use of vaginal practices in South Africa to enhance their desirability to men. This article describes a little known practice of this kind among women in KwaZulu-Natal. It involves the use of small incisions in the genital area ( ...

Several studies have documented women's use of vaginal practices in South Africa to enhance their desirability to men. This article describes a little known practice of this kind among women in KwaZulu-Natal. It involves the use of small incisions in the genital area (and often abdomen and breasts) to introduce herbal substances, described as love medicines, into the body through the incisions. In-depth interviews were carried out with 20 key informants and 20 women, and eight focus group discussions with women and men, in a rural and urban site in 2005-06. A province-wide household survey was then conducted using a multi-stage cluster sample design among 867 women aged 18-60. Forty-two per cent of the women in the household survey had heard of genital incisions; only 3% had actually used them. The main motivation was the enhancement of sexual attractiveness and long-term partner commitment. It appears to be a very recent practice, but may be an extension of an older healing pra...

Teknik sampling acak menggunakan semua jenis analisis data sedangkan teknik samping non acak hanya dapat menggunakan teknik analisi deskriptif dan tidak layak menggunakan analisis statistic inferensial.
Teknik sampling acak terdiri dari teknik sampling acak sederhana, stratified,cluster,dan sistematik. Teknik sampling non acak terdiri dari teknik sampling purposive,aksidental atau incidental, dan snowball.

This study shows a representative stratified cluster sample survey of the prevalence of comparative intradermal tuberculin test in cattle from four regions in Ethiopia. Using a cut-off for positivity of 2 mm, it assesses possible risk factors for tuberculin-positive reaction in cattle. Seventy-three villages in 24 kebeles (administrative units) were randomly selected, from which 2216 cattle from 780 owners were tested. In addition, 450 of these cattle owners were interviewed for risk factor assessment. Ninety-nine percent of the tested cattle in this rural livestock production system were traditional zebus. The individual overall prevalence of cattle bovine tuberculosis (BTB)e was 3%, with the highest found in Meskan Mareko, in Central Ethiopia (7.9%) and the lowest in Woldia, in the North East edge of the Rift Valley (1.2%). Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) with random effect on kebeles was used to analyse risk factors of cattle reactors and human tuberculosis (TB) infection....

Background In countries where routine vital registration data are scarce, Demographic Surveillance Sites (DSS: locally defined populations under longitudinal surveillance for vital events and other characteristics) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS: periodic national cluster samples responding to cross-sectional surveys) have become standard approaches for gathering at least some data. This paper aims to compare DSS and DHS approaches, seeing how they complement each other in the specific instance of child and adolescent mortality in Ethiopia. Methods Data from the Butajira DSS 1987–2004 and the Ethiopia DHS rounds for 2000 and 2005 formed the basis of comparative analyses of mortality rates among those aged under 20 years, using Poisson regression models for adjusted rate ratios. Results Patterns of mortality over time were broadly comparable using DSS and DHS approaches. DSS data were more susceptible to local epidemic variations, while DHS data tended to smooth out local variation, and be more subject to recall bias. Conclusion Both DSS and DHS approaches to mortality surveillance gave similar overall results, but both showed method-dependent advantages and disadvantages. In many settings, this kind of joint-source data analysis could offer significant added value to results.

Smoking in Vietnam, as elsewhere in Asia, is strongly sex-linked. A 1997 national prevalence survey found about half of males but just 3.4% of females used tobacco regularly. Little is known about smoking-related health awareness or attitudes in Vietnam. There is concern that women may take up smoking if rapid social change brings alteration in traditional gender norms that discourage this behaviour. Effective tobacco control depends upon accurate understanding of prevailing knowledge and views.This paper reports on a 1999–2000 collaborative study into smoking attitudes, practices and health awareness, with particular reference to gender norms. A survey, based partly on findings from initial focus groups, was administered to young female students (n=1018) and factory workers (n=1002) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam's largest metropolis. Participants were recruited through random cluster sampling.Results indicated that smoking continues to be shunned by the vast majority of young urban students and factory workers, although prevalence was slightly higher than found in national surveys, and there was a moderate degree of experimentation. Perhaps of greater concern was the degree of ambivalence voiced about taking up smoking in the future. Moreover, while nearly all expressed awareness of negative health effects of tobacco, these were vaguely worded and excluded key mortality risks. Gender norms appeared to be strongly enduring, with female non-smoking attributed overwhelmingly to its ‘inappropriateness’. Male smoking was seen as normative. Overall, workers (representing a low-income, less-educated population) had higher rates of tobacco use and less health knowledge than students. The paper concludes with a discussion about ramifications for public health interventions.

Current study evaluated the damages of 2013 flood in Tehsil Ahmedpur East (Bahawalpur). For this, Basti Agrani, Mouza Bait Bakhtiari was selected as a study area for field survey. Total 61 respondents have been selected as samples and data had gathered through structured questionnaire using random cluster sampling. Simultaneously, field observation was also done and snaps of the destroyed fields and houses captured through digital camera. Findings revealed that in study area majority of the inhabitants have lost almost all of their possessions to furious flood. In this regard, 45.9% respondents have been faced the loss of 100,000-300,000 PKR, 24.6% faced the loss of 300,000-500,000 PKR. Among these, 70.4% were lost their standing agricultural crops whereas 14.7% were confronted with the losses of their houses etc. About 67.2% farmers have been destroyed their agricultural land holdings varies from 1-4 acres. Cotton was the chief crop that massively destroyed and 80.9% farmers lost t...