Consonants

Children's spellings provide a window on their representations of spoken words. These representations may not always match those assumed by the conventional orthography. We examined one specific case in which this may be true, that of CVCC (consonant-vowel-consonant-consonant) syllables. In three experiments, first grad-ers often produced spellings such as "sach" for the nonword /saenff/ and "pit" for the nonword/pilt/. We suggest that many children consider these syllables to contain three phonemes instead of four phonemes. Rather than treating the postvocalic nasal or liquid as a separate phoneme, children consider it an attribute of the vowel. This suggestion was supported by the results of a phoneme counting test in which children often used three tokens for syllables such as /saenff/ and /pilt/. The results suggest that, in addition to difficulties in gaining access to phonemes, nonstandard phonemic representations may be a stumbling block in the acquisition of alphabetic literacy.

This dissertation aims to decipher the consonants system of Old Korean in Baekje which is based upon the phonological correspondences of Sinographic readings which can be attested in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese chronicles, epigraphs and wooden tablets.
  Chapter Ⅰ firstly discusses the histrory of phonological studies on Old Korean in Baekje from the late of 19th century to the contemporary era which can be divided into two phases: The Embryonic Phase (1879~1970) and The Development Phase (1971~). The Embryonic Phase started with the toponymy research of Korean Peninsula by Japanese scholars during the Japanese colonial period. The Development Phase (1971~) was initiated by the publications of Baekjemunhwa, Baekjeyeongu, MahanBaekjemunhwa in South Korea, mostly including some short introductory papers, Samguksaki(1145) Jiriji based studies, Nihonshoi(720) based studied, and all chronicles combined studies, epigraphs and wooden tablets based studies.
  Secondly, the detailed methodologies are proposed, which include the background of history studies on Baekje; the background of historical linguistics which is the theoretical basis of the phonological correspondences of Sinographic readings in lexicons of Old Korean in Baekje; the entire sequence of this study including the textual research of all first-hand materials, the collection of all Baekjeic lexicons and phonographic morphemes, the match-made of the phonological correspondences of Sinographic readings in Old Korean in Baekje, based on archaeological, historical, toponymy studies, and the phonological analysis of Sinographic readings.
  In Chapter Ⅱ, textual research was carried out thoroughly. The materials used include all Baekjeic first-hand materials of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese Chronicles from the late 3rd century to 13th century, as well as epigraph materials and wooden tablets in both China and Korea. Also, Old Korean Proper Nouns such as place names, personal names, and Kings names were collected to pick out all phonographs of Old Korean in Baekje for phonological analysis in the phonological correspondences of Sinographic readings.
  Moreover, to decipher the consonants system of Old Korean in Baekje, the explanations of all phonographs in Guangyun are based on Yu(2008), the Chinese phonological systems include the Minimal Old Chinese, Late Han, Middle Chinese which are mainly based on the reconstructions in Schuessler(2009). The historical Korean phonological systems include Old Korean, Middle Korean, Middle Sino-Korean which are mainly based on the studies of Park(1971), Lee(1972, 1998, 2011), Lee(1995), Kwon(1997ㄴ, 2005, 2009ㄱ, 2009ㄴ), Ito(2007). The historical Japanese systems include archaic kana orthography studies, Old Japanese and Ko-on, Go-on and Kan-on of Sino-Japanese which are mainly based on ōya(1911), Vovin(2009), Miyake(2003a), Frellesvig(2010), Tsukishima(1995), Numoto(1986, 1997).
  At last in Chapter Ⅱ, there are 7 consonants as initials in a syllable that can be deciphered: voiceless bilabial plosive **p-, voiceless alveolar dental **t-,  voiceless velar **k-,  bilabial nasal **m-, alveolar dental nasal **n-,  voiceless alveolar dental fricative **s-, and voiceless alveolar affricate **ts-. The oppositions of voicing and the oppositions of aspiration cannot be attested. The glottal initial /ʔ/ which is reconstructed in Middle Chinese is deciphered as Zero **Ø in the phonographs of Baekje.
  Chapter Ⅲ deciphers the consonant **-r- as a liquid that can be attested between  syllables, instead of an initial consonant or coda in a word. And the elimination of /-r-/ as a special phonological change is well attested in old Korean lexicons including Baekje’s.
  Chapter Ⅳ deciphers the consonants **-l, **-s, **-n, **-ŋ as coda in a syllable in Old Korean in Baekje. Moreover, the lateral **-l is explained as the elimination of vowel V2 and the unrelease of C2 in a C1V1.C2V2 word structure. And unreleased voiceless alveolar dental fricative **-s is explained as the elimination of vowel V2 and the unrelease of C2 in a C1V1.C2V2 type word or as a genitive case between two words. The change of syllabic structural in C1V1.C2V2 type word is explained as a result of language contact with Chinese and Chinese characters whose syllabic structure is (C)(G)VC.
  Chapter Ⅴ concludes with an appeal for the trilateral cooperation from Chinese, Korean and Japanese historical phonology studies which include the sounds of Old, Late Han, Middle Chinese, Sino-Korean studies, and Sino-Japanese studies, as well as the interdisciplinary work on Archaeology, History, Toponymy to decipher the phonological systems of Old Korean. Meanwhile, the limitations of this study which include recriticizing all first-hand materials, reevaluating and developing the methodology in old Korean phonology studies are reflected. Finally the future research outlook on old Korean studies is put forward reasonably.

