Coin Circulation

ABSTRACT: Late Augustan coin circulation in the military camps along the river Rhine is characterised by the same coin types as those present in the early Tiberian period. The two phases can be distinguished from one another through the use of the countermarks VAR and CAESAR as well as IMPAVC, TIBAVC and TIBIM, of which the latter three occur together. In Germanicus‘ time the composition of the emissions changed, as did the manner in which coinage was distributed. Large quantities of moneyers‘ Asses were sent from Italy to the Rhine area en bloc and entered into circulation from there. Through this process, supplies of coinage to the armies in Lower and Upper Germania followed two separate routes (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der spätaugusteische und der frühtiberische Münzumlauf in den Militärlagern entlang des Rheingebietes ist durch dieselben Münztypen charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe des Gegenstempels VAR und der als einheitlichen Gruppe fassbaren Schlagmarken CAESAR sowie IMPAVC, TIBAVC und TIBIM können beide Phasen voneinander unterschieden werden. Zur Zeit des Germanicus Zeit ändern sich die Anteile der Münztypen und die Art der Münzversorgung. Große Mengen an Münzmeisterassen werden en bloc von Italien ins Rheingebiet geschickt und dort dem Umlauf zugeführt. Die Versorgung des niedergermanischen und obergermanischen Heeresteils erfolgt dabei getrennt.

RÉSUMÉ: La circulation des pièces de monnaie de la fin de l'époque augustéenne dans les camps militaires le long du Rhin est caractérisée par les mêmes types de pièces que ceux présents au début de la période tibérienne. Les deux phases peuvent être distinguées l'une de l'autre par l'utilisation des contremarques VAR et CAESAR ainsi que IMPAVC, TIBAVC et TIBIM, ces trois dernières se rencontrant ensemble. À l'époque de Germanicus, la composition des émissions changea, tout comme la manière dont le monnayage était distribué. De grandes quantités d'Asses de monnayeurs étaient envoyées en bloc d'Italie vers la région rhénane et entraient en circulation à partir de là. Grâce à ce processus, l'approvisionnement en monnaie des armées de Basse et de Haute-Germanie suivait deux voies distinctes (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: La circolazione monetale tardo-augustea negli accampamenti militari lungo il fiume Reno è caratterizzata dagli stessi tipi di monete presenti nel primo periodo tiberiano. Le due fasi si distinguono per l'uso delle contromarche VAR e CAESAR, nonché di IMPAVC, TIBAVC e TIBIM, queste ultime tre presenti insieme. Al tempo di Germanico la composizione delle emissioni cambiò, così come il modo in cui la moneta veniva distribuita. Grandi quantità di assi monetali venivano inviate in blocco dall'Italia all'area renana e da lì entravano in circolazione. Attraverso questo processo, le forniture di moneta agli eserciti della Germania inferiore e superiore seguivano due percorsi distinti (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

This paper discusses a few aspects of the hoard of Roman Republican denarii from Guljancy (RRCH 377) in Northern Bulgaria, now kept in the Czech National Museum in Prague. It is a large hoard of denarii comprising more than 464 coins. Of primary importance is the presence of two so called ‘Dacian’ imitations, two hybrid copies and six cast coins within the hoard. All ‘irregular’ coins are listed and briefly discussed in this paper. These coins made the hoard very stimulating for study since there are hardly any similar to it. A table of composition of the entire hoard complements the paper.

ABSTRACT: Germanicus is not celebrated on Roman imperial coinage during his lifetime. His portrait first appears on coins under Caligula and Caligula's successor Claudius. While his portrait appears in both precious metal and aes coinages during the reign of Caligula, under Claudius it is only found on sestertii and asses. This is due to the differing minting programmes of the two emperors (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUG: Zu Seinen Lebzeiten wird Germanicus auf den reichsrömischen Prägungen nicht thematisiert. Erst unter Caligula und dann unter dessen Nachfolger Claudius, wird seine Person im Münzbild behandelt. Während er in der caliguläischen Münzprägung auf Edelmetall- wie auf Aesprägung zu finden ist, wird unter Claudius sein Bild nur auf Sesterze und Asse gesetzt. Dies hängt mit den unterschiedlichen Prägeprogrammen der beiden Herrscher zusammen.

