Cognitive Networks

Cognition is grounded in sensorimotor perception and action. The sensorimotor system is organized in a hierarchy of servomechanical systems as explicated by William Powers (Behavior: The Control of Perception, 1973), from the bottom up: intensities, sensations, configurations, sequences, programs. Cognition is conceptualized as a network organized on three hyper-orders: systemic, episodic, and gnomonic. Systemic nodes of different types represent sensorimotor schemes through a system of parameters. Intensities have no direct representation in cognition. The other orders (Powers’ term) are represented by systemic nodes as follows: sensations > properties (adjective, adverb); configurations > entities (nouns); sequences > events (intransitive verbs); programs > plans (transitive verbs). Nodes representing schemas from in different sensorimotor channels are linked by the assignment relation. Paradigmatic arcs connect nodes of the same type (properties etc.) but varying amounts of detail while composition structure reflects the scope of connected nodes (small, medium, large). Nodes of different channels are connected by syntagmatic arcs. Episodic nodes represent coherent subnetworks of systemic structure and locate things in time and space. The episodic network also has on-blocks as control structures. The gnomonic network is sensitive to the epistemic status of items in the systemic and episodic networks and regulates the interaction of language and cognition.

Despite many decades of study, scientists
still puzzle over the process of insight. By what mechanism
does a person experience that “Aha!” moment,
when sudden clarity emerges from a tangled web of
thoughts and ideas? This research integrates psychological
work on insight with graph theoretic work on
“small-world” phenomenon, to construct a theory that
explains how insight occurs, how it is similar to and
different from more typical learning processes, and
why it yields an affective response in the individual. I
propose that cognitive insight occurs when an atypical
association, forged through random recombination or
directed search, results in a “shortcut” in an individual’s
network of representations. This causes a rapid
decrease in path length, reorients the individual’s understanding of the relationships within and among the
affected representations, and can prompt a cascade of
other connections. This result is demonstrated by applying
graph theoretical analysis to network translations
of commonly used insight problems.

This "ILLUSTRATED TECHNICAL PAPER" presents the slides describing the contents of the short-course "Intelligent Communication Resource Allocation for Smart City with Machine Learning and SDN OpenFlow". ABSTRACT Smart city projects address many of the current problems afflicting high populated areas and cities and, as such, are a target for government, institutions and private organizations that plan to explore its foreseen advantages. In this scenario, this course presents and analyses the impact and perspectives on adopting software-defined networking and machine learning as innovative approaches for smart city project development and deployment. A framework layered view of smart city projects is proposed with a discussion about software-defined networking and machine learning impacts on innovation. This is followed by a case of use that demonstrates the potential benefits of cognitive learning for smart cities using Case-based Reasoning (CBR) for intelligent communications resource (bandwidth) allocation. The target is a MPLS network using BAM models as the broker for bandwidth allocation for Smart City application and systems. It is argued that the complexity of smart city projects do require new innovative approaches that potentially result in more efficient and smarter systems.

Power control at the MAC layer in multi-hop transmissions and interference limited link rates of cognitive wireless networks is an important task in cross- layer design. This paper examines the per-node optimal transmission power such that the resulting power consumption may help provide better service in transmission. We examined optimal transmission of power using game theory and analyze the conflicting

In this paper we propose a network aware approach for routing in graded network using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm. ABC has been used as a good search process for optimality exploitation and exploration. The paper shows how ABC approach has been utilized for determining the optimal path based on bandwidth availability of the link and how it outperformed non graded network while deriving the optimal path. The selection of the nodes is based on the direction of the destination node also. This would help in narrowing down the number of nodes participating in routing. Here an agent system governs the collection of QoS parameters of the nodes. Also a quadrant is synthesized with centre as the source node. Based on the information of which quadrant the destination belongs, a search is performed. Among the many searches observed by the onlooker bees the best path is selected based on which onlooker bee comes back to source with information of the optimal path. The simulation result shows that the path convergence in graded network with ABC was 30% faster than non-graded ABC.

In this paper, we illustrate the link between social network structures, dominant cognitive frames on network purpose and the innovative power of a network, through a mixed-method comparative analysis of two Knowledge Translation Networks (KTNs) in the English National Health Service (NHS). Our findings illustrate several challenges for networked forms of organization linked to different manifestations of social networks and dominant cognitive frames. Our paper contributes a better understanding of how dominant frames on network purpose emerge alongside the development of network structure itself, and explores how this interplay between dominant frames and social networks impacts upon the collaborative work that supports a network's innovative power.

An essential aspect of human communication is the ability to access and retrieve information from ones’ ‘mental lexicon’. This lexical access activates phonological and semantic components of concepts, yet the question whether and how these two components relate to each other remains widely debated. We harness tools from network science to construct a large-scale linguistic multilayer network comprising of phonological and semantic layers. We find that the links in the two layers are highly similar to each other and that adding information from one layer to the other increases efficiency by decreasing the network overall distances, but specifically affecting shorter distances. Finally, we show how a multilayer architecture demonstrates the highest efficiency, and how this efficiency relates to weak semantic relations between cue words in the network. Thus, investigating the interaction between the layers and the unique benefit of a linguistic multilayer architecture allows us to qua...

