Smart grids

This paper addresses the attack modeling using vulnerability of information, communication and electric grid network. Vulnerability of electric grid with incomplete information has been analyzed using graph theory based approach. Vulnerability of information and communication (cyber) network has been modeled utilizing concepts of discovery, access, feasibility, communication speed and detection threat. Common attack vector based on vulnerability of cyber and physical system have been utilized to operate breakers associated with generating resources to model aurora-like event. Real time simulations for modified IEEE 14 bus test case system and graph theory analysis for IEEE 118 bus system have been presented. Test case results show the possible impact on smart grid caused by integrated cyber-physical attack.

The problem of minimising losses in distribution networks has traditionally been investigated using a single, deterministic demand level. This has proved to be effective since most approaches are generally able to also result in minimum overall energy losses. However, the increasing penetration of (firm and variable) Distributed Generation (DG) raises concerns on the actual benefits of loss minimisation studies that are limited to a single demand/generation scenario. Here, a multi-period AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is used to determine the optimal accommodation of (renewable) DG in a way that minimises the system energy losses. In addition, control schemes expected to be part of the future Smart Grid, such as coordinated voltage control and dispatchable DG power factor, are embedded in the OPF formulation to explore the extra loss reduction benefits that can be harnessed with such technologies. The trade-off between energy losses and more generation capacity is also investigated. The methodology is applied to a generic UK distribution network and results demonstrate the significant impact that considering time-varying characteristics has on the energy loss minimisation problem and highlight the gains that the flexibility provided by innovative control strategies can have on both loss minimisation and generation capacity.

The European Union (EU) has set its specific target of a 20% energy reduction in EU energy consumption by 2020. Achieving this goal will require major breakthroughs in the research and development (R&D) of new technologies. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are today pervasive to all industrial and business domains. They are expected to generate deep impacts in energy efficiency in the future. In this paper, four industrial disciplines namely manufacturing, buildings, lighting and power grids are identified to have great potential of ICTs to improve energy efficiency due to their interactions in delivering infrastructures and environments for production, business and living, and together they produce and consume a significant proportion of Europe’s energy. The state-of-the-art ICTs for energy efficiency in these four sectors are discussed with focus mainly on their available data on the potential impact which ICT can offer., The paper will also discuss the obstacles ...

Ushered by recent developments in various areas of science and technology, modern energy systems are going to be an inevitable part of our societies. Smart grids are one of these modern systems that have attracted many research activities in recent years. Before utilizing the next generation of smart grids, we should have a comprehensive understanding of the interdependent energy networks and processes. Nextgeneration energy systems networks cannot be effectively designed, analyzed, and controlled in isolation from the social, economic, sensing, and control contexts in which they operate. In this paper we present a novel framework to support charging and storage infrastructure design for electric vehicles. We develop coordinated clustering techniques to work with network models of urban environments to aid in placement of charging stations for an electrical vehicle deployment scenario. Furthermore, we evaluate the network before and after the deployment of charging stations, to recommend the installation of appropriate storage units to overcome the extra load imposed on the network by the charging stations. We demonstrate the multiple factors that can be simultaneously leveraged in our framework in order to achieve practical urban deployment. Our ultimate goal is to help realize sustainable energy system management in urban electrical infrastructure by modeling and analyzing networks of interactions between electric systems and urban populations.

The implementation of smart grids will fundamentally change the approach of assessing and mitigating system voltage deficiencies on an electric distribution system. Many distribution companies have historically identified customer level voltage deficiencies utilizing a reactive approach that relies upon customer complaints. The monitoring capabilities of a smart grid will allow utilities to proactively identify events that exceed the voltage threshold limitations set forth by ANSI Std. C84.1 before they become a concern to end-users. This proactive approach can reduce customer complaints and possibly operational costs. This paper describes an approach for determining voltage threshold limits as a function of duration for proactive voltage investigations utilizing smart grid monitoring equipment. The described approach was applied to a smart grid located in Boulder, Colorado. This paper also describes the results of this two-year study.

Smart grid implementations rely on the real-time monitoring and controlling of the electric power grid. To achieve real time there is need for a messaging system with minimum delays. After mentioning latest implementations and their delays we analyze the role of the different communication protocols needed within smart grids and we describe key factors to a message's delay. Taking into consideration a packet's speed constraints we then calculate a radius, within which, the ETSI communication requirements for smart grids are satisfied.