RÉSUMÉ: Germanicus n'est pas célébré sur la monnaie impériale romaine de son vivant. Son portrait apparaît pour la première fois sur des pièces sous Caligula et sous le successeur de Caligula, Claude. Alors que son portrait apparaît sur les monnaies de métal précieux et d'aes sous le règne de Caligula, sous Claude, on ne le trouve que sur les sestertii et les asses. Ceci est dû aux programmes de frappe différents des deux empereurs (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: Germanico non è celebrato sulle monete imperiali romane durante la sua vita. Il suo ritratto compare per la prima volta sulle monete di Caligola e del suo successore Claudio. Mentre durante il regno di Caligola il suo ritratto compare sia su monete in metallo prezioso che su assi, sotto Claudio si trova solo su sesterzi e assi. Ciò è dovuto ai diversi programmi di coniazione dei due imperatori  (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

A brief overview (PPT presentation) of the history of Ukrainian mintage (circulation and commemorative coins, trial strikes) and paper money. Contains an introduction about the emergence of the terms "hryvnia" and "karbovanets" (two competing names of the Ukrainian currency in different periods).
First presented on June 26, 2017 at a session of the Ottawa Numismatics Society (Centrepointe Theatre), last edited August 2023.

ABSTRACT: The minting of coins on behalf of family members first occurs in the Roman Empire under Augustus. These coins had the primary function of promoting a successor. Under Tiberius the emphasis placed on his adoptive father, the deified Augustus, is of particular significance. Only under Caligula does the iconography of the family refer back to the ancestors; here Germanicus is particularly highlighted. With Claudius the circle of favoured members of the domus augusta changes somewhat. As under Augustus the immediate successor is the focus of attention (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Prägungen für Familienmitglieder sind in der römischen Kaiserzeit erstmals unter Augustus anzutreffen. Sie dienen in erster Linie dazu die Nachfolger aufzubauen. Unter Tiberius ist der Verweis auf den Adoptivvater, den vergöttlichten Augustus, von besonderer Bedeutung. Erst mit Caligula bezieht sich die familiäre Selbstdarstellung in erster Linie auf die Vorfahren, wobei Germanicus besonders hervorgehoben wird. Mit Claudius ändert sich der Kreis der bevorzugten Mitglieder der domus augusta. Wie unter Augustus wird wieder der aktuelle Nachfolger besonders berücksichtigt.

RÉSUMÉ: La frappe de pièces de monnaie au nom des membres d'une famille apparaît pour la première fois dans l'Empire romain sous Auguste. Ces pièces avaient pour fonction principale de promouvoir un successeur. Sous Tibère, l'accent mis sur son père adoptif, l'Auguste déifié, est particulièrement significatif. Ce n'est que sous Caligula que l'iconographie de la famille renvoie aux ancêtres, Germanicus étant ici particulièrement mis en valeur. Avec Claude, le cercle des membres privilégiés de la domus augusta change quelque peu. Comme sous Auguste, le successeur immédiat est au centre de l'attention (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: La coniazione di monete per conto di membri della famiglia si verifica per la prima volta nell'Impero romano sotto Augusto. Queste monete avevano la funzione primaria di promuovere un successore. Sotto Tiberio l'enfasi posta sul padre adottivo, l'Augusto divinizzato, è particolarmente significativa. Solo sotto Caligola l'iconografia della famiglia fa riferimento agli antenati; qui Germanico è particolarmente evidenziato. Con Claudio la cerchia dei favoriti della domus augusta cambia in qualche modo. Come sotto Augusto, il successore immediato è al centro dell'attenzione  (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: The deciphering and interpretation of the countermark AVG is discussed in this colloquium paper, which also demonstrates how early Tiberian coinage can be distinguished from late Augustan coinage circulating in the Rhine area with the help of countermarks  (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Lesung und Zuweisung des Gegenstempels AVG wird in diesem Kolloquiumsbeitrag diskutiert und ferner gezeigt, wie mit Hilfe der Schlagmarken der frühtiberische vom spätaugusteischen Kleingeldumlauf im Rheingebiet unterschieden werden kann.

