Cold War Science and Technology

Für Amerikaner und Westeuropäer war der Kalte Krieg nur am Rande ein bewaffneter Konflikt und mehr als eine reine Auseinandersetzung zwischen den zwei großen Ideologien Kommunismus und liberaler Kapitalismus. Er beeinflusste Gesellschaft, Wissenschaft und Kultur in den westlichen Staaten in ganz erheblichem Maße: Der Rüstungswettlauf war einerseits Projektionsfläche tiefgreifender Ängste vor einem atomaren Holocaust. Andererseits sollte diese Angst durch Planung und Verwissenschaftlichung in kollektive Sicherheit transformiert werden. In diesem Sinne versteht der vorliegende Band den Kalten Krieg als ‚Krieg der Imaginationen‘ (Mary Kaldor). Er führt Beiträge von Militär-, Sozial- und Ideenhistorikern in einer sozialen Ideengeschichte zusammen und bereichert unser Wissen über eines der am tiefsten einschneidenden Phänomene des 20. Jahrhunderts um wichtige, bislang aber vernachlässigte Facetten.

Spread across North America are more than 1000 nuclear ballistic missile sites. Constructed mainly during the 1960s, these sites range from simple concrete surface launch pads to large underground complexes built to shelter Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). While roughly half of these launch sites continue to be used for United States national defense purposes, others lie in various states of rust and ruin on private and public lands. In this paper, I use the 12 former Atlas missile launch sites that once comprised the 579th Strategic Missile Squadron of the former Walker Air Force Base near Roswell, New Mexico as a starting point for exploring the archaeological and material culture aspects of Cold War nuclear missile launch sites. The goal of the paper is to increase our understanding of those sites as both potent artefacts of violence and conflict in modern times and as specific examples of the materiality of paranoia in the North American cultural landscape.

Recensión del libro "Los ingenieros de Franco. Ciencia, catolicismo y Guerra Fría en el Estado franquista". Barcelona: Crítica, 2017, 317 páginas. La investigación principal de Lino Camprubí, nos ofrece una historia de la transformación del territorio español desde el punto de vista de las ciencias y las tecnologías. Constituye un ejemplo de constatación de la imbricación entre ciencia, tecnología y economía política –sin olvidar la religión. El libro muestra cómo el régimen franquista utilizó la ciencia y tecnología a su alcance para la (re)construcción del país, pero también cómo esos mismos ingenieros construyeron la España franquista.

//

Review of the book "Los ingenieros de Franco. Ciencia, catolicismo y Guerra Fría en el Estado franquista". (Franco's engineers. Science, Catholicism and Cold War in the Francoist State) Barcelona: Crítica, 2017, 317 pp. The main research of Lino Camprubí, offers a history of the transformation of the Spanish territory from the point of view of science and technology. It constitutes an example of the verification of the imbrication between science, technology and political economy -without forgetting religion. The book shows how the francoist regime used the science and technology at its disposal for the (re)construction of the country, but also how those same engineers built Franco's Spain.

USA  jako jedyne demokratyczne mocarstwo udostępniło w takiej skali w swoich archiwach internetowych ogromną ilość dokumentów dotyczących rządowych badań nad zagadnieniem psychotroniki i militarnych możliwości jej wykorzystania. Psychotronika to interdyscyplinarna dyscyplina badawcza mówiąca o siłach działających na odległość i o interakcjach zachodzących pomiędzy organizmami żywymi, a ich środowiskiem. Wchodzące w jej zakres postrzeganie pozazmysłowe (ESP – z ang. Extra Sensory Perception) to rzekoma umiejętność zdobywania informacji poznawczej o ludziach, zdarzeniach czy przedmiotach z pominięciem znanych nauce zmysłów za pomocą siły umysłu. Stoi ona w sprzeczności z podstawowymi udokumentowanymi prawami fizyki. Eksperymenty nad tymi kontrowersyjnymi zagadnieniami przez dekady były rozwijane zarówno w Stanach Zjednoczonych,  Związku Sowieckim, komunistycznych Chinach, jak i Republice Federalnej Niemiec.