In this study, we introduce a novel unsupervised countermeasure for smart grid power systems, based on generative adversarial networks (GANs). Given the pivotal role of smart grid systems (SGSs) in urban life, their security is of particular importance. In recent years, however, advances in the field of machine learning, have raised concerns about cyber attacks on these systems. Power systems, among the most important components of urban infrastructure, have, for example, been widely attacked by adversaries. Attackers disrupt power systems using false data injection attacks (FDIA), resulting in a breach of availability, integrity, or confidential principles of the system. Our model simulates possible attacks on power systems using multiple generators in a step-by-step interaction with a discriminator in the training phase. As a consequence, our system is robust to unseen attacks. Moreover, the proposed model considerably reduces the well-known mode collapse problem of GAN-based models. Our method is general and it can be potentially employed in a wide range of one of one-class classification tasks. The proposed model has low computational complexity and outperforms baseline systems about 14% and 41% in terms of accuracy on the highly imbalanced publicly available industrial control system (ICS) cyber attack power system dataset.

In recent years, the world has seen the emergence of a number of urban projects which, under the banner of experimentation, have promoted alternative models of city-making capable, in theory, of creating sustainable built environments. Among these supposedly experimental models, the smart city and the eco-city stand out in terms of geographical diffusion, and are hailed by their advocates as the mark of an innovative urbanism based on a scientific approach to urban development. Through the analysis of Hong Kong and Masdar City, examples of a smart-city agenda and an eco-city project respectively, this paper questions the sustainability of so-called smart cities and eco-cities, by investigating the extent to which they are developed in a controlled and systematic manner as their developers claim. More specifically, the paper counterclaims mainstream understandings of smart and ecological urbanism, arguing that what are promoted as cohesive settlements shaped by a homogeneous vision of the sustainable city, are actually fragmented cities made of disconnected and often incongruous pieces of urban fabric. Theoretically, these claims are discussed through the concept of Frankenstein urbanism which draws upon Mary Shelley's novel as a metaphor for unsuccessful experiments generated by the forced union of different, incompatible elements.

Increasing population and modern lifestyle have raised energy demands globally. Demand Side Management (DSM) is one important tool used to manage energy demands. It employs an advanced power infrastructure along with bi-directional information flow among utilities and users in order to achieve a balanced load curve and minimize demand-supply mismatch. Traditionally, this involves shifting the electricity demand from peak hours to other times of the day in an optimized manner. Multiple users equipped with renewable resources work in coordination with each other in order to achieve mutually beneficial energy management

This, in turn, has generated the concept of cooperative DSM. Such users, called prosumers, consume and produce energy using renewable resources (solar, wind etc.). Prosumers with surplus energy sell to the grid as well as to other consumers. In this paper, a novel Prosumer-based Energy Sharing and Management (PESM) scheme for cooperative DSM has been proposed. A simulation model has been developed for testing the proposed method. Different variations of the proposed methodology have been experimented with different criteria. The results show that the proposed energy sharing scheme achieves DSM purposes in a useful manner.

Substation Automation Systems (SAS) provide reliable bedrock for future smart grid development in electric utilities. Implementation of high quality SAS system enables one to experience less outage rate using the state-of-the-art computerized functions of monitoring, control, and protection. As a result, it can immensely reinforce the reliability index of smart grid systems. However, the inextricable interdependency of cyber and power components in an automated substation creates more vulnerable operation process. In this sense, unlike the power component outage in a substation, a failure of the cyber components in an Ethernet fashion can interrupt the operation as well. Therefore the proper selection of SAS package that offers more reliable performance may hedge massive maloperation in the system. Since the introduction of multi-vendor SAS based IEC-61850 protocol, the interoperability of various SAS components with variety of manufacturer's brands is now possible. This paper surveys the most efficient and used SAS package and the configuration in a HV substation which leads to high reliable performance. Findings can pave the future smart grid development in an effective manner.

