Cogent

This study was to investigate the effects of wheat flour substitution with legume flour (mung bean and chick pea) in cookies in terms of the physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Three formulations of cookies were prepared from (a) Control (100% wheat flour), (b) Mung bean (50% wheat flour + 35% mung bean flour + 15% corn flour) and (c) Chickpea (50% wheat flour + 35% chickpea flour + 15% corn flour). The physicochemical and organoleptic attributes of the three types of cookie were evaluated. Results showed significant different (p<0.05) in terms of ash, protein, crude fibre and total carbohydrate among cookies. Chickpea cookies was significantly (p<0.05) highest in protein and resistant starch content among the three types of cookies. The mung bean cookies was significantly (p<0.05) highest in weight, diameter, height and spread ratio. Textural measurement showed chickpeas cookies was significantly highest (p<0.05) in hardness, crispiness, elasticity, gumminess, ...

This study aims to document, describe, and examine how the informal prison economy is mediated. It is argued that, in part, it is the prison's internal micro bureaucratic capitalism that gives rise to its informal economy. The data discussion draws on ethnographic observation, interviews with inmates, ex-convicts, and prison officers. The paper also makes use of newspapers and internet-based news articles on prisons in Ghana. The data was analysed based on themes and patterns. The analysed data showed that the informal prison economy was antithetical yet symbiotic with the formal bureaucracy. And that the illicit economy was a product of a poorly managed system that enabled ordinary staff members to engage in corrupt practices without fear of negative sanctions. The role of the informal prison economy in the lives of inmates was enormous-ranging from family sustenance, de-facto health insurance, hiring of legal services to say the least. The paper concludes that the informal economy has become habituated and has taken on a life of its own; to the extent that it has become resistant to administrative control.

Rice is one of the important food items consumed in Nigeria. Nigeria also has abundant land for rice cultivation. Despite this, rice production was at a very low under both the military and civilian rules between 1966 and 1999.This was however not the situation in Eastern Nigeria between 1942 and 1965.The coming of President Muhammadu Buhari in 2015 amidst many challenges has demonstrated that rice could be grown in large quantities in Nigeria. This paper examines rice production in Abakaliki since 1942 and argues that sufficient rice has not been harvested because of the total absence of political will which could transform rice production to ensure economic growth. This paper combines both primary and secondary sources such as newspapers, archival materials, oral interviews, journals, and books.