RÉSUMÉ: Le déchiffrage et l'interprétation de la contremarque AVG sont discutés dans cette communication de colloque, qui démontre également comment le monnayage tibérien précoce peut être distingué du monnayage augustéen tardif circulant dans la région du Rhin à l'aide de contremarques (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: La decifrazione e l'interpretazione della contromarca AVG sono discusse in questa relazione, che dimostra anche come la monetazione tiberiana iniziale possa essere distinta da quella tardo-augustea circolante nell'area del Reno con l'aiuto delle contromarche (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: In the Hadrianic period a round temple made of wood was erected on the Grosser Hafner, an island in the Zürichsee. Excavations revealed a total of nearly 90 coins. The majority of the coins were considerably earlier in date than the temple itself and this makes it very likely that the island was already occupied in earlier times (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Zur Zeit Hadrians wurde auf dem Grossen Hafner, einer Insel im Zürichsee ein Rundtempel aus Holz errichtet. Insgesamt kamen bei den Ausgrabungen knapp 90 Münzen zutage. Der grösste Teil der Münzen wurde wesentlich früher geprägt und macht es sehr wahrscheinlich dass die Insel bereits früher genutzt wurde.

RÉSUMÉ: A l'époque hadrienne, un temple rond en bois a été érigé sur le Grosser Hafner, une île du Lac de Zurich. Les fouilles ont révélé un total de près de 90 monnaies. La majorité de ces monnaies étaient nettement antérieures au temple lui-même, ce qui rend très probable que l'île était déjà occupée à une époque antérieure  (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: In epoca adrianea fu eretto un tempio rotondo in legno sul Grosser Hafner, un'isola dello Lago di Zurigo. Gli scavi hanno portato alla luce un totale di circa 90 monete. La maggior parte delle monete è di datazione notevolmente anteriore a quella del tempio stesso e ciò rende molto probabile che l'isola fosse già occupata in tempi precedenti  (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

Little is known with certainty about the tribes which inhabited the North-Aegean area up to the early 5th century. It seems that they were either incorporated into the expanding Macedonian Kingdom or were expelled during the conflicts which seemed to have ravaged the area from the time of the first Persian invasion (513 BC) until the mid 5th century. These tribes would have remained largely unknown to us, had it not been for their coinage, which, bearing witness to their very existence also offers an exiting opportunity to glean some answers to the many questions surrounding the circumstances of their striking.

By examining the hoards that contain Thraco – Macedonian coins we can obtain some evidence both as to the date of their striking and as to the reasons behind their production. The more composite hoards (and most notably the famous Asyut hoard) allow us to form a more concrete idea as to the dating of the apparition of certain coin types, which in turn will allow us to reconsider the dating of other coin hoards. In this way it is hoped that we shall obtain some more solid chronological anchors for this coinage, which will allow us to escape the vicious circle in which the unfounded dating of the Thraco-Macedonian coins led to the dating of certain coin hoards, which in turn served to confirm the dating of the coins.

The reasons for certain patterns of dispersion of the hoards shall also be discussed. The fact that the coin hoards containing coins of these tribes are systematically found far from their region of origin, and especially to the east, within the borders of the Persian Empire, hints at the existence of strong ties between these entities.

During the Viking Age huge amounts of silver coins were imported to a very large area in Northern Europe from Iceland in the west to Russia in the east. The import from the east (c. 800-1010) was mainly Islamic dirhams, while the import from the west was very small before the late 10th century and it continued into the first half of the 12th century with a strong dominance of coins from Germany and England. However, coins from a large number of other areas were also imported. The paper gives a survey of the Viking-Age import of coins to Sweden and Northern Europe c. 800-1150. Statistical information about the number of coins (finds in Northern Europe),  and where they had been struck (finds in Sweden) is provided. For the latter a graph shows the changes in import over time and information of where they have been found is provided.