In this paper, we  make sure  a  propensity  to
style  a  cheaper  cost  wireless  CNC  mini  plotter  three  axis
control  machine  that  combined  with  a  microcontroller.
CNC  machines  area  unit  processed  numerically  and
conjointly  use  for  draw  cartoon  pitchers  and  3D  pitchers
with  ninety  seven.5%  accuracy.  The  mechanically  part
according to design program fed into their controller unit.
Controller  unit  can  be  both  laptop  and  microcontroller.
Wireless  CNC  machine  have  stepper  &  servo  motors  to
draw  the  any    pitchers  or  signature  as  per  the  fed
program.  This  system  essentially  works  with  a  HC-05
Bluetooth element (for wireless communication) 2 Stepper
motors  for  axis  of  rotation  and  one  servo  motor  (for  zaxis).  This  technique  reduces  the  human  effort  and
utilization  of  vitality  and  time.  As  a  result  of  we  have
propensity  to  use  a  HC-05  element  for  wireless
communication between CNC machine and laptop or input
devices,  we  have  a  propensity  to  manage  a  CNC  machine
with  wireless  communication.  First  paired  devices  and
then  give  the  G-Codes  to  Arduino.  The  economical  and
[proper]  mounting  of  all  the  components  and  proper  use
the software system  and alignment  of the circuit build the
system a lot of economical. We’ve got conjointly evaluated
our  economic  machine  and  have  found  its  performance
adore the present cutting edge high ticket machines

Due to the ongoing changes in the power systems and their evolution towards Smart Grids they will become tremendously complex. Those systems will contain many different components and actors that are connected among each other and located on different technological as well as conceptual levels. Analyzing the influences and impacts of new components or changes of parameters becomes more and more challenging. For that reason the importance of simulation is continuously increasing. However, Smart Grids impose new requirements on supporting tools that today's technologies are no longer suitable for. In this paper such requirements from selected Smart Grid use cases and projects are analyzed and discussed.

Due to the great importance of the performance of load frequency controllers in power systems, a lot of effort have been performed to improve the performance of these controllers by fine tuning them. Evolutionary algorithms are the most popular techniques used to optimally tune the controllers. In this article, wind driven optimization (WDO) algorithm which is a newly developed evolutionary algorithm is used for tuning load frequency controllers. Based on simulation studies, the impact of different objective functions on the performance of the evolutionary algorithms in tuning the controllers is investigated. Also, using simulation studies carried out in a three areas interconnected power system, the effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithm in comparison to other newly proposed evolutionary algorithms is demonstrated. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method in case of power system parameters and configuration variations is confirmed.

The “smart grid” refers to various efforts to modernize the power grid through the application of alternate sources of energy and intelligent devices. The present national interest in smart grid applications has generated many questions concerning the role of distribution engineering in the future. What features do utility engineers need in distribution system analysis tools to support the future smart grid? This paper will discuss some relevant Electric Power Research Institute research in this area that focuses on selected issues related to smart grid analysis relevant to rural utilities. The essential characteristics of distribution system analysis tools to support analysis of these issues are discussed.

The increasing number of distributed energy resources (DERs) integrated into the smart grid has made distributed solar, wind power, and Electronic Vehicles (EVs) the key contributors to the expanding attack surface of the network; the lack of proper understanding of DER communications security requirements has led to vendors employing proprietary methods to mitigate hosts of attacks, the literature currently lacks a clear organization of the protocol-level vulnerabilities, device-level vulnerabilities, cyber-physical vulnerabilities, attacks, and solutions mapped to each layer of the logical model such as the OSI stack. To bridge this gap evaluating cybersecurity issues arising from the integrated DERs becomes necessary.

In this work, we address the problem of providing fast and on-line households appliance load detection in a non-intrusive way from aggregate electric energy consumption data. Enabling on-line load detection is a relevant research problem as it can unlock new grid services such as demand-side management and raises interactivity in energy awareness possibly leading to more green behaviours. To this purpose, we propose an On-line-NILM (Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring) machine learning algorithm combining two methodologies: i) Unsupervised event-based profiling and ii) Markov chain appliance load modelling. The event-based part performs event detection through contiguous and transient data segments, events clustering and matching. The resulting features are used to build household-specific appliance models from generic appliance models. Disaggregation is then performed on-line using an Additive Factorial Hidden Markov Model from the generated appliance model parameters. Our solution is implemented on the cloud and tested with public benchmark datasets. Accuracy results are presented and compared with literature solutions, showing that the proposed solution achieves on-line detection with comparable detection performance with respect to non on-line approaches.