Australian Indigenous languages are often reported to have compensatory lengthening of consonants after phonemically short vowels. There have, however, been very few perception studies of these languages, and none, to date, focused on vowels. This paper aims to determine whether Djambarrpuyŋu listeners use consonantal lengthening as a cue to vowel length. A forced-choice categorisation task investigated how 19 Djambarrpuyŋu listeners (9M, 10F) use segmental duration in their processing of words minimally distinguished by vowel length. Results show that listeners rely primarily on vowel duration in their categorisation behaviour. However, when the vowel's duration was ambiguous, that is, between the duration ranges of short and long, phonetically long nasals affected the cross-over point of word categorisation. This study supports the primacy of the phonemic vowel length contrast for listeners and also shows that durational context can expand the range of vowel length categories.

These are notes on English stress, rhythm and intonation.

Part A is for students and Part B is for teachers.

The treatment here is “technical”, as by a linguist, but in very plain language. Even with poor formal English, L2 speakers who “sound right” will gain social acceptance, and this in turn will greatly accelerate their learning.

Firstly the concept of “the music of a language” is introduced. It is noted that languages are on a scale of “syllable timed” to “stress timed” (though this is not a simple matter). English is a stress-timed language. Both word stress and sentence stress are essential in English. However, proper word liaison and elision marks native speakers from non-native speakers. Some advice is given on how to practice privately and in a classroom. The importance of teacher talk as a model is noted.

The acoustic and articulatory properties of Ukrainian consonant phones were investigated, and a full set of relevant IPA notations was proposed for these and compiled in a table. Acoustic correspondence of Ukrainian phones to those appearing in European languages was analyzed and discussed. Special attention was paid to the phonemes /v/ (represented in Cyrillic script as "/в/") and /gh/ (ren-dered in Cyrillic script as "/г/") that cause the most difficulties in their description. In particular, our experiments and observations suggest that a standard Ukrainian phoneme /v/ is realised as labiodental fricatives [v] and [v j ] before vowels and also as sonorant bilabial approximants [β̞ β̞ ˛ β̞ ɔ] between a vowel and a consonant, in the initial position before consonants and after a vowel at the end of a word, and sometimes is devoiced to [v̥ ] in the coda after a voiceless consonant. In some utterances after a vowel (before a consonant and in the coda), a strongly rounded bilabial approximant [β̞ ɔ] may approach a non-syllabic semivowel [ṷ]. These conclusions are in good agreement with the consonantal status of the Ukrainian language and with the general tendencies of sound combinations in the world languages. The findings of this research contribute to better understanding of Ukrain-ian and its special features in comparison with other world languages that may have substantial practical use in various phonetic and translation studies, as well as in modern linguistic technologies aimed at artificial intelligence development, machine translation incorporating text-to-speech conversion, automatic speech analysis, recognition and synthesis, and in other areas of applied linguistics.

