Conductor

This chapter examines ensemble dynamics and time consciousness in indeterminate music, using John Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957-8) as a case study. Drawing on interviews and observational studies undertaken with the experimental music ensemble Apartment House, I examine the role of temporal indeterminacy in the socio-musical interactions that characterize performance, and its implications for the musicians' experiences. In doing so, the chapter makes a broader contribution in its consideration of the ways in which issues of authorship and authority are negotiated in such temporal interactions, and how the dynamics of these negotiations present a sociality based on a 'separate togetherness', whereby performers play together (out of time) with one another.

This paper departs from the analysis by Max Weber of the rationalization of music which seems to culminate in what is known by musicians as temperament. It advances approaching the development of modern orchestral conducting technique and its main elements as manifestations of the rationalization process in these specific musical practices. To do so, three videos of different conductors interpreting the first movement of Beethoven’s symphony no. 5 were analyzed. The analysis consisted of comparison between the chosen gestures and the sound responses obtained by the conductors. I intend to show that all three elements went through the rationalization process but in different levels. The right hand has the highest level of rationalization while the left hand and the facial-corporal expression have respectively lower levels of rationalization.

In this study, alkali cellulose-6-phosphate (A-CP) was prepared by the treatment of cellulose-6-phosphate (CP) with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 13 C, 31 P, and 23 Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to characterize the studied polymers. The CP and A-CP crystallize in the monoclinic system of the P21 space group (cellulose Iβ). CP and A-CP, with relative densities of 70 % and 77 %, respectively, were shaped into cylindrical pellets by uniaxial pressing and sintering at 423 K of the A-CP. Electrical conductivity measurements of CP and A-CP were carried out using complex impedance spectroscopy between 298 K and 433 K in the frequency range of 13 MHz-5 Hz. The influence of aqueous NaOH on the structure, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity of cellulose phosphate was observed. In contrast to CP, A-CP was stable up to temperatures exceeding 433 K and showed fast ionic conductivity σ393 K = 2.03×10-6 S.cm-1 with an activation energy (Ea) of 0.73 eV.

Utilities aim to improve asset management strategies and enhance the utilization of their assets through low-risk reliable practices. Overhead lines and conductor designs have been evolving to increase systems' power capacity and mechanical integrity, which have also extended asset lifetimes. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to predict a conductor's fatigue stresses due to wind-induced vibrations that can help to estimate its useful life. A finite element model (FEM) has been established in COMSOL to study the free and forced wind-induced vibrations and the resultant fatigue on single multi-layer conductors considering their complex round and trapezoidal stranding patterns. The FEM analysis is based on multi-physics accounting for the conductor's thermal and mechanical aspects as well as material and geometry properties. Consequently, the fatigue is quantified for both inter-layer and inter-wire interactions. The simulations show that free conductor vibrations are dictated by the conductor materials and tension distribution between the core and aluminum strands. The bigger the difference between the material properties of the core and aluminum, the lesser the conductor vibrations, especially when the aluminum becomes slack. In fact, a conductor equipped with carbon core (ACCC), has the best vibration resistance among other conductors with steel core (ACSR) and homogeneous (AAACs). Forced vibration simulations identified non-linear fatigue stresses for round and trapezoidal designs, which is more pronounced in larger conductor sizes. Larger trapezoidal ACSRs exhibit better fatigue resistance compared to smaller and round stranded AAACs.

As a general definition, the presence of any repeated motion after a regular interval of time is known as vibrations. The basic theory of vibrations is described by the system of forces acting on a moveable and deformable body. The natural phenomena existing in the universe such as earthquakes, water waves (i.e., tidal), sound or noise (i.e., Aeolian tone), and light are the result of transmitted waves that are described by propagating vibrations in space. The characteristics of vibrations are usually quantified by measuring the resultant vibration wave amplitude, frequency, velocity, and wavelength. Moreover, the medium of vibration has a significant impact on the mechanism of the structural vibration motion, which depends on the fluid properties and impacted structure geometry. One of the main assets in electrical power systems is Overhead Lines (OHLs), which are placed outdoors and exposed to various environmental conditions. The most common OHLs wind-induced structural motion is Aeolian conductor vibrations. The solid beam theory is merely implemented to model OHL conductors to predict their vibration response, based on the assumption of homogenized properties. Therefore, two models are considered in this paper: Computing wind-conductor interaction. Evaluating the Free Vibration of the conductor's real design. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Structural Mechanics associated with existing COMSOL Multiphysics® numerical capabilities are a power tool to solve fluid-structure interactions (FSI) and bending response of complex structures. The physical phenomenon considered in this paper is Aeolian Conductor Vibration which implicates the flow of air across high-voltage OHL conductors, which induces Aerodynamic Forces through the vortex-shedding on the conductor's wake. To model this phenomenon, the structural dynamics of FSI are reviewed in the case of OHLs, to compute the Aerodynamic Forces acting on the OHL conductor. The best application found to assist in building this model is the Fluid-Structure Interaction example found in COMSOL® built-in application library. On a different study, the free vibrations analysis of the homogeneous and real conductor design is performed to determine the importance of considering the layer-to-layer interaction (using identity/Contact Pairs) and Material Properties as it is the case for OHL conductors. This is achieved by performing free vibration analysis using Structural Mechanics physics of the 3-D model by making use of the vibration Analysis of a Deep Beam example which is found in the application library. The same model is used to analyse the vibration of the real design of OHL conductor geometries and compares the use of Beam and Solid Mechanics interfaces. The simulation results of the Aerodynamic Forces and Free Vibration Analysis showed good corroboration with the reported experimental data. The complex structure model greatly captured the interaction of conductor layers, which is evidence of the necessity of considering the complex structure of OHL conductors when evaluating their electro-mechanical response. The simulations time and accuracy are highly dependent on the computation capabilities of the utilized computing resources.

This Research Report concerns an investigation at the request of the Kosovo Conservatory with regard
to designing a learning trajectory for Orchestral conductors at bachelor and master level. The course on
the one hand, must conform to the international professional competence requirements for the contemporary
orchestra conductor and, on the other hand, must be enforceable within the specific socio-cultural
and economic conditions of the region.
To that end, analyses and comparisons have been made of high-quality attitudes, knowledge and skills
as described in the core programs for orchestra conducting at some selected reputable music colleges.
International views on the profession of Orchestra conductor have been collected and analysed. On location
in Kosovo discussions with a wide group of stakeholders have taken place in order to get a good
picture of the expectations associated with a realistic perspective. The outcome of the investigation is a
well-founded advice to the Executive Board of the Kosovo Conservatory about a wide-oriented learning
trajectory for the Orchestra conductor, a programme of professional development that connects to the
questions of professional practices, and meets the requirements of the client.

Lightning is the natural phenomenon which brings huge quantity of charge to earth. It is a well known fact that lightning mostly strikes elevated objects. It is found that significant amount of current is induced in the simple vertical down conductor when lightning strikes directly or in the vicinity. The steel rods in the steel reinforced concrete buildings act as down conductors. Therefore the current induced in them may affect the operation of sensitive electronic devices in the building due to interference. Hence it is required to determine the magnitude and the nature of lightning currents in them. Therefore present work is carried out to study the basic characteristics of lightning generated currents. The study was carried out with the assumption that there are no influencing components in the vicinity of the building and the lightning strike and electrical connections in the building are through cable ducts. Electromagnetic model is employed and NEC-2 is used for the numerical field computations. It is found that the large amount of current is induced in the pillars and beams of the building and it depends upon various pertinent parameters.

ABSTRACT A model for two-dimensional analysis of microstrip lines, called rigorously coupled multi-conductor strip (RCMS) is introduced. In this model, the width of the strip of a microstrip line is subdivided into a large number of rigorously coupled narrow strips. So, a microstrip line can be considered as a coupled multi-conductor transmission line. Determination of the capacitance and inductance matrices of the model is introduced, also. The voltages and currents induced by electromagnetic fields for the coupled multi-condutor strips problem with non-uniformity in its width can be obtained using Bernardi's method and the modal decoupling method. Finally, the validity and efficiency of the introduced method is investigated using full wave EM-simulation.

Wind induced overhead conductor motions affect the conductors' life expectancy. Consequently, it is important to consider the differences in conductor structure among different conductor technologies. This paper introduces a model to calculate life expectancy for conventional aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) and a novel high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) aluminium conductor composite core (ACCC) based on the energy balance principle (EBP). Furthermore, various clamping locations of Stockbridge damping system are implemented to quantify the damping mechanism's efficiency and optimize its location. The EBP is implemented in two conductors of the same size but different technology (i.e., 495/35 ACSR and Rome ACCC). The study showed a 25% less bending stress of ACCC and thus approximately 5 times longer life from its equivalent (in diameter) ACSR, or alternatively increase ACCC tension by 6% RBS and allow higher overhead lines (OHLs) power transfer capacity. When the vibration dampers are installed inappropriately onto ACCC, by considering its response to be the same to its equivalent ACSR, ACCC's life expectancy is reduced by approximately 30%. To further understand the importance of HTLS conductor structure on its life expectancy, a semi-analytical EBP model is proposed based on experimental data on ACCC. The initial results show the great effect of conductor bending stiffness on ACCC life expectancy. Future experiments are needed to improve the EBP modelling and the HTLS conductor performance calculations.

Acoustic signal from corona is usually the first symptom of line damages noticed during routine line inspection service. The goal of the study undertaken by the authors is the utilization of the corona process, because if it is impossible to avoid it one should at least try to take some advantages from that fact. One of possible practical benefits of the corona process is the possibility to evaluate the technical condition of some line elements using the acoustic signal of the corona process. The corona audible signal can be easily recorded and its analysis, making use of the contemporary signal processing techniques and artificial intelligence methods, may be the source of information concerning the line damages, which are very difficult to detect and assess by other methods. The essence of the problem is the fact that useful information about the forms and locations of the UHV line damages is hidden in the structure of the analyzed signal and has to be extracted, in which process the artificial intelligence techniques applied by the authors can be very helpful. As has been shown in previous papers some distinctive features of such phenomena can be extracted in laboratory but in real world conditions, where the line damages are not so frequent and their sources are much less obvious, there may be some problems with collecting a properly representative learning set. An additional obstacle is usually higher and more involved character of background noise in reality. The paper contains some results gathered in real world conditions and their application in the diagnosis of the conductor technical conditions in UHV power lines.