Comprative Literature

Роман о подростке стал осмысляться в США как важная часть национальной словесности с середины ХХ в., и для его развития отмечалась равная значимость «Приключений Гекельберри Финна» и «Записок из подполья». Однако не только и, возможно, не столько эта повесть Достоевского важна для американского повествования о юношестве. Так, классический роман Дж. Сэлинджера «Над пропастью во ржи» и современный роман Донны Тартт «Щегол» скорее говорят о значении для этой традиции «Братьев Карамазовых» и «Подростка». В статье сопоставляются образы молодых героев Достоевского, Сэлинджера и Тартт через призму исповедального повествования. Подобное сопоставление позволяет увидеть синтетичность русской «родословной» Холдена Колфилда, а также некоторые переклички с героями Достоевского в образе Теодора Декера, протагониста романа Тартт. В заключение делаются выводы о нарративных и идейных параллелях между классическими русскими и современными американскими романами. Как и исповеди в романах Достоевского, исповедальные повествования Сэлинджера и Тартт выполняют самоаналитическую и нарративную функции. Молодых героев русского и американских писателей объединяет, главным образом, развитие ими какой-то большой идеи или теории. Кроме того, Сэлинджеру близка христианская символика Достоевского, а Тартт использует опыт русского классика для описания героя в обрамлении города. Вслед за Достоевским американские писатели приводят своих героев-подростков к определенному примирению с действительностью, в котором им помогает написание искренней исповеди.  Ключевые слова: Достоевский; исповедальность; «Братья Карамазовы»; Коля Красоткин; «Подросток»; современный американский роман; Сэлинджер; «Над пропастью во ржи»; Тартт; «Щегол»
DOSTOEVSKY’S CONFESSIONAL NARRATIVE  AND CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN ADOLESCENT NOVEL 
Evgenia M. Butenina Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication  Far Eastern Federal University 
American critics have recognized the adolescent novel as a formative subgenre of the national literature since the middle of the 20th century, and some have found that Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground are as important for it as Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. However, analysis of J. Salinger’s classic The Catcher in the Rye and Donna Tartt’s recent The Goldfinch shows that The Karamazov Brothers and The Raw Youth (The Adolescent) seem to be even more important for American first-person novels about a young hero as they draw a lot from Dostoevsky’s confessional narratives. The comparison of classic Russian and contemporary American adolescent novels demonstrates parallels in Christian symbolism (Salinger) and urban imagery (Tartt) to reveal the protagonist’s inner self. As in Dostoevsky, confessions in Salinger and Tartt perform both self-analytical and narrative functions. Following Dostoevsky’s model, Salinger and Tartt bring their characters to some reconciliation with the reality thanks to the development of a great theory, or idea. For Salinger’s hero it is a savior-like mission; for Tartt’s it is a discovery of special “middle zone” where he can find both beauty and love. Writing a sincere confession helps both Russian and American adolescents arrive at this relatively peaceful state of mind.    Key words: Dostoevsky; confessional narrative; The Karamazov Brothers; Kolya Krasotkin; The Adolescent; contemporary American novel; Salinger; The Catcher in the Rye; Tartt; The Goldfinch.

À partir des années 2000, nous assistons à une diffusion des reportages de journalisme littéraire en France. Ce genre littéraire, né aux Etats-Unis dans
les années 1960 avec le nom New Journalism, est principalement caractérisé par l’hybridation du style littéraire et journalistique. Le courant est aussi
appelé non-fction parce qu’il utilise des faits réels, qui sont analysés en profondeur par l’auteur. Ce dernier se sert des mêmes procédés d’enquête journalistique pour mener ses recherches. La pratique d’enquête utilisée est
parfois celle du journalisme en immersion. L’écrivain s’immerge dans la vie d’une autre personne et mène une recherche sur le terrain pour rendre au mieux la réalité du fait divers dans le récit, et ainsi comprendre son sujet de recherche.

La Calebasse Cassée de Tunde Fatunde publié en 2002 et Les Espoirs Perdus d’Unimna Angrey publié en 2005 sont des ouvrages africains post indépendants parce qu’ils sont écrits après l’indépendance des pays africains. Il est évident de remarquer que les ouvrages africains contemporains se sont pris aux régimes néocoloniales dans les pays africains. Ils expriment dans leurs œuvres le malaise des africains vis-à-vis leurs frères africains qui sont noirs dans l’apparence mais dont l’intérieur est blanc. Ils écrivent pour conscientiser la population à révolter contre le régime oppressive et néocolonialiste. Ils révèlent dans leurs œuvres les méfaits de ces régimes barbares et sanguinaires.
Les écrivains africains de cette période se sont revêtus des nouvelles tendances révolutionnaires, au début, ce sont des déceptions, des dénonciations, du malaise et du désenchantement infligé par la politique néocolonialiste. Dans leurs œuvres, ils expriment les vices perpétués par ces leaders Africains : la corruption, le favoritisme, égoïsme, népotisme, le détournement de fonds public, etc.
Cette dénonciation n’est uniquement pas portée sur le néocolonialisme mais aussi sur les vices qui rongent la société africaine depuis les décennies. Il s’agit de la sorcellerie, stratification sociale, le fétichisons, la corruption, l’image de la femme dans la société africaine, etc. Tout ceci est représentatif des préoccupations thématiques des auteurs africains contemporains comme Le Soleil des Indépendance d’Ahmadou Kourouma, La Carte d’identité de Jean Marie, C’est le Soleil qui m’a brulé de Calixthe Beyala, etc.
La Calebasse Cassée et Les Espoirs Perdus sont deux pièces théâtrales écrites dans les mêmes époques, dans la même société et aussi portent presque les mêmes idéologies comme les écrivains sont nigérians. De plus, ce travail nous étalera non seulement les convergences mais encore les divergences thématiques des auteurs en suivant l’histoire abordée et leurs style d’écriture : tout à fait une étude comparative.