The paper provides a partial phonological and phonetic description of the segmental system of L2 Telugu English (TE). Previous research on the subject has been carried out in the context of a more general notion of Indian English (IE), so the properties of TE as distinct from other varieties of IE (e.g., Gujarati English) have largely remained unexplored. We have primarily focused on areas that previous research identified as prominent issues in the study of IE: vowel inventory and production, representation and realization of liquids, word-final obstruent phenomena, and allophones of /w/. To account for these aspects of TE, we have combined a generative approach to the study of an individual's linguistic competence with linguistic fieldwork as a means of collecting first-hand data. On the basis of collected data, we have conducted a spectrographic analysis of TE vowels and a distributional analysis of TE consonants. The paper provides the first description of the acoustic spaces of TE vowels. We found that all vowels except [ɔ] and [i] are more central in TE than in General American English. /r/ was realized as either [r] or [ɻ] without a specific pattern, and occasionally as [ɽ] in the intervocalic position. /l/ was realized as [ɭ] in word-final position and as [l] elsewhere. TE displayed word-final obstruent devoicing for all obstruents except for /b/, which was consistently unreleased. /w/ was realized as [ʋ] before front vowels and as [w] elsewhere. While previous research that concentrated on the broad notion of Indian English recognized the issue of /w/-allophony, it has not provided a principle that governs the exact distribution of /w/'s allophones. By combining the generative framework with linguistic fieldwork, we have accounted for this long-standing puzzle with a single rule: /w/ → [ʋ] / __ [-CONS, -BACK].

"Fonologia catalana" is a comprehensive classical account of the phonology of Catalan, written in the 1990s within the tennets of the standard generative phonology theory, with some additional information  cast in autosegmental theory. The book includes chapters on vowel phenomena, syllable structure, consonant word-final phenomena, assimilatory and other consonantal contact phenomena,  pronominal clitics, and suprasegmentals. Each chapter includes some exercises.

Fundamentals of English Phonetics and Phonology has been written out of our sincere desire to help the learners of English (especially as second language) to understand better, the definition, formation, description, classification, transcription of not only English sounds or sounds of other languages across the world; but the other terms related to phonetics and phonology. Designed for students of Universities and Colleges of Education, especially students undergoing courses related to Phonetics and Phonology, it is hoped to give both the undergraduate and postgraduate students a basic introduction to the phonetics and phonology of English.  Apart from the expressive and comprehensive nature of the text, it has elaborate references of materials consulted, and theses that are also meant for further reading. It also has index for easy referencing. The lucidity of presentation in the text makes it a unique addition to the existing literatures on this aspect of language study.  The book is divided into nineteen chapters.  Each of the chapters covers different aspects to give a good foundation to the course – phonetics and phonology.

This paper is a description of consonant cluster and syllabic structure of Khoibu, a Tibeto-Burman language, which is also known as Uipo. According to Grierson’s linguistic survey of India, this language belongs to the Kuki Chin Naga group of Tibeto Burman family. It is spoken mainly in the Machi sub-division of Chandel district of Manipur. It has a population of around 2,800 approximately. The literal meaning of this tribe is derived from ‘khoi’ and ‘pu’, where ‘khoi’ means ‘bee’ and ‘pu’ means ‘owner’. The present paper is an attempt to look at the consonant clusters and syllabic structures of Khoibu. The present paper is divided into two parts. Part one deal with consonant clusters and in the second part the syllabic structure of Khoibu is discussed. There are two types of cluster formation in the language; initial and medial cluster formation. Generally initial cluster in Khoibu are formed by combining voiceless alveolar unaspirated stop /t/ or voiceless alveolar aspirated stop /th/ with lateral /l/ or trill /r/. Similarly, medial cluster also formed by combining /t/ or /th/ with /l/ or /r/. Two types of syllables are found in Khoibu viz. major and minor. All vowels can occur in the final position of an open monosyllabic word except the vowel phoneme /ǝ/ and all consonant phonemes can occur in the onset position of the open syllable. All voiceless unaspirated stops and nasal consonants can occur in the syllable final position.