"This paper treats all available coins found in the ancient town of Kabyle in Thrace – dating from the Late Hellenistic period to the time of Trajan. They originated from the site itself – both as stray finds before the start of regular excavations in 1972 as well as afterwards from the controlled digs (altogether 35 coins). The second part of this study deals with the contemporary coins from the hinterland of Kabyle – Yambol and its district (66 coins in all), at present all kept in the Regional Historical Museum at Yambol.
Kabyle in south Thrace was a flourishing Thracian and early Hellenistic town (fig. 1, plan) as early as in the mid-4th century BC (Danoff 1967, col. 39; von Bredow 1999, col. 128; Archibald 2004, 893-894), re-founded as a Macedonian colony under Philip II. During the first half of the 3rd century it has been the seat of the local Thracian rulers Skostoces and Spartocos. During the same period the mint of Kabyle struck intensive series in bronze (Драганов, Попов 1983, 18-39; Draganov 1993) and rare silver tetradrachms of Alexander type (with the civic symbol ‘statue of Artemis Phosphoros’) and in the name of the Celtic chieftain Cavarus (Gerassimov 1958, 273-277; Draganov 1984, 94-109; Price 1991, nos. 882-889; Draganov 1993, 75-86).
What is known about the history of Kabyle before the Romans is very scarce and fragmentary. The town was not in good condition at the arrival of M. Terentius Varro Lucullus’ army in 72 BC (sources: Salust., Hist. frg. 3. 51 and 4. 18; Liv., Per. 97; Florus, 1. 39; App., Illyrica 5. 30;, Festus, Brev., 9. 2-4), Orosius, 6, 3. 4; and Jord., Rom. 221; comments in Жуглев 1966, 245; Велков 1993, 130). Sometime between AD 127 and 136 under Hadrian a military camp (castra) of cohors II Lucensium was established here, well attested in a series of Latin inscriptions (Velkov 1989, 247-250; Велков 1991, 3-17, nos. 4-5, 12-15, 18-19), but the adjacent settlement by the camp indeed had no civic status or territory (Velkov 1978, 433-439; Велков 1991, 17; Боянов 2008, 212–213).
Until now, no coins of the Late Hellenistic or early Principate period are published from Kabyle. The only exception is a single uncial as of Augustus, found along with other late Roman coins in basilica no. 1 (Димитров 1982, 160, no. 10). Nonetheless, the regular archaeological excavations at Kabyle produced a substantial coin assemblage which would greatly expand our knowledge when studied. After a detailed examination and review of the museum holdings in the Yambol museum, the following picture emerged.
A summary list of the Republican issues is given in table 1 (nos. 1-12). One could envisage the following observations: The site of Kabyle produced no less than 12 silver coins of this period: 8 denarii, 3 quinarii and 1 cistophoric tetradrachm (fig. 3, cat. no. 11). So far this is the largest extant numismatic assemblage from a Thracian site of the 2nd–1st century BC. The reasons for the presence of Republican quinarii from Kabyle are considered; and a plausible historical interpretation is offered.
Coins from the early Principate are listed in table 2 (nos. 13-35). Table 3 (nos. 13-17) and the next paragraphs discusses five aes coins (two halved) – asses of Augustus for Asia, struck at Ephesus in ca. 27-23 BC (type RPC I, 2235), all from regular excavations. A possibility that the Augustan coins may reveal a Roman military presence (before Hadrian) on site is considered.
Further, the review of all extant contemporary coins found in the region of Yambol follows – cat. nos. 36-101 (table 4). It includes 9 Republican issues, 1 ‘Dacian’ imitation of Republican denarius, and 52 early Principate issues. A matter of particular numismatic interest is a plated tetrobol of Massalia in Gaul from the period 121–82 BC (cat. no. 40 = Depeyrot 1999, type 47), sadly without known provenance. Stray coins are mapped (fig. 3) so they clearly indicate the settlement pattern along the Tundzha/Tonzos middle course in early Imperial era.
The extant coin evidence of Kabyle from the period under study features a regular and stable coin supply. In fact, it presents a strong proof that life and activities at the site of Kabyle were not interrupted (as some authors argued, contra Попов 2005, 611).""

In my previous thesis I wrote about what features that characterize the Hiberno-Norse identity in Ireland during the Viking Age/Early Medieval period and the origin of these features. I also discussed whether they are to be viewed as a creolized Scandinavian society or as a hybrid culture with focus on said features. In this thesis I will attempt to shift the focus towards 9th and 10th century Gotland. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if there were some connections between the Hiberno-Norse world and Gotland. I will focus on one particular hypothesis regarding the early import of Islamic dirhams, particularly Samanid silver to Ireland. The idea is to examine if a trading network might have existed and, in essence, to establish that there were connections between the Hiberno-Norse world and Gotland.