By the summer of 1948, socialist Yugoslavia seemed determined to follow in the footsteps of its closest ally, the Soviet Union, and strike a decisive blow to “reactionary genetics.” But barely a month before the infamous VASKhNIL session, the Soviet–Yugoslav split began to unravel, influencing the reception of Lysenko’s doctrine in Yugoslavia. Instead of simply dismissing it as yet another example of Stalinist deviationism, Yugoslav mičurinci carefully weighed its political and ideological implications, trying to negotiate the Stalinist origins of Michurinist biology with political and ideological reconfigurations in post-Stalinist Yugoslavia. The essay examines the strategies employed by supporters and opponents of Lysenko’s doctrine, as well as those sympathetic to it but yet unconvinced of its scientific validity and political appropriateness. It emphasizes globally unique attempts to de-Stalinize Michurinist biology and use it in the political-ideological struggle against the Stalinist Soviet Union, pointing to local agency and the bottom-up nature of attempts both in support of and against the doctrine.

The Cold War superpower face-off between the Soviet Union and the United States dominated international affairs in the second half of the 20th century and still reverberates around the world today. This comprehensive and insightful multi-volume set provides authoritative entries on all aspects of this world-changing event, including wars, new military technologies, diplomatic initiatives, espionage activities, important individuals and organizations, economic developments, societal and cultural events, and more. This expansive coverage provides readers with the necessary context to understand the many facets of this complex conflict.

The work begins with a preface and introduction and then offers illuminating introductory essays on the origins and course of the Cold War, which are followed by some 1,500 entries on key individuals, wars, battles, weapons systems, diplomacy, politics, economics, and art and culture.
Each entry has cross-references and a list of books for further reading.
The text includes more than 100 key primary source documents, a detailed chronology, a glossary, and a selective bibliography. Numerous illustrations and maps are inset throughout to provide additional context to the material.
FEATURES
Includes more than 1,500 entries covering all facets of the Cold War from its origins to its aftermath, including all political, diplomatic, military, social, economic, and cultural aspects
Incorporates the scholarship of more than 200 internationally recognized
contributors from around the world, many writing about events and  issues from the perspective of their country of origin

Offers more than 100 original documents—a collection that draws heavily on material from archives in China, Eastern
Europe, and the former Soviet Union

Provides hundreds of powerful images and dozens of informative maps detailing specific military conflicts and movements of various groups

Includes a detailed chronology of important events that occurred before, during, and after the Cold War

This paper delineates the main features of the Soviet mathematical economics by looking at its epistemic cultures and comparing it with the postwar American economics. Many general tendencies characteristic for the Western story were reproduced on the Soviet side of the Iron Curtain. In particular, both disciplines were increasingly mathematized, had a contested status within the political landscape in general and economics profession in particular, and were in part institutionally defined by the anti-Semitism in the academia (1950s in the USA, 1970s in the USSR). We further distinguish between the two groups of the Soviet mathematical economists: one more attached to the ’economic cybernetics’ movement, preoccupied with the optimization techniques, dealing mainly with the production sector and eventually hoping to improve centralized planning; and another group that was more comfortable with game theory and more open to standard mainstream vision of the economy. We further define more closely the institutional sites and disciplinary identities of the two subcultures and provide tentative answers to the question why, despite the excellent technical training and various overlaps with the comparable American case, Soviet mathematical economists failed to develop a sucessful and internationally competitive research programme.

Published by the University Press of Florida, this book is a comprehensive and compelling account of the evolution and current state of the archaeological study of the Cold War. Providing in-depth discussions of the field’s theoretical frameworks, historic landscapes and past research, the book offers archaeology students and practicing professionals new to the field a candid look at the field’s methods, challenges, and opportunities. Presenting case studies of archaeological investigations at the Cuban sites of the Soviet Missile Crisis, Bikini Atoll, the Nevada Test Site, and elsewhere, the author’s intent is to inspire increased interest in the study of North America’s Cold War material culture before the best opportunities to do so are gone.