En esta tesis discuto sobre la fonología y la morfofonología segmental y suprasegmental del triqui de Chicahuaxtla, una lengua otomangue hablada en el estado de Oaxaca, México. Reviso aspectos relacionados con el sistema consonántico, el sistema vocálico, los rasgos laríngeos, la palabra prosódica y las funciones fonológicas y morfológicas del tono.
En la parte segmental, discuto sobre el sistema consonántico y el contraste fortis-lenis; con argumentos fonológicos, fonotácticos y fonéticos, muestro que dicho contraste es pertinente. Asimismo, presento una amplia discusión sobre el estatus fonológico de los segmentos laríngeos definidos en términos de rasgos como [+glotis constreñido] y [+glotis extendido]; propongo que son tanto segmentos como suprasegmentos, dependiendo del contexto en que aparezcan. Como segmentos considero que carecen de un articulador oral y por ello son susceptibles a procesos de transparencia laríngea, como la armonía vocálica.
En la parte tonal, reviso el sistema de cinco niveles propuesto en estudios previos y concluyo que sigue siendo pertinente. Sin embargo, propongo que los tonos pueden ser analizados en función del morfema léxico y el resultado es un inventario de patrones tonales asociados a morfemas monosilábicos y bisilábicos. Asimismo, exploro el comportamiento del tono en la frase nominal y propongo que existe un tono de borde. De forma similar, describo la función del tono en la morfología de la lengua y explico que en algunos casos los cambios tonales son predecibles pero en otros tienen función gramatical. Muestro que en la morfología de la lengua existen tonos flotantes como exponentes de persona y número. Concluyó que el tono tiene tanto función léxica como gramatical.
De esta manera, considero que esta tesis contribuye al conocimiento de la fonología, la morfología, el tono y la fonética del triqui y de las lenguas otomangues en general. Además, es un aporte para el estudio de la tipología tonal y la teoría fonológica.

The Arabic and Turkish languages are among the most important languages in terms of their families. For Arabic is one of the most important Semitic languages, and Turkish is also one of the most important Aral-Altai languages. The two languages underwent many developments until they reached their current form. The Arabic language used to be written without dots or diacritics while omitting some vowels. Afterwards dots, diacritic marks and other elements were added to it until it settled on the current inscription of its letters. The Turkish language developed from a group of inscriptions; then it was written in many alphabets, the most important of which are modern Arabic and Latin.
The aim of these developments and additions was to honestly express the sounds of the two languages. However, all the alphabets succeeded in expressing some of their sounds on the one hand but failed to express other sounds on the other hand.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer una teorización sobre la estructura interna de las consonantes complejas del mazateco de Ixcatlán. Esta lengua cuenta con más de 60 fonemas consonánticos contrastivos expresados en su mayoría como consonantes acompañadas de articulaciones secundarias, las cuales se agrupan en conjuntos afines a correlaciones de aspiración/glotalización, (pre)nasalización y labialización/palatalización. Retomando la problemática de representación para las consonantes modificadas expuesta en van de Weijer, se busca ofrecer una solución a esta por medio de la complejidad consonántica mostrada en el MZI.

This paper is intended to propose a theoretical framework for the internal structure of the complex consonants of Ixcatlan Mazatec. This language has more than 60 contrastive phonemes, most of them expressed as consonants modified by secondary articulations. Those consonants are phonologically related by common patterns as aspiration/glottalization, (pre)nasalization and labialization/palatalization. Taking up the issue on modified consonant's phonological representation exposed in van de Weijer (2011), a solution is proposed using the consonantic complexity shown in Mazatec Ixcatlan patterns.

Sibilants cause several problems in phonology, especially /s/, and especially in Romance linguistics. This paper offers a general overview of the issue of preconsonantal /s/ in Italian dialects as far as its distributional problems are concerned. We will consider its position in the syllable, palatalisation processes, its behaviour in voice assimilation and its deletion. Special sections will be devoted to the case of “Neapolitan s”, which includes six allophones of the /s/ phoneme, and to an OT-account of /sC/-palatalisation in Italian dialects, which is an attempt of unifying theory in order to analyse different /sC/-palatalisation processes as a phonologically uniform phenomena.