The article gathers the information we posses about coin hoards containing coins of the Derronians. An attempt is made to reconstruct some of the hoards and in so doing adds one more to those already known (Štip, before 1879) and gives a short review of a newly found hoard of approximately 100 Derronian coins from Southern Serbia (Vranje, 2001), bringing the total of hoards containing Derronian coins to eight. It is interesting to note that the Derronian coins seem to behave differently during the two periods of minting: The earlier coins (with the incuse square reverse) are found exclusively in Egypt, while the later ones are to be found in the four Balkan hoards which contain almost exclusively Derronian coins, and one coin of this type is to be found in the Lycian hoard of Elmali. It is proposed that these coins were not struck for commercial purposes, but rather as part of a tribute paid to the Persians and were used primarily for military payments.

Résumé – Les aléas historiques et les alternances de pouvoir qui concernent l’Italie durant les siècles de la fin de l’Empire romain et du Moyen Âge conduisent inévitablement à la transformation de l’économie et à l’évolution des systèmes monétaires en vigueur. Mais la monnaie frappée à l’époque romaine continue d’être découverte, initialement en grand nombre, puis en quantités de plus en plus négligeables, dans les stratigraphies allant de la fin du Ve s. jusqu’au XIIe s. et parfois au-delà. Quelle valeur attribuer à ces découvertes? Jusqu’à quand peut-on supposer que la monnaie de bronze romaine a joué un rôle dans l’économie des petits échanges ?
Le but de cette étude est de parcourir et d’analyser les principales recherches menées sur cette question par des générations de numismates, d’archéologues et d’historiens, en interprétant cas par cas l’usage de la monnaie romaine entre l’Antiquité tardive et le Moyen Âge.

Abstract – The historical events and the successions of power involving Italy from the end of Roman Empire to the Middle Ages, inevitably lead to economic transformation and monetary system’s evolution. The coin minted in roman period continues to be discovered in stratigraphy dated from the end of 5th c. to 12th c. and beyond, initially in copious amount, then progressively in quantity less important. Which is the relevance of these findings? Until when is possible to presume that roman bronze coinage played a role in the small exchanges of everyday goods?
The aim of this paper is retrace and analyse the fundamental research’s currents conducted on this subject by generations of numismatists, archeologists and historians, focusing each time the monetary use between Late Antiquity and Middle Ages.

The article focuses on the presence of Byzantine coins at Cyrene and in Cyrenaica. New findings from the Italian archaeological excavations and from the coin cabinet of the Archaeological Museum of Cyrene allow to define a very different situation from what previously appeared. In particular, they clearly show the relationship with Egypt, even not long after the Arab conquest. Byzantine coins still continue to be documented in small quantities after the mid-seventh century and there are signs of their widespread presence also in X and XI centuries.

Il contributo è dedicato al ripostiglio noto come Thesaurus Massafrensis ed approfondisce in modo particolare il contesto storico e geografico nel quale esso si situa. Rinvenuto nel 1973 e composto prevalentemente da coniazioni del V e degli inizi del
VI secolo, il ripostiglio custodisce due monete particolarmente degne di nota e ben più antiche delle altre: una greca proveniente da Clazomenae e una punica. Una panoramica dei ripostigli con simili peculiarità, mirante a discutere l’utilizzo ed il ruolo delle monete antiche nella circolazione monetaria, culmina con la questione sulle origini geografiche dei tesoretti. In particolare, l’indagine approfondita delle
due monete le identifica come prodotto di una tesaurizzazione esterna al contesto salentino, in contrasto con la consueta provenienza locale delle monete raccolte. L’atipicità della deposizione di Massafra, da collocarsi nel contesto delle guerre greco-gotiche del VI secolo, sottolinea l’importanza delle riflessioni a proposito della circolazione monetaria sul territorio
ed il significato delle coniazioni antiche contenute nei ripostigli di epoche più tarde.

ABSTRACT: The collection of countermarked coins assembled by Konrad Bech of Mainz is based around the punched marks which were employed under the early Roman Empire in the area of the later provinces Germania inferior and superior. Each of the countermarks represented in the Bech collection is individually discussed and put into context. With the help of countermarked coins from documented finds, the circulation areas of the countermarked coins of the early imperial period are revealed (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Sammlung gegengestempelter Münzen des Mainzer Sammlers Konrad Bech hat ihren Schwerpunkt auf den Schlagmarken, die in der frühen Kaiserzeit im Gebiet der späteren Provinzen Germania inferior und superior Verwendung fanden. Alle in der Sammlung Bech vertretenen Gegenstempel werden einzeln behandelt und kontextualisiert. So werden mit Hilfe stempelgleicher Stücke aus dokumentierten Funden die Umlaufgebiete der frühkaiserzeitlichen kontermarkierten Münzen sichtbar.

RÉSUMÉ: La collection de monnaies contremarquées réunie par Konrad Bech de Mayence s'articule autour des marques poinçonnées qui étaient employées sous le premier Empire romain dans la région des futures provinces Germania inferior et superior. Chacune des contremarques représentées dans la collection Bech est examinée individuellement et mise en contexte. A l'aide de pièces contremarquées provenant de découvertes documentées, les zones de circulation des pièces contremarquées du début de la période impériale sont révélées (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: La collezione di monete contromarcate riunita da Konrad Bech di Magonza si concentra sui marchi utilizzati durante il primo Impero romano nell'area delle future province Germania inferiore e superiore. Ogni contromarca rappresentata nella collezione Bech viene esaminata singolarmente e contestualizzata. Con l'aiuto di monete contromarcate provenienti da reperti documentati, vengono rivelate le aree di circolazione delle prime monete imperiali contromarcate (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: In the last quarter of the 1st Century B.C. Augustus undertook a reorganisation of the Roman monetary system, introducing new denominations. The smallest unit of value was the Quadrans, which was only struck in the years 9/8 B.C. and 5/4 B.C. in Rome and which is hardly present in the coin finds of Niedersachsen/Lower Saxony. Since the Quadrans played an essential role in the functioning of the monetary economy, in Gaul and Germany it was replaced with local coins, which were of a similar size and weight (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Ab dem letzten Viertel des 1. vorchristlichen Jahrhunderts reorganisierte Augustus das römische Nominalsystem. Die kleinste Werteinheit war der Quadrans, der allerdings nur in den Jahren 9/8 v.Chr. und 5/4 v.Chr. in der Stadt Rom ausgeprägt wurde und in den Niedersächsischen Funden weitgehend fehlt. Da er jedoch für eine funktionierende Münzgeldwirtschaft unerlässlich war, liefen statt seiner in Gallien und Germanien einheimische Prägungen um, die ihm in Größe und Gewicht entsprachen.

RÉSUMÉ: Dans le dernier quart du 1er siècle avant J.-C., Auguste entreprit une réorganisation du système monétaire romain, introduisant de nouvelles dénominations. La plus petite unité de valeur était le quadrans, qui n'a été frappé que dans les années 9/8 avant J.-C. et 5/4 avant J.-C. à Rome et qui est à peine présent dans les découvertes de monnaies en Basse-Saxe. Comme le Quadrans jouait un rôle essentiel dans le fonctionnement de l'économie monétaire, il fut remplacé en Gaule et en Allemagne par des monnaies locales, de taille et de poids similaires (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: Nell'ultimo quarto del I secolo a.C. Augusto intraprese una riorganizzazione del sistema monetario romano, introducendo nuovi tagli. L'unità di valore più piccola era il Quadrans, che fu coniato solo negli anni 9/8 a.C. e 5/4 a.C. a Roma e che è poco presente nei reperti monetali della Bassa Sassonia. Poiché il Quadrans svolgeva un ruolo essenziale nel funzionamento dell'economia monetaria, in Gallia e in Germania fu sostituito da monete locali, di dimensioni e peso simili (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

This paper summerizes the hellenistic coin finds on sites BEY 002, BEY 006, BEY 004, BEY 026, BEY 145, BEY 125, BEY 133, BEY 142 and BEY 144 from Beirut. The full data presented the VXth INC Glasgow, 2009,  are consultable in the "Talks" section of the current page of Academia.

Although so far the coinage of Montferrat has been considered firmly inserted in the influence area of money in Milan, an unedited piece studied here shows a clear link with the money of Asti, suggesting that the production of the mint of Montferrat in the second half of the 13th century used to refer to two different monetary systems. The fact probably reflects the geographic reality of the Montferrat itself, located halfway between the areas of influence of money of Milan and of Asti. Business needs and speculative issues of the time thus encouraged the issue of two different types of coins, perhaps minted in Moncalvo, a city where the presence of the court of Montferrat is widely documented during that period

Excavations in the immediate area of the Roman theater in Beirut have yielded a total of 451 bronze coins, the classification of which has provided an insight into the production and circulation of coins in the city throughout the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods.

" This article describes a hoard, mainly from the Emirate period, found in Puebla de Cazalla ( Seville) consisting of 266 dirhams, 635 fragments, one silver seal-ring and part of the ceramic recipient that contained the whole. The dates represented in this hoard cover from the year 153H. to the year 278H., with 83 different dates of the mint of al-Andalus covering the reigns of all the rulers of the Emirate. Of special interest, aside from some unpublished variants, are the very rare coins of the Emirs Mundir and ´Abd Allah.

Of the totality of coins only five coins and five fragments are not from the Peninsula. Of these one coin and four fragments are Carolingian, two are common Abbasid dirhams from the mint of Madinat al-Salam (153 H. & 160 H.), a fourth is a Sulaimanid coin of Madinat ´Isa b. Ibrahim (243 H.), another is an Aghlabid dirham of Ifriqiya (226 H.) and finaly a fragment is an Idrisid coin from Walila (247 H.). these last three coins are among the most interesting of the whole hoard as they were seemingly unpublished.

On the other hand the relatively large amount of fragments in this hoard, and many others since, have come to confirm the generalized use of cut dirhams ( qita´) as minor change in the Emirate and Caliphate periods of al-Andalus. This would come to explain the dearth of copper coins, fals, for both periods. These cut dirhams would be cut over, and over many times during long periods of time , as can be deduced from the datable fragments, so it is not logical to think that they were cut just once to any hypothetical precise weight but adjusted many times over to whatever transactions they were involved in. Even the weights of the uncut dirhams coming right out of the mint were not, in either period, stuck to a fixed standard but varied very much from one specimen to the other. The fixed weight would not be given by the individual coin or qita` but would be contrasted to the actual coin weights of the sahib al suq, saraf or any shopkeeper. What the dirham of the mint was supposed to guarantee was not its own total weight but the quality of its silver content. T.I"
For a study of weights in al-Andalus see: http://www.andalustonegawa.50g.com/Weights.html "

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to provide a user-friendly catalogue of the countermarked coins of the early Empire circulating in the Rhine area. The creation of a citable handbook through the systematic compilation and analysis of the countermarks will in turn lead to a more accurate understanding of the processes by which coins circulated in the Rhine area than was previously possible (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen leicht handhabbaren Katalog der frühkaiserzeitlichen Münzen mit Gegenstempeln aus dem Rheingebiet vorzulegen. Durch eine systematische Erfassung und Behandlung der Gegenstempel soll ein Zitierwerk geschaffen werden, das dazu beiträgt, den Münzumlauf im Rheingebiet diesbezüglich präziser zu erfassen als es bisher möglich war.

RÉSUMÉ: L'objectif de cette étude est de fournir un catalogue convivial des monnaies contremarquées du début de l'Empire circulant dans la région du Rhin. La création d'un manuel consultable grâce à la compilation et à l'analyse systématiques des contremarques permettra de mieux comprendre les processus de circulation des pièces dans la région rhénane (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di fornire un catalogo di facile consultazione delle prime monete imperiali contromarcate circolanti nella regione del Reno. La creazione di un manuale consultabile attraverso la compilazione e l'analisi sistematica delle contromarche consentirà di comprendere meglio i processi di circolazione delle monete nella regione del Reno (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the coin circulation areas of the Augustan aes coinages of Nemausus, Lyon and the moneyers in Gallia and Germania, focussing mainly on the area between the Rhine, Lippe and Weser rivers. Regional clusters could be observed, which are independent of chronology (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Umlaufgebiete der augusteischen Aesprägungen von Nemausus, Lyon und der Münzmeister in Gallien und Germanien werden in diesem Artikel behandelt, wobei das Augenmerk auf das Okkupationsgebiet zwischen Rhein, Lippe und Weser gelegt wird. Dabei können im Münzumlauf regionale Schwerpunkte festgestellt werden, die nicht chronologisch bedingt sind.

RÉSUMÉ: Cet article traite des zones de circulation des monnaies aes augustéennes de Nemausus, Lyon et des monnayeurs de Gallia et Germania, en se concentrant principalement sur la région située entre le Rhin, la Lippe et la Weser. Des groupes régionaux ont pu être observés, qui sont indépendants de la chronologie (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: Questo articolo tratta delle aree di circolazione delle monete dell'aes augusteo di Nemaususus, Lione e dei monetieri della Gallia e della Germania, concentrandosi principalmente sull'area compresa tra i fiumi Reno, Lippe e Weser. Si sono potuti osservare raggruppamenti regionali, indipendenti dalla cronologia (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

SUMMARY: The March issue of Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 68, 2019 presented a find of 27 coins from the island of Niederwerth (Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz), found in 1963 on "a narrowly limited area at a depth of about 30 cm". Those responsible hope to identify it as a treasure find or a purse. Due to the internal composition of the series of coins and the location of the find, a former ford, it is most likely a collective find, the coins of which were deliberately deposited over the course of about three decades (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: In der März-Ausgabe des Numismatischen Nachrichtenblatts 68, 2019 wurde ein Fund von 27 Münzen von der Insel Niederwerth (Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz) vorgestellt, der im Jahre 1963 auf „einer eng begrenzten Fläche in etwa 30 cm Tiefe“ gefunden wurden. Die Bearbeiter möchten in ihm einen Schatzfund oder eine Geldbörse erkennen. Aufgrund der inneren Zusammensetzung der Münzreihe und dem Fundort, einer ehemalige Furt, handelt es sich mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit aber um einen Kollektivfund, dessen Münzen im Laufe von rund drei Jahrzehnten bewusst niedergelegt wurden.

RÉSUMÉ: Le numéro de mars du Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 68, 2019 a présenté une trouvaille de 27 pièces de monnaie provenant de l'île de Niederwerth (Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz), trouvée en 1963 sur "une surface étroitement limitée à environ 30 cm de profondeur". Les responsables souhaitent y reconnaître une trouvaille de trésor ou une bourse. En raison de la composition interne de la série de pièces et du lieu de découverte, un ancien gué, il s'agit très probablement d'une découverte collective dont les pièces ont été déposées sciemment au cours d'environ trois décennies (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: Nel numero di marzo del Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt 68, 2019 è stato presentato un ritrovamento di 27 monete provenienti dall'isola di Niederwerth (Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz), rinvenute nel 1963 su "un'area ristretta a una profondità di circa 30 cm". I responsabili sperano di identificarlo come un reperto del tesoro o una borsa. A causa della composizione interna della serie di monete e della posizione del ritrovamento, un ex guado, si tratta molto probabilmente di un ritrovamento collettivo, le cui monete sono state deliberatamente depositate nel corso di circa tre decenni (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: Preliminary report and first results of an investigation into the countermarks of the Julio-Claudian emperors, which were punched on bronze coins in the West of the Roman Empire  (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Vorbericht und erste Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über die Kontermarken der iulisch-claudischen Kaiserzeit, die im westlichen Teil des römischen Reiches auf Aesmünzen eingestempelt wurden.

RÉSUMÉ: Rapport préliminaire et premiers résultats d'une enquête sur les contremarques des empereurs julio-claudiens, poinçonnées sur des pièces de bronze à l'ouest de l'Empire romain  (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

SOMMARIO: Relazione preliminare e primi risultati di un'indagine sulle contromarche degli imperatori giulio-claudi, punzonate su monete di bronzo nell'Occidente dell'Impero Romano (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: This article provides on one hand an introduction to the methods and questions relating to the study of coin-finds; on the other hand, it promotes the services of the Coin Cabinet in Winterthur in this field (translated by Claire Franklin).

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Artikel liefert einerseits erste Einblicke in die Methode und Fragestellung der Fundmünzauswertung, andererseits verweist er auf die Vermittlungsarbeit des Münzkabinetts der Stadt Winterthur.

RÉSUMÉ: Cet article présente, d'une part, les méthodes et les questions relatives à l'étude des monnaies trouvées, d'autre part, il fait la promotion des services du Cabinet des médailles de Winterthur dans ce domaine (traduit avec www.DeepL.com).

ABSTRACT: Questo articolo fornisce da un lato un'introduzione ai metodi e alle questioni relative allo studio dei ritrovamenti monetali, dall'altro promuove i servizi del Gabinetto numismatico di Winterthur in questo campo (tradotto con www.DeepL.com).