Although Internet of Things (IoT) brings significant advantages over traditional communication technologies for smart grid and smart home applications, these implementations are still very rare. Relying on a comprehensive literature review, this paper aims to contribute towards narrowing the gap between the existing state-of-the-art smart home applications and the prospect of their integration into an IoT enabled environment. We propose a holistic framework which incorporates different components from IoT architectures/frameworks proposed in the literature, in order to efficiently integrate smart home objects in a cloud-centric IoT based solution. We identify a smart home management model for the proposed framework and the main tasks that should be performed at each level. We additionally discuss practical design challenges with emphasis on data processing, as well as smart home communication protocols and their interoperability. We believe that the holistic framework ascertained in this paper can be used as a solid base for the future developers of Internet of Things based smart home solutions.

The traditional multi-level hierarchical structured power grid is facing many systematic, operational, management and capacity challenges. Thus, strategic efforts are required from power enterprises to not only upgrade the existing grid infrastructure but move forward toward self-healing and resilient grid by integrating the diverse energy resources into the power systems through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), smart sensing and instrumentation, and Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) resources. To serve the purpose, the concept of new intelligent power grid known as Smart Grid (SG) was introduced. SG promises the direct involvement of all the stakeholders including service provider, grid operators and consumers making it a grid state aware network. However, SG is a new paradigm and its acceptance and implementation brings forth many folded challenges.
In this paper, we present the transformational road map and strategic framework of establishing the SG in Pakistan by making the SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats) analysis of existing power grid. The prospective requirements, multi folded constraints, adoptions barriers, technological requirements, design and technology standards, and deployment issues of Pakistan have been identified on the basis of the SWOT analysis in relationship to SG implementation. Various recommendations have been given for the up-gradation of existing electrical infrastructure to facilitate smart grid implementation including replacement of the electromechanical switches, smart instrumentation, advanced monitoring systems, meeting challenges in telecommunications services, and interoperability of information technologies etc. It is concluded that government support is obligatory to deploy SG concept in Pakistan along with the public-private partnership, private investment and more importantly the willingness of utility operators to accept and opt this intelligent grid. The presented framework will pave a path for future research work in SG domain in Pakistan so to move from traditional electricity supply system to the state-of-the art intelligent grid system.

Smart grids will provide more electricity to meet rising demand, increase reliability and quality of power supplies, increase energy efficiency, is able to integrate low carbon energy sources into power networks. This paper deals with the development and control of a smart grid-connected PV/WT hybrid system model. This model consists of wind turbine, photovoltaic array, asynchronous (induction) generator, controllers and converters (Sepic & Cockcroft). It is developed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software package. In order to maximize the generated power, Cockcroft & Sepic convertors are used. Under various operating conditions, the dynamic behavior of the proposed model is examined. The inputs given to the developed system are the real-time measured parameters. The wind speed, solar irradiance and temperature data are collected from a grid connected solar power system located in Manchester. The control strategy of the proposed model results a better tool for smart grid performance optimization.

La presente investigación desarrolla una propuesta de rehabilitación energética en envolventes de edificios del sector residencial basada en el estudio de un caso concreto de un bloque de viviendas común ubicado en Córdoba capital.
La propuesta consiste en un sistema adaptable, simple y modulable para los edificios, denominado en el estudio como piel solar, que mejora el comportamiento térmico y energético de los edificios mediante diseño bioclimático y realiza una producción eléctrica mediante energía fotovoltaica integrada en la arquitectura de los edificios. Este sistema efectúa una mejora sobre la calificación energética del edificio y contribuye a la progresiva y necesaria reconversión del sector energético hacia una producción descentralizada mediante elementos generadores distribuidos e integrados en los edificios propiciado por la actual tendencia de desarrollo del sector eléctrico que propone hojas ruta de desarrollo hacia las llamadas Smart Grids o Redes Inteligentes.
Esta labor de investigación conlleva un estudio sobre el estado actual del edificio, su entorno urbano y la climatología de la ciudad de Córdoba para establecer una base para el desarrollo de la propuesta de mejora. La rehabilitación energética propuesta desarrolla una definición del concepto, un proyecto básico, un presupuesto de ejecución material, un estudio energético y un estudio económico-financiero para evaluar su viabilidad. Además, con los datos obtenidos, se realiza un estudio sobre el potencial de producción energética que existe en Córdoba capital a partir de pieles solares integradas en los edificios."