Smart networks have grown out of the need for stable, reliable, and predictable networks that will guarantee packet delivery under Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. In this article we present a measurement-based admission control algorithm that helps control traffic congestion and guarantee QoS throughout the lifetime of a connection. When a new user requests to enter the network, probe packets are sent from the source to the destination to estimate the impact that the new connection will have on the QoS of both the new and the existing users. The algorithm uses a novel algebra of QoS metrics, inspired by Warshall's algorithm, to look for a path with acceptable QoS values to accommodate the new flow. We describe the underlying mathematical principles and present experimental results obtained by evaluating the method in a large laboratory test-bed operating the Cognitive Packet Network (CPN) protocol.

— This contribution presents key functionalities and design approaches of a distributed system architecture as it is studied in the framework of the European E2R II project [1]. An emphasis is laid on policy based self-governance, distributed reconfiguration concepts and corresponding cognitive support functionalities; this support is necessary to assure context awareness in the equipment in order to facilitate (enable) distributed decision making. The idea is to distribute decision making functionalities among network and user equipment elements in order to i) limit the required calculation complexity on the network and user side for the determination of the optimum resource selection strategy, ii) increase the reactivity of the equipment to any context change minimizing the required amount of human interaction and iii) minimize the signaling overhead by broadcasting generic policy rules applicable to all users instead of targeting a user-by-user based reconfiguration approach. A s...

With the emergence of ubiquitous computing, a dedicated network enabling applications for such systems becomes increasingly indispensable. Given the typical user-centered focus of ubiquitous applications, the dedicated network should be able to reconfigure itself autonomously according to the current context of use. In this paper, a new definition of a cognitive network is given and a clear line is drawn between cognitive networks and other types of networks. A framework for cognitive networks is presented ...

In this paper, the underlay cognitive radio network over mix fading environment is presented and investigated. A cooperative cognitive system with a secondary source node S, a secondary destination node D, secondary relay node Relay, and a primary node P are considered. In this model system, we consider the mix fading environment in two scenarios as Rayleigh/ Nakagami-m and Nakagami-m/Rayleigh Fading channels. For system performance analysis, the closed-form expression of the system outage probability (OP) and the integral-formed expression of the ergodic capacity (EC) are derived in connection with the system's primary parameters. Finally, we proposed the Monte Carlo simulation for convincing the correctness of the system performance.

In this paper, we consider a broadband cognitive radio network, where both primary and secondary systems employ an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme. The proposed scheme is reminiscent of additive superposition coding: specifically, the secondary transmitter acts as an amplify-and-forward relay that sends a linear weighted combination of the received multicarrier primary signal and its own block of multiple symbols. Such a superposition is performed by the secondary transmitter on the fly, in a single OFDM symbol of the primary system. Moreover, the proposed scheme is non-cooperative in the sense that no cooperation is required between the primary and secondary systems. An information-theoretic analysis of the proposed scheme is developed, whose results are corroborated by means of numerical Monte Carlo simulations.

Researchers have suggested Vehicular Ad hoc Networks as a way to enable car to car communications and to allow for the exchange of safety and other types of information among cars. The Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) protocol stack is standardized by the IEEE, and it allocates spectrum for vehicular communication. In our work we prove that it does not provide sufficient spectrum for reliable exchange of safety information. To alleviate this problem, we present a system that employs cognitive network principles to increase the spectrum allocated to the control channel (CCH) by the WAVE protocols, where all safety information is transmitted. To accomplish this objective, the proposed system relies on sensed data sent by the cars to road side units that in turn forward the aggregated data to a processing unit. The processing unit infers data contention locations and generates spectrum schedules to dispatch to the passing cars. Analysis and simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the system in improving data delivery in vehicular networks and thus increasing the reliability of safety applications.

Resum Um" campo organizacional" pode ser descrito como uma rede social de atores que estão envolvidos no monitoramento recíproco. Nosso objetivo principal é investigar em que medida os atores sociais dedicam atenção semelhante, dependendo das categorias sociais que eles partilham. Foram entrevistados 35 rappers na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Ao longo das entrevistas, mostramos aos nossos entrevistados uma lista de 246 grupos de rap de destaque no Brasil.

Effective spectrum sensing strategies enable cognitive radios to enhance the spectrum efficiency. In this paper, modeling, performance analysis, and optimization of spectrum handoff in a centralized cognitive radio network are studied. More specifically, for a given sensing order, the average throughput of secondary users and average interference level among the secondary and primary users are evaluated for a cognitive radio network with only one secondary user. By a Markov chain analysis, a network with multiple secondary users performing cooperative spectrum sensing is modeled, and the above performance metrics are derived. Then, a maximization of the secondary network performance in terms of throughput while keeping under control the average interference is formulated. Finally, numerical results validate the analytical derivations and show that optimally tuning sensing time significantly enhances the performance of the spectrum handoff. Also, we observe that exploiting OR rule for cooperative spectrum sensing provides a higher average throughput compared to AND rule.

Cognitive networks address the spectrum shortage problem exploiting unused chunks of the frequency spectrum, i.e. channels. With the aim to opportunistically use these channels, cognitive devices (CDs) have been defined. We propose two game theoretic frameworks with the pecu- liarity of capture the interactions between selfish CDs exhibit- ing both non-cooperative and cooperative behaviors. The first framework is formulated as

Abstract In this paper, a novel Extended Cognitive Mobile Terminal (ExCogNet-MT) scheme is presented. In this scheme, a “test bench” at receiver's Mobile Terminal (MT) can estimate the channel Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and can detect the jamming signal. The ...