در مقالة حاضر، موضوع و مفهوم عشق در غزلیات حافظ شیرازی و ملّای جزیری بررسی شده تا اینكه نخست، تأثیر فراگیر افكار و اشعار حافظ در ادبیات کرمانجی را به ویژه در غزلیات ملّای جزیری نمایان و سپس، شخصیت ملّا معرفی و میزان تأثیر او از حافظ را در مقولة عشق بررسی تطبیقی کنیم. در مرحلة نخست، توضیح مختصری دربارۀ گویش کرمانجی، شخصیت حافظ و ملّا و پیشینة عشق در ادبیات فارسی و کرمانجی داده شده، سپس، موضوعات مربوط به مفهوم عشق از غزلیات دو شاعر مذکور استخراج شده و پس از تبیین و تطبیق مطالب، به عنوان نمونه به ابیاتی از حافظ و ملّا استناد شده است. بدنة اصلی مقاله، متكّی بر سه محور ماهیّت و ویژگی عشق، دشواری های راه عشق و ضروریّات سلوک عشق است. در غزلیات این دو شاعر، نخست، ماهیّت و ویژگی های والای عشق توصیف شده، سپس، مراحل و مقامات عاشق در سلوک راه عشق ترسیم شده و در پایان، ضروریاتی هم برای گذر از سختی های عشق و نیل به وصال معشوق ذکر شده است. به طور کلی، ملّا به پیروی از حافظ، عشق را سرچشمة هستی و موهبتی ازلی و ابدی می داند؛ این عشق، نوعی سلوک سرشار از خطر و سختی است که هر کسی لیاقت آگاهی از آن را ندارد. هچنین، سلوک این راه پرخطر نیازمند پیروی از پیر یا مرشد و گذشتن از جان خویشتن است.

Dilencilik ve dilenciler daima, insanlık tarihinde bir pürüz olarak algılanmışlardır. Bu nedenle insanlığın ortaya koyduğu eserlere de çok fazla konu olmamış, görmezden gelinmişlerdir. Bertold Brecht ve Reşat Nuri Güntekin, bu yüz çevirmeye karşı bir duruş sergileyerek Beş Paralık Roman ve Miskinler Tekkesi'nde dilencilerin gündelik yaşamlarına ışık tutmuş, bilmediğimiz bu gizemli hayat tarzının perdelerini aralamışlardır. Çalışmada bu iki romanın karşılaştırılması yapılarak dilencilerin gündelik yaşamları, benzerlikler ve farklılıklar açısından değerlendirilmiş, mecburiyetten profesyonelliğe doğru dilenciliğin meslekleşmesi üzerinden bir dilencinin dilenci olma süreci ortaya konulmuştur. Bu konular üzerinden toplumsal bir kimlik okuması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sayede Batı ve Doğu toplumlarının kül-türel belleğinde dilencilik kavramını karşılaştırmaya imkân verilmiştir. Dilenciliğin her iki romanda da sosyal bir problem olarak nasıl ele alındığı açıklanmıştır.

Beggary and beggars have always been perceived as an irregularity in human history. For this reason, the works of mankind have not been handle the subject so much, and they have skated over it. Bertold Brecht and Resat Nuri Guntekin showed an attitude against this indifference, shedded light on the everyday lives of beggars in the Threepenny Novel and Miskinler Tekkesi, and they uncovered the mysterious of that lives we do not know. By comparing these two novels in the study, it was evaluated the daily lives of the beggars in terms of their similarities and differences. And also, from an obligation to professionalism, the process of become a beggar has been revealed. In this respect, it has been possible to compare the concept of begging in the cultural memory of Western and Eastern societies and observe a social identity through these subjects. Besides, it is explained how begging is tackled as a social problem in both novels.