Centralized communication-based control is one of the main methods that can be implemented to achieve autonomous advanced energy management capabilities in DC microgrids. However, its major limitation is the fact that communication bandwidth and computation resources are limited in practical applications. This can be often improved by avoiding redundant communications and complex computations. In this paper, an autonomous communication-based hybrid state/event driven control scheme is proposed. This control scheme is hierarchical and heuristic, such that on the primary control level, it encompasses state-driven local controllers, and on the secondary control level, an event-driven MG centralized controller (MGCC) is used. This heuristic hybrid control system aims at reducing the communication load and complexity, processor computations, and consequently system cost while maintaining reliable autonomous operation during all possible scenarios. A mathematical model for the proposed control scheme using Finite State Machines (FSM) has been developed and used to cover all the possible modes/sub-modes of operation, and assure seamless transitions among them during various events. Results of some case studies involving severe operational scenarios were presented and discussed. Results verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed communication-based control scheme. Index Terms—Communication-based control, DC microgrids, finite state machine, hybrid state/event driven control.

When the inductive load is brought into the industry, it is known that the power factor will drop. The electricity cost will be greater if the power factor is decreased. When the power factor drops in our system, the automated capacitor sets are activated, and the factor of power is restored with a predetermined level. The unique element of our research work is that an IoT (Internet of Things) technology was used to complete it. It will be capable to monitor and operate the research work from any place on the Internet, in addition to monitoring from the research work display. As a programming device, it has been utilized an Arduino Uno Microcontroller. The PF may be improved to increase current-carrying capacity, enhance voltage to equipment, minimize power losses, and cut electric costs. Reactive current generators are PF correction capacitors. We contribute to increasing the power factor by helping to balance the nonworking power used by inductive loads. In this article, the power factor of a load is measured using an Arduino Uno microcontroller, in which the necessary capacitors are then triggered to compensate for reactive power and put the factor of power closer near unity.

The paper provides an overview of the requirements for the communication infrastructure in the smart grid. Communication traffic is classified as the time critical and non-critical and correlated with the power system phenomena. Required values of quality of service parameters are given for particular applications: wide area measurement system, distribution automation and advanced metering infrastructure. Since available standards describing communications in the smart grid define Internet Protocol (IP) and Ethernet as the most appropriate communication protocols for the broad deployment of the smart grid applications, mechanisms for traffic prioritization at the MAC layer are reviewed in the paper.

This paper proposes a simple and generalized battery model dedicated to lithium rechargeable batteries of electric vehicles, oriented to the energy management of off-board charging stations. In particular, the mathematical description of the used algorithm, the identification of model parameters and the validation of its use for time emulation of fast charging processes are reported and discussed in detail. The comparison between the emulated charging battery behaviours of a Lithium Iron Phosphate battery and the experimental results is reported in order to confirm the accuracy of the model. Finally, an application control scheme for the coordination and energy management of off-board charging stations within the smart grid paradigm is described.

La transition écologique impliquée par le changement climatique impose de repenser le système de production énergétique. Afin de limiter la consommation, la production doit être repensée à un niveau local pour être au plus proche des consommateurs. En suivant cet objectif, de nombreux projets se sont développés, notamment au niveau de l’autoconsommation d’énergie. Quelle soit individuel ou collective, l’autoconsommation se développe de plus en plus, pour des raisons diverses et variées telles que la recherche de l’indépendance ou de la semi indépendance énergétique, l’intérêt écologique ou encore l’intérêt financier, les usagers de l’autoconsommation collective se regroupent au sein d’associations ou de coopératives.