Gianna Katsiampoura (ed.), "Scientific Cosmopolitanism and Local Cultures: Religions, Ideologies, Societies, Proceedings of 5th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science", National Hellenic Research Foundation/Institute of Historical Research. Athens 2014: 187-196

The period between 1945 and 1960 represents a major moment in the consolidation of the so-called the “Cold War”. It was in this period that the atomic weapons were consolidated – and thermonuclear weapons shortly after – as devices to be used in an “imminent” World War III: in this process, the byproducts of the “Cold War” emerged, such as the “Atomic and Missiles Age” and “Arms and Space Race”, which reinforce and are reinforced by it. On one hand, during this period nuclear weapons and their delivery systems were developed, tested, improved and became operational, increasing their destructive power and capacity to delivery them into target. On the other hand, the greater the production and development of nuclear weapons, the clearer it became that nuclear weapons could not be used in war without destroying the entire planet, capitalists, communists and whatever lied between. The perception of this destructive capacity not only diminished the temperature of the “Cold War” between the two major actors of the bipolar system, but also clearly revealed the relative usefulness of nuclear weapons. Therefore, it is the technical-military component (the nuclear weapons) that kept the “Cold War” “cold” and helped define the very basis of the concept itself rather than the ideological component (capitalism versus communism). The objective of this doctorate thesis is to move beyond the concept of the “Cold War” and investigate the role of the “Cold War” and its byproducts in Brazil during the period of 1945-60, and in doing so provide a greater understanding of how Brazil specifically and Latin America in general lost their strategic importance during the post-war period. It is also my objective to analyze the usefulness of one of the internalization mechanisms of that loss – the so-called “atomic bargain” – by nationalists, communists and entreguistas, as well as the posture of these same historical actors in the face of the Brazilian strategic renaissance at the end of the 1950s, when the island of Fernando de Noronha was loaned to the United States. The research reveals that the atomic ores were not a good bargaining instrument to reverse the loss of Brazil’s strategic importance. This study also reveals that Brazil’s best bargaining chip since World War II – the island of Fernando de Noronha – was either wasted or undervalued by the Brazilian government. The prominence of the “Cold War” ideological component in historiography – readily acknowledged today – obfuscates the underlying crucial elements which were the looming threat of atomic and thermonuclear weapons (or “the irradiating focus of the ‘Cold War’”).

Key-words:

Brazil - United States political relations – “Cold War” – Atomic and thermonuclear weapons.

Dispersal of biota by humans is a hallmark of civilization, but the results are often unforeseen and sometimes costly. Like kudzu vine in the American South, some examples become the stuff of regional folklore. In recent decades, “invasion biology,” conservation-motivated scientists and their allies have focused largely on the most negative outcomes and often promoted the perception that introduced species are monsters. However, cases of monstering by scientists preceded the rise of popular environmentalism. The story of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), flowering trees and shrubs imported to New England sometime before 1818, provides an example of scientific “monstering” and shows how slaying the monster, rather than allaying its impacts, became a goal in itself. Tamarisks’ drought and salt tolerance suggested usefulness for both coastal and inland erosion control, and politicians as well as academic and agency scientists promoted planting them in the southern Great Plains and Southwest. But when erosion control efforts in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas became entangled with water shortages, economic development during the Depression and copper mining for national defense during World War Two, federal hydrologists moved quickly to recast tamarisks as water-wasting foreign monsters. Demonstrating significant water salvage was difficult and became subsidiary to focusing on ways to eradicate the plants, and a federal interagency effort devoted specifically to the latter purpose was organized and continued until it, in turn, conflicted with regional environmental concerns in the late 1960s.

The Recording Optical Tracking Instrument (ROTI) building at the Melbourne Beach Optical Tracking Annex (MOTA) was slated for demolition. In response to this, the Civil Engineering Squadron/Environmental Planning Division (CES/CEVP), 45th Space Wing (45 SW) submitted a Determination of Adverse Effect package to Compliance Review, Florida Division of Historical Resources in November 2007. As a result of this submittal it was agreed to conduct a historic properties survey of the ROTI Building. The project was conducted in December 2007 through January 2008.