Ўзбек адабиѐтшунослигида талқин ва таҳлил муаммолари ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИ ОЛИЙ ВА ЎРТА МАХСУС ТАЪЛИМ ВАЗИРЛИГИ МИРЗО УЛУҒБЕК НОМИДАГИ ЎЗБЕКИСТОН МИЛЛИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТИ «ЎЗБЕК АДАБИЁТШУНОСЛИГИДА ТАЛҚИН ВА ТАҲЛИЛ МУАММОЛАРИ» мавзуидаги Илмий-назарий анжуман МАТЕРИАЛЛАРИ Тошкент 2014 йил, 24-25 октябрь МАТЕРИАЛЫ научно-теоретической конференции «ПРОБЛЕМЫ АНАЛИЗА И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ В УЗБЕКСКОМ ЛИТЕРАТУРОВЕДЕНИИ» Ташкент 24-25 октября 2014 г.

В оксюморонном сочетании «консервативный новатор» делается попытка отразить взаимодействие противоположных установок, характеризующих философию и эстетику Толстого, что определило, в том числе, его рецепцию в мире. С учетом последних англоязычных исследований в статье делается вывод, что искания Толстого напрямую связаны с модерностью, и в начале XXI века его наследие приобретает особую актуальность для осмысления транскультурного диалога. 
Ключевые слова: Лев Толстой, рецепция, модерность, транскультурная (транснациональная) компаративистика.

LEO TOLSTOY: A CONSERVATIVE INNOVATOR
IN TRANSCULTURAL ENGLISH CONTEXT

Evgeniya M. Butenina
Far Eastern Federal University
Russky Island, Russia, Vladivostok, 690922
The oxymoronic combination “conservative innovator” attempts to describe the coexistence of converse attitudes in Tolstoy’s philosophy and aesthetics, which determined, among other things, his reception in the world. The analysis of recent English studies leads to a conclusion on the direct link between Tolstoy’s quests and modernity as well as on the special significance of his heritage for understanding transcultural dialogue in the present century.
Key words: Leo Tolstoy, reception, modernity, transcultural (transnational) comparatism.

Saadat Shikhiyeva
The influence of logic and mastery words of Nizami on the system of thoughts of Nassimi
There are for the first time investigated in detail an understanding and interpretation of Nizami characters in Divans of Nassimi from predecessor’s point of view in the given article. There’s observed a numerous usage of “Hamsa” (Nizami) by Nasimi in his Turkic and Persian verses. Analysis of Nassimi’s poetry in the context of “Hamsa” revealed the ideological source of some mystical interpretations, stylized characters, and transformed motifs.

In spite of all studies that have been done so far on the Qurʾānic translations to different languages, the research on the Hebrew translations of the Qurʾān is still desideratum. This paper aims to compare two Hebrew translations of Sūra al-Naml by Joseph Rivilin and Uri Rubin, in four axis: loyalty to the main text, equivalents, literally styles, and errors in translation.
This survey shows that while Rivilin tries to present a literally loyal translation, Rubin seeks to offer a conceptual translation in modern Hebrew. At the same time, both translators attempt to use the Biblical Hebrew phrases, in any proper place. This study would be a good platform for improving the status of comparative linguistics, in the light of the increasing our knowledge on the historical-literally developments of Hebrew in a period of about seven decades, and its relation to Arabic.

Keywords: Semitic Languages, Hebrew Translations of the Qurʾān, Sūra al- Naml, Hebrew Bible, Joseph Joel Rivlin, Uri Rubin

An artist creates that what he/she thinks during the artistic act and tries to transmit a truth through an artwork. Many artworks that have not been created in such a process cannot represent a truth. A true artwork must exist independently of its artist as a medium for communication and should be recognized as a medium for the transmission of truth. But the transmission of truth that an artist tries to enable through an artwork can no longer be possible today by one medium alone because a large part of artist’s idea remains unsaid. This is regardless of whether he/she has dealt with what is said and unsaid per se, because the artist needs above all the right medium to realize his/her idea as an artwork.

The main purpose of the present writing is analysis and survey on Leili and Majnun of Nizami and Goethe's Sorrows of Young Werther besides the finding of similarities and differences between them. In this article and in the first part - based on the story narration - has been shown that the masterwork of Nizami and Goethe are similar in three outward parts “birth, perfection and climax”. Both writers have created a non-episodic jeremiad in a same manner. In the second part, according to these relations and the American method in Comparative Literature has been studied on the hidden cultural signs besides the character of heroes of the story.

Keywords: Mystical love, Culture, Sorrows of Young Werther, Leili and Majnun, Goethe, Nizami

The aim of this study was to identifying educational research curriculum for postgraduate studies at universities in countries of America, Australia and Iran. In this study the similarities and differences between elements of the curriculum the countries In order to provide practical suggestions for improving the curriculum of educational research universities in the country, has been compared. This study is a comparative survey. The information needed to answer questions has been collected through documents library and search in the Internet and university sites. The Model used in this study was Brady model. The most important results have shown that: The period in foreign universities unlike the interior university are held both part-time and full-time positions. (Is flexible) .The number of units dedicated to research projects in foreign universities is between 9-6 units and an emphasis is based on research education. Courses range from four universities form was (main courses, specialization, voluntary and thesis), But there is a difference in number of units and terms and also their distribution.