La question de l’énergie sera abordée sous l’angle de la sociologie, afin de mieux comprendre comment l’objet énergétique s’intègre dans les interstices du monde social, jusqu’à y prendre une part prépondérante dans les relations sociales qui se créées dans le cadre de l’autoconsommation collective. Comment ces nouvelles formes d’organisations sociales peuvent être considérées comme des communautés énergétiques, en puisant dans les concepts de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie. Enfin, nous aborderons la question de la technique, en nous appropriant les deux technologies que sont la Blockchain et les Smart Grids, et comment celles-ci peuvent ou non s’intégrer dans une démarche de sobriété énergétique nécessaire.

The area of smart home environments is viewed as a key element of the future Internet. A lot of homes are implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, making it “smarter”, in order to improve its energy efficiency, security and comfort. However, the main barrier in realizing the vision for smart homes is the difficulty in enforcing privacy in IoT environments (Jacobsson and Davidsson, 2015).

The IoT means that more devices than ever seen before are connected to the internet (illustrated in figure 2.2). This means that laptops, smart phones, sensors, actuators, etc. are all connected to the internet.

This thesis attempts to look at how we can incorporate cyber security information into BIM models and use this information to look at vulnerabilities.

The aim of this paper is to present a novel energy consumption forecasting solution for predicting energy demand at the level of residential buildings based on their historical consumption profile for a seamless integration with the session-based Energy Markets developed within Smart Energy Grids that integrate renewable energy sources. To overcome the drawbacks and lack of accuracy of existing prediction models, a stacked multi-learning ensemble model is proposed combining Gradient Boosting Regression, Multi-Layer Neural Networks and Long Short Term Memory Networks followed by a Linear Regressor for forecasting residential energy demands both at individual and aggregated levels. The proposed ensemble predictor is evaluated using the open-access UK-DALE dataset containing historical energy traces for 5 households spreading over several years, obtaining a best MAPE of 1.59%, a RMSE of 6.19kW h and a MAE of 5.60kW h on the aggregated dataset, proving the high accuracy and stability of the proposed solution as well as the feasibility of using ensemble models for residential building energy demand forecast for integration with session-based energy marketplaces.

In this paper, the OPC UA is introduced as a key technology for realizing a variety of Smart Grid use cases enabling relevant tasks of automation and control. OPC UA is the successor of the established Classic OPC specification and state of the art regarding information exchange in the industrial automation branch. One of its key improvements over the Classic OPC is that the area of application is no longer restricted to industrial automation but OPC UA can be applied almost in every domain facing challenges in automated control. This improvement stems from a more generic and object-oriented approach. For the adoption of OPC UA to Smart Grids, two of the most important data models -the Common Information Model (CIM) and the IEC 61850 -have been identified to be integrated into OPC UA communication.

The digitalization of the power grid to smart grid provides value added services to the prosumers and other stakeholders involved in the energy market, and possibly disrupts existing electricity services in smart cities. The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) do not only challenge the sustainability of the smart grid but also promote and stimulate its upgrading. Undeniably, EVs can actively promote the development of the smart grid via two-way communications by deploying Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V). EVs have environmental benefits as compared to hybrids or even internal combustion engine vehicle as they can help minimize noise levels, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The integration of EVs could bring substantial changes for the society not only in providing transportation services but also shifting economies from petroleum and reducing the carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission from the transportation sector. Therefore, this study employs secondary data from the literature to explore how EVs can achieve sustainable energy as a service business model in smart cities. Findings from this study suggest that EVs are major assets for a sustainable energy future as EV batteries offers an untapped opportunity to store electricity from renewable energy sources. Implications from this study discusses the issues and recommendations for EVs integration in smart cities.

Developing countries like India are currently setting up several smart grid pilot and demonstration projects, under the National Smart Grid Mission to transform its energy sector. However, many of the promising pilot projects initiated so far have faced considerable difficulties in becoming successful commercial and business cases. This paper builds upon the literature on pilot and demonstration projects in the field of innovation studies and the sustainability transitions research. The paper studies five ongoing smart grid pilot projects in India namely: (1) Puducherry smart grid project; (2) CESC Mysore smart grid project; (3) Panipat smart grid project; (4) Tata Power smart grid project and (5) Sun Moksha smart grid project. The paper focuses on analyzing how some of the most promising Indian smart grid demonstration and pilot projects and the role they are playing in facilitating large-scale deployment of smart grids in India. In doing so, the paper makes two contributions. First, the paper integrates the literature on the role of pilot and demonstration projects in the innovation studies literature and the role of transnational linkages for the development of promising niches from the sustainability transitions research to explore ongoing smart grid pilot projects in India. Second, the paper provides a novel typology of demonstration projects in the context of developing countries by identifying three new types of demonstration projects namely (1) Indigenous learning projects; (2) Transnationally driven projects and (3) social value creation projects. Finally, the paper offers implications for future development of smart grids in India.

Electricity consumption in homes has been steadily increasing for the last few decades. This trend presents some problems for utilities, for customers, and for the environment. The existing metering systems have significant shortcomings when provisioning the adequate real-time information on the consumption, the micro generation, and the energy storage (particularly, in electric vehicles). They are also not prepared to handle the costs in a context of dynamic pricing, which depends on the generation mix. The electric grid of the futurethe Smart Gridwill need to go beyond the home meters, and zoom in on individual appliances" consumption readings. On one hand, customers (who may also be "prosumers"that is, simultaneously producers and consumers), generally have a lack of information regarding their appliances and regarding the behaviors they need to adopt in order to lower energy consumption. They also lack the knowledge of the real economic impact of the energy consumed, generated or stored at each moment. One the other hand, the distribution or transmission system operators are often facing disturbances in their grids because they cannot predict precisely the output of many renewable energy sourceswhich are mostly intermittent resourcesand, in parallel, predict or influence the consumption of their customers. Inefficiency thus arises in the use of resources. In this context, the aim of the thesis is to create an architecture proposal for an intelligent and autonomous demand-responsive energy management systemthe Energy Boxbased on a fully interactive Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure, the main purpose of which is to help end-users achieve energy savings and cost reductions, without loss of quality in the energy services provided. The cooperation between a smart-home and a smart-grid is a promising approach which, with the help of ICT, can fully unleash the capabilities of the smart electricity network to provide energy services to end-users in a more efficient way.

The  Traditional  Power  utilities  are  gradually  moving
towards  the  Smart  Grids.  These  Grids  deploy  a  very
large  number  of  smart  meters  at  the  consumers’  sites
using bi-directional communication networks based on
Internet  protocols.  With  the  reliance  on  these
protocols,  the  Smart  Grids  become  vulnerable  to
various  cyber-attacks.  Smart  meters  collect
consumption  data  and  allow  customers  other  useful
functions.  Consumers  are  worried  about  the  privacy,
integrity,  availability,  and  confidentiality  when
managing  their  future  power  consumption.  In  an
attempt  to  contribute  to  the  protection  of  these  smart
meters  from  attacks,  two  approaches  based  on
cryptographic  protocols  are  proposed  for  securing  the
direct connection of smart meters to collectors.

The concept of microgrid hierarchical control is presented recently. In this paper, a hierarchical scheme is proposed which includes primary and secondary control levels. The primary level comprises distributed generators (DGs) local controllers. The local controllers mainly consist of power, voltage and current controllers, and virtual impedance control loop. The central secondary controller is designed to manage the compensation of voltage unbalance at the point of common coupling (PCC) in an islanded microgrid. Unbalance compensation is achieved by sending proper control signals to the DGs local controllers. The design procedure of the control system is discussed in detail and the simulation results are presented. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed control structure in compensating the voltage unbalance.

The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of smart grids in the European Union (EU) as a way
forward to reach sustainable energy. It does so by assessing the energy security, regulatory, and social
and ethical aspects of smart grids in the EU. The article represents a significant milestone in the
upscaling of the various aspects of smart grid technology across the EU. It deals with smart grid
deployment and their impact on energy security with a view to a stronger role of prosumers in the
energy market. It also analyses smart grid regulation. Specifically, it examines the existing legal
frameworks that impact smart grids in the EU. It outlines existing EU Directives and assesses the level
of implementation of these Directives in various EU Member States. This article also assesses the
extent to which the existing legal frameworks facilitate the development of smart grids and proposes
areas of further regulatory consideration. The article then explores the social and ethical dimension
of smart grids in the context of the collaborative economy, the circular economy, and digital
technology, including cybersecurity and data-management issues.