In this paper we start from Mark Solovey's Social Science for What? to analyze the place and the role of the social sciences in the US National Science Foundation from the mid-1940s to the end of the 1980s. The book highlights the tensions that built up around the epistemic status of the social sciences vis-à-vis the natural sciences and the reputational debates surrounding their role and fate during and after the postwar period. We mostly focus our attention on structures, actors and processes not addressed by Solovey: relationships, networks, and patterns of stratification within and across disciplines; the emergence of novel approaches outside the scientistic and positivistic framework sponsored by the NSF; alternative sources of funding, such as the National Endowment for the Humanities; and a set of broader, long-term processes in the macro-field of the social and behavioral sciences. We present some preliminary data suggesting that a wider, theoretically-oriented approach might be fruitful in casting a more complex and dynamic portrayal of the development of American social science.

In the postwar USSR, there were a few scattered research groups engaged in research most closely resembling “Western” mainstream economics. Inspired by the new sciences of the artificial, these groups were able to make important contributions to various fields of economic theory. This article focuses on the story of one group created by the control engineer Mark Aizerman at the Institute of Control Sciences in Moscow. It discusses the origins and the outstanding diversity and dynamics of the group’s research agenda, reconstructs the factors that made Aizerman turn from the cybernetics of mechanical or biological systems to the abstract theory of choice and rationality, and demonstrates how the group was related to—and communicated with—the scholars doing work in social choice, mechanism design, and formal political theory. It also speculates on one missed research opportunity of doing experimental economics—something that, given the ideological and intellectual constraints Aizerman was facing, was hardly possible in the Soviet context, but could have been a synthesis of economics and engineering. The article also discusses a research culture Aizerman created and nurtured in his lab by encouraging research collaboration, sharing ideas, and freely moving across various disciplines.

El desarrollo de la ciencia astronómica y la instalación de una serie de grandes observatorios en Chile se ha explicado, a menudo, como producto de las condiciones naturales excepcionales del desierto de Atacama para la observación del universo. Esta investigación busca examinar el periodo inicial de este proceso, situado durante la dirección de Federico Rutllant Alsina del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), para dar cuenta de las complejas interacciones entre intereses científicos locales y globales que impulsaron la modernización de la astronomía en Chile.
La investigación sostiene que el desarrollo de la astronomía en Chile a mediados de siglo XX, encarnada tanto en la modernización del OAN, como en la subsecuente instalación de los primeros grandes observatorios internacionales, se debió no solo a las condiciones naturales del desierto de Atacama, sino, primordialmente, a las lógicas y dinámicas de circulación e intercambio del conocimiento bajo la Guerra Fría global.
El trabajo examina esta problemática a través de cuatro capítulos, iniciando con el análisis de la trayectoria de Federico Rutllant y las ideas que impulsaron la modernización del observatorio. El segundo capítulo analiza la generación de una red científica internacional que involucró al OAN, con el proyecto de un grupo de universidades norteamericanas para construir un observatorio astrofísico en Chile. El tercer capítulo analiza el desarrollo de las expediciones astronómicas en el desierto de Atacama, y la consolidación de la cooperación entre Chile y Estados Unidos para la construcción del Observatorio Interamericano de Cerro Tololo. Finalmente, el cuarto capítulo examina las consecuencias de este programa de cooperación para el desarrollo de la astronomía en Chile.
La tesis concluye que el proceso de desarrollo de la astronomía aunó un proyecto local de modernización científica, con intereses globales de la ciencia astronómica para estudiar los cielos del hemisferio sur, y que fue la Guerra Fría la que moldeó la convergencia entre astrónomos locales y astrónomos extranjeros. De este modo, se contribuye a reforzar la noción de que la ciencia se produce y circula de forma global, a través de complejas interacciones entre ideas, objetos y personas.

In the wake of Stalin's death, many Soviet scientists saw the opportunity to promote their methods as tools for the engineering of economic prosperity in the socialist state. The mathematician Leonid Kantorovich (1912-1986) was a key activist in academic politics that led to the increasing acceptance of what emerged as a new scientific persona in the Soviet Union. Rather than thinking of his work in terms of success or failure, we propose to see his career as exemplifying a distinct form of scholarship, as a partisan technocrat, characteristic of the Soviet system of knowledge production. Confronting the class of orthodox economists, many factors were at work, including Kantorovich's cautious character and his allies in the Academy of Sciences. Drawing on archival and oral sources, we demonstrate how Kantorovich, throughout his career, negotiated the relations between mathematics and economics , reinterpreted political and ideological frames, and reshaped the balance of power in the Soviet academic landscape.

This article examines the openly adversarial neoconservative foundation under George Bush to the supposedly more ‘engaged’ diplomatic interaction under Barack Obama. What will be exposed is a fairly uninspired and non-innovative American policy that not only fails to consider Russian initiatives from Russia’s own national security perspectives, but aims to contain it within a continued Cold War box that not only sours opportunities for collaboration but guarantees the absence of partnership in areas of global security. This piece examines the consequences of imagining Russia only as nemesis.

The measurement of light and colour has always been a peripheral science. Light became a 'disciplined' quantity over the period of a century, but the specialist communities that measured it did not. The quantification of visible light (photometry), colour (colorimetry), and radiant intensity (radiometry) involved distinct communities of physicists, psychologists, technicians and engineers. This chapter of _Science in the Shadows_ examines how the measurement of non-visible light became the domain of post Second World War military engineers and classified development programmes.

The article will focus on the mutagenesis programme in agriculture implemented by the Italian Atomic Energy Commission, starting from 1955, through the establishment of a specific technological and experimental system: the so-called “gamma field”, a piece of agricultural land with a radioisotope of Cobalt-60 at the center. The Cobalt-60 would emit constant radiation, which would bombard the specimens planted in concentric circles around the source, inducing genetic mutations. The Italian gamma field went into operation in January 1960 at the Casaccia Laboratory, about twenty miles north of Rome, with a radiation device made available by the US Government for the Atoms for Peace programme.
This article will analyse, first of all, how the American experimental model of mutation breeding was translated into the Italian context, becoming instrumental for the establishment of plant genetics within the local academic system; secondly, it will describe how the sociotechnical imaginary embodied by the gamma field was part and parcel of this process of discipline-building and scientific demarcation.

This study is an attempt to answer the question: what kind of influence
the communist government and its policies had on maps for general use, published
between 1944 and 1989 in Poland? The answer to this question is based
on the analysis of written and cartographic documents from that period
and on the analysis of maps which were then published, with special attention
being paid to content distortion and to the fact that the communist authorities
considered the content of maps to be a potential threat to national security.
The results of this comprehensive analysis helped determine the extent and
intensity of the influence of the state on the final form of cartographic publications
intended for general use. In addition, these results helped prove that maps
for general use, published between 1944 and 1989, are an undisputed historical
source documenting that period and not a very credible source of information
about geographical environment, particularly its man-made features.
The analyzed period between 1944 and 1989 has been divided into several
sub-periods, described in subsequent chapters of this study. The first chapter,
entitled Dealing with the past. 1944-1949, covers a short period of relative
freedom of cartographic activities, which encouraged the continuation of good
practices adopted during the interwar period (1918-39). However, a legal basis
was gradually created by the authorities to effectively limit such activities.
The second chapter, entitled Key role of the state in shaping the concept
of maps for general use. 1950-1963, presents the effects of imposed restrictions and the origin of editorial guidelines for new maps with the so-called
“minimal amount of content”. The third chapter, entitled Superficial development
of the concept of maps for general use. 1964-1989, covers the period
in which the authorities issued further guidelines regarding the preparation
of maps for general use. The aim was to distort the geometric properties
of maps. The last chapter of this study, entitled Conclusion, contains concluding
remarks and presents the social consequences of limited access to detailed,
accurate topographic maps which resulted in using only those maps
whose final form was decided by the authorities.
Each chapter consists of three parts. The first part, entitled Legal and administrative
basis for state interference in cartographic activities, presents
the legal basis meticulously created by the authorities – in the context of historical
events affecting it, which were taking place in Poland or other countries
of the Eastern Bloc. The second part of each of the three chapters, entitled
Influence of the state on cartographic institutions and enterprises, presents
a multilayered structure of power and authority, created to obscure the truth
about decision-making centres whose decisions affected cartographic institutions
and enterprises in Poland and caused maps for general use to become less
and less informative. Both these parts are an introduction helpful for a better
understanding of the last part, entitled State interference in the content of maps
for general use, which contains the results of the analysis of maps and archival
materials related to cartographic censorship.

After the revolt of 1956, approximately 20.000-25.000 Hungarian citizen of Jewish origin/religion left Hungary, even such people who were holding more or less important positions. One of them was dr. Geza Wellisch physician working as a pharmaceutical researcher who, by the way, happened to be the son-in-law of Janos Fekete later deputy chariman of the National Bank of Hungary. Mr. Fekete tried to convince his sister and her husband to return with help of the Hungarian intelligence. This essay unfolds the effectiveness of the endeavor.

The article will focus on the mutagenesis programme in agriculture implemented by the Italian Atomic Energy Commission, starting from 1955, through the establishment of a specific technological and experimental system: the so-called "gamma field", a piece of agricultural land with a radioisotope of Cobalt-60 at the centre. The Cobalt-60 would emit constant radiation, which would bombard the specimens planted in concentric circles around the source, inducing genetic mutations. The Italian gamma field went into operation in January 1960 at the Casaccia Laboratory, about twenty miles north of Rome, with a radiation device made available by the US Government for the Atoms for Peace programme This article will analyse, first of all, how the American experimental model of mutation breeding was translated into the Italian context, becoming instrumental for the establishment of plant genetics within the local academic system; secondly, it will describe how the sociotechnical imaginary embodied by the gamma field was part and parcel of this process of discipline-building and scientific demarcation.

In this article we tell the fascinating, yet rarely addressed, story of developments in general equilibrium theory in the Soviet Union during the 1970s through the lens of a single biography. The Soviet advances in mathematical economics, only fragmentarily known in the Western histo-riography of economics, give an occasion to reflect on the extension of the Walrasian paradigm to nonmarket societies, as well as on ideological effects of general equilibrium theory and its interpretations within a socialist framework. The success of general equilibrium theory that became a core of neo-classical economics after World War II (Weintraub 1985) might be, to a certain extent, attributed to the Cold War context (Mirowski 2002). The general equilibrium existence proof in a model of a perfectly competitive market as well as the theorems of welfare economics seemed, at least in popular accounts (such as journalistic interpretations of the Nobel Prize Weintraub was also invaluable. Kevin D. Hoover and two anonymous referees helped greatly in improving the style and some important details of the argument.

Facility 49800 may appear to be a typical Quonset hut found on military bases throughout the world. However, it is not that simple. Facility 49800 was a prototype launch structure built for the Goose and Bull Goose missile programs in the 1950s.

In August 1950, the nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo suddenly left Rome for Stockholm and disappeared without leaving any trace. Pontecorvo had joined the British atomic bomb project. His abrupt disappearance quickly became an international affaire, causing much concern to the western intelligence services, who were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, especially after Fuchs’ famous case. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Pontecorvo was welcomed with honour, but also isolated from the rest of the world for many decades. He always denied any direct involvement in the Soviet nuclear programme. According to him, he moved to Russia because of his socialist beliefs, working only on particle physics and peaceful applications of atomic energy. Who was really Bruno Pontecorvo? A pacifist like Robert Oppenheimer or a communist agent like Klaus Fuchs? Did he have access to any information about the Manhattan Project during the war, thanks to his friendship with Enrico Fermi? Did he spy on the Anglo-Canadian programme like Igor Gouzenko, before moving to Russia? Did he join Soviet military projects across more than 30 years in Dubna? The author will discuss how the perception of Pontecorvo’s case changed in the public opinion from the 1950s until the 1990s, as a mirror of the tensions between the two blocks. The whole affaire was object of harsh political confrontation in Italy for almost 50 years. Therefore, the author will also focus on the role played by the Italian communists in Pontecorvo’s defection to the USSR as well as on such a local debate, which reflects the history of the post-war Italian Communist Party (PCI) until the end of the Cold War.

Police Lieutenant-Colonel Istvan Pozsonyi who served as scientific
attaché (and as an intelligence officer) at the Embassy of the Hungarian
People’s Republic in Washington D. C. from 1967 to 1970 wrote a
30-page-summary based on his experiences he had obtained in the
United States of America. The so-called ‘operative manual’ written by
Mr. Pozsonyi which displays all the obligatory elements of the genre,
i.e., the paucity of concrete affairs, the impersonal composition, the great
number of self-repetition and required ideological messages aimed at
giving a professional guidance to and enhancing the political commitment
of the younger subalterns who were still waiting for their delegations.
Even though no further defections occurred at the American Desk of
the Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs before
the transition of 1989 it is highly doubtful whether the audience of Mr.
Pozsonyi gave credit to his narrative

This paper tells the adventures of a Hungarian biochemist who spent a year in the Weizmann Institute of Israel. Mr. László Boross had been investigated by the state security when he had received a grant for he was to have been used as an talent spotter in the scientific life of the Jewish State. As it was usual until the early 1970's no substantial achievment came out of the endeavor, even though we could take a glimpse at the international relations of the Hungarian Academy of Science during the 1960's

The Cold War (1947-1991) included an air of antagonism and mutual distrust between the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) (1922-1991). Spies betrayed their countries, and millions died in proxy wars. The struggle for dominance prompted massive propaganda campaigns, psychological warfare, nuclear, and technological competitions. This study first examines how the 1980’s nuclear tension between the US and the USSR reached its zenith. It then identifies how the USSR reacted to President Ronald Reagan’s (1981-1989) strategy of preparation for a preemptive attack, and further outlines the international implications of this brinkmanship. Suspicion and mistrust between the US and the successor state of the USSR, the Russian Federation, subsequently referred to as Russia, over their strategic intentions are increasingly threatening Western stability, international order, and the balance of power. It is evident that current tensions between the US and Russia ...

The Cold War (1947-1991) included an air of antagonism and mutual distrust between the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) (1922-1991). Spies betrayed their countries, and millions died in proxy wars. The struggle for dominance prompted massive propaganda campaigns, psychological warfare, nuclear, and technological competitions. This study first examines how the 1980’s nuclear tension between the US and the USSR reached its zenith. It then identifies how the USSR reacted to President Ronald Reagan’s (1981-1989) strategy of preparation for a preemptive attack, and further outlines the international implications of this brinkmanship. Suspicion and mistrust between the US and the successor state of the USSR, the Russian Federation, subsequently referred to as Russia, over their strategic intentions are increasingly threatening Western stability, international order, and the balance of power. It is evident that current tensions between the US and Russia closely parallel the circumstances of the Cold War era during the 1980s

Includes front matter - title page, table of contents, author bios, and Foreword by Odd Arne Westad - and Chapter 1 by Solovey and Daye (pp. 1-41).

This book explores how the social sciences became entangled with the global Cold War. While duly recognizing the realities of nation states, national power, and national aspirations, the studies gathered here open up new lines of transnational investigation. Considering developments in a wide array of fields – anthropology, development studies, economics, education, political science, psychology, science studies, and sociology – that involved the movement of people, projects, funding, and ideas across diverse national contexts, this volume pushes scholars to rethink certain fundamental points about how we should understand – and thus how we should study – Cold War social science itself.

The thesis was prepared for the International conference “Technological Innovation and the Spread of Globalization in the Cold War”, which will take place at University of Vienna on October 11-13, 2018; with the financial support by the Russian Science Foundation, project № 17-18-01728, The “Socialist World System” and the Global Economy in the mid 1950s - mid 1970s: the Evolution of Theories and Practices of Soviet Economic and Technological Leadership.