Fundamentación. Debido a que la pronunciación tiene un lugar destacado en la interpretación de música vocal, la formación de sus especialistas (cantantes, directores, repertoristas, etc.) promueve el desarrollo de habilidades fonéticas para el canto. No obstante, aunque las ventajas del texto bien pronunciado son numerosas, observamos que colocar el estudio de la pronunciación únicamente al servicio de problemas técnicos desalienta la exploración de sus potencialidades expresivas. Este desconocimiento, que es favorecido por la disociación tradicional técnica/expresión y la dificultad de cuantificar la emoción, también se extiende a los estudios sobre dicción para el canto, donde la pronunciación se presenta como un requisito técnico que se vale de “reglas fonéticas” para la “buena ejecución”. Asimismo, observamos que estos estudios se centran en lenguas con gran presencia en el repertorio de música académica (como italiano, alemán y francés), dejando a otras como el español en una posición de desventaja. Por estas razones, la exploración de los usos expresivos de la pronunciación del español en el canto constituye un área de vacancia y un desconocimiento de su valor cultural e identitario en la formación musical (en especial, de músicos hispanohablantes). Objetivos. Bajo la hipótesis de que la pronunciación es empleada como variable expresiva en el canto, se propone estudiar los usos expresivos de la articulación consonántica en la ejecución de música vocal en español e indagar motivos musicales, poéticos e identitarios que justifiquen esos usos. Método. Se describió una serie de variables en la articulación de las consonantes /s/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /ʒ/, /r̄/, /l/, /m/ y /n/ en 5 versiones representativas de la zamba La Tempranera de Carlos Guastavino, interpretadas por reconocidos cantantes hispanohablantes que han desarrollado la variante argentina. Las señales fueron segmentadas y etiquetadas haciendo uso del programa Praat de análisis de voz. Posteriormente, los datos fueron procesados y analizados con asistencia del mismo programa. Resultados. La evidencia obtenida respalda la hipótesis presentada. Las variaciones en las realizaciones de las consonantes estudiadas sugieren una correspondencia entre la pronunciación y la intencionalidad expresiva, que parece contribuir con una mejor declamación del contenido semántico y la conformación de “estilos de pronunciación” impulsados por razones idiosincrásicas y requisitos performáticos.

Germanic, Armenian, and Etruscan had similar consonant shift, but Germanic and Etruscan not shared lexical elements whereas Germanic-Armenian contacts were dubious. It might be a result of 1) Hurro-Urartian influence on Germanic, Armenian, and Etruscan or 2) archaic Germanic and Armenian consonantism, similar to Hurro-Urartian and Etruscan

Vowel quality is affected by its environment, i.e., the articulation place or manner of a neighbouring consonant. Arabic, an Afro-Asiatic Semitic language spoken in various regions of the Middle East, possesses the emphatic consonants /tˤ, dˤ, ðˤ, sˤ/, and the pharyngeal consonants /ḥ, ʕ/. This paper assesses changes in the frontness, backness, and dispersion of Modern Standard Arabic vowels when preceded by the emphatic consonant /sˤ/.

The phonological modifications made to English loanwords in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) have come as a response to cope with the phonetic and phonological constraints in MSA sound system. These adaptations of loanword pronunciation clearly reflect the areas and effects of phonetic and phonological interference between the two languages in contact. For this purpose, over than 300 of English words borrowed by MSA are analyzed. At the syllabic and prosodic level, mechanisms like cluster simplification, syllabic consonant conversion, gemination, etc. are found at work and by far systematic in MSA borrowings. Generally, it has been found that most of the regular adaptations at syllable level such as declusterization, syllabic consonant conversion, consonant lengthening and vocalic glide insertion, are motivated by linguistic constraints inherited in the phonological system of MSA rather than by extra-linguistic motivations.

Choosing between alternative spellings for sounds can be difficult for even experienced spellers. We examined the factors that influence adults' choices in one such case: single-versus double-letter spellings of medial consonants in English. The major systematic influence on the choice between medial singletons and doublets has been thought to be phonological context: whether the preceding vowel is phonologically long or short. With phonological context equated, we found influences of graphotactic context—both the number of letters in the spelling of the vowel and the spelling sequence following the medial consonant—in adults' spelling of nonwords and in the English vocabulary itself. Existing models of the spelling process do not include a mechanism by which the letters that are selected for one phoneme can influence the choice of spellings for another phoneme and thus require modification in order to explain the present results.

Besides manner of articulation and glottal activity, which have been more studied, place of articulation also plays an important role in determining the relative strength of a consonant. This is so because the joint contribution of magnitude and duration of articulatory gestures (glottal, velo-pharyngeal, and oral) defines a global level of intraoral pressure that can be related to strength (Malécot, 1970).
This aerodynamic criterion has been used to explain the role that a back place of articulation can have in reducing oral volume and thus increasing intraoral pressure, namely strength. This can interfere with glottal activity (e.g. in passive devoicing).
I will provide examples of diachronic change in several languages which show a tight relationship between back places and strength. These examples are mainly from Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but also from some others, such as Samoan (Austronesian) and Vlach Romani (Indo-European).
A relation has been proposed between order of diffusion of linguistic change and place of articulation. However, there is controversy about the relative order between labials and coronals. I will examine different proposals and I will present articulatory, aerodynamic and perceptual data to support the idea that coronal consonants are weaker than labial consonants. The lesser the mass of the articulatory organ, the faster the movements and the shorter the duration of the gesture, which leads to weakness. In addition, certain kinds of coronals might be associated with a relatively descended position of the jaw, which can cause an increase of the oral volume and, consequently, a decrease of the intraoral pressure. Nevertheless, further study is needed on the link between jaw gestures and different types of labials and coronals. To finish, there are some optimal durations for the correct perception of each manner, which vary depending on the place of articulation, and these thresholds seem to favour the weakening of coronals much more than that of labials or dorsals (García Santos, 2002).

The aim of this work is to present an overview of the main approaches to phonologicalvariation, both categorical and optional, that have been put forward within Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 2004). There are other overviews in the literature (e.g. Anttila, 2007), but the present discussion focuses on the phenomena found in the weakening processes that fi nal consonants exhibit in Spanish. Special attention is paid to the behavior of the sibilant /s/ because there are many qualitative and quantitative studies that thoroughly describe its weakening in the zones where this phenomenon occurs.

Sindhi language is primarily spoken in the Sindh province of Pakistan, and in some parts of India. Languages phonemic inventory include vowels, consonants and diphthongs. This paper presents acoustic analysis and properties of the glide consonants of Sindhi. Glides are considered having stable and predictable formant structure and associated acoustic properties like vowels and diphthongs. Understanding the corresponding acoustic similarities, differences and relationship between three types of these sounds is the subject of discussion of this paper.

This empirical study aims at identifying the English consonant sounds that are mispronounced by native speakers of Palestinian Arabic. It also aims to explore the pattern of errors that Palestinian speakers follow in speaking English. Two main questions have been explored in the study: 1) what are the most common mispronounced English consonants produced by Palestinian students? and 2) what patterns do these students follow in so doing? 20 undergraduate students from the English Department at An-Najah National University are observed and their English is recorded to identify the problematic consonant sounds. The study results show that the most problematic sounds include /p/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ɹ/, and /ŋ/. In the light of the findings, the researchers recommend that the best way to learn the pronunciation of a second language is by listening to native speakers of that language and by practicing it regularly.

This paper proposes a new distribution of the Lycian consonants, which is less uniform than described hitherto. Indeed, whereas the word-initial and intervocalic positions allow either the simplex or the geminate consonant, only the simplex is attested for every consonant after a nasal and before a sonorant, and the geminate generally appears for most consonants after an obstruent and a liquid. In order to interpret the status of the consonantal length in Lycian, the sources of the geminates are explored. It emerges that word-initial and intervocalic geminates come from vowel syncope, assimilation, lengthening under stress, or reinterpretation of heteromorphemic sequences, while after an obstruent or a liquid they are synchronically automatic, indicating that the consonant was perceived as longer than between vowels. It is argued that the post-consonantal geminates are linked to the syllabification and reflect post-coda consonants.

We analyze the production of [±voiced] stops in French as a foreign language by multilingual learners who speak Russian or Turkish as a heritage language along with their dominant language, German. Control data produced by monolingually raised German learners are taken into account. It is shown that the bilingual learners perform more target-like than the monolinguals for the voiceless stops /p t k/, but not for their voiced counterparts /b d ɡ/. This suggests that the (non-)aspiration of voiceless stops is perceptually more salient for the learners than the presence or absence of pre-voicing in the realization of voiceless stops. We interpret our overall results as an example of an at least partial multilingual advantage in foreign language learning. Résumé : Nous analysons la production d'occlusives (non-)voisées en français langue étrangère par des apprenants plurilingues parlant ou le russe ou le turc comme langue d'origine en plus de leur langue dominante, l'allemand. Les données de contrôle proviennent d'enregistrements réalisés avec des apprenants monolingues allemands. Les résultats montrent que les apprenants plurilingues sont avantagés en comparaison des monolingues par rapport à la production d'occlusives sourdes, ce qui n'est pas valable pour leurs contreparties voisées. Cela suggère que la (non-)aspiration de /p t k/ est perceptivement plus saillante pour les apprenants que la présence ou l'absence du pré-voisement de /b d ɡ/. Nous interprétons nos résultats généraux comme un avantage, du moins partiel, du plurilinguisme lors de l'apprentissage de langues étrangères. Keywords: French as a foreign language, heritage languages, transfer, stop consonants Mots-clés : Français langue étrangère, langues d'origine, transfert, occlusives

The study sets out a decription of the phonological system of Oromo. It includes a presentation of the sounds and phonemes of the language and the way they tend to combine, as well as a description and classification of regular and contextually well-defined processes of sound change. Suprasegmental patterns are described in less detail. The description is based on the Western dialects, among which Mechaa (spoken in the Wellegga area) is the major representative. Dialectal variation is pointed out whenever significant correspondences can be established through the descriptions of previous works.

RÉSUMÉ Cette étude présente une analyse linguistique des troubles phonético-phonologiques dans l'aphasie de Broca et de Wernicke. À partir de l'observation des productions de 13 locuteurs aphasiques francophones, lors de la réalisation de 40 items contenant des séquences consonantiques complexes (via une tâche de dénomination), nous revenons sur la question de l'origine des troubles à travers la dichotomie phonétique – phonologie et en offrons un approfondissement. Si la nature de l'aphasie engendre différents patterns d'erreurs, certains contextes phonologiques sont particulièrement affectés. Les paraphasies relevées chez ces locuteurs sont loin d'être aléatoires. Celles-ci se réduisent à cinq types : substitution, omission, épenthèse, métathèse et réduction. L'ensemble des résultats révèle une interaction entre segments, syllabes et position et questionne tant la phonologie que la neuropsycholinguistique. Pour comprendre la nature des transformations générées dans l'aphasie et montrer le lien entre troubles phonétiques et phonologiques, nous proposons une analyse des substitutions dans le cadre de la théorie des éléments. ABSTRACT Phonetic and phonological impairments in Aphasia This paper presents a linguistic analysis of the phonetical and phonological impairments in 13 French aphasic speakers suffering from Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. From a study based on the production of 40 items containing different consonantal sequences through a picture-naming task, we discuss the phonetic versus phonological's origin of the impairments in order to propose a new reflexion. The detected paraphasias applied during a phonological deficit are not random. They are reduced to five kinds: substitution, deletion, epenthesis, metathesis and total reduction. These results reveal an interaction between segments, syllables and position and open the questions for both formal phonology and neuropsycholinguistics. Certain syllabic positions and contexts are prone to particular types of paraphasias. In order to understand the nature of the transformations generated during an aphasia, and to demonstrate the relation between phonetical and phonological deficits, we offer an analysis of the consonantal substitutions in Element Theory framework.
MOTS-CLÉS : Aphasies de Broca et Wernicke, phonologie, substitutions, théorie des éléments.

The so-called labdacismus is described by Latin grammarians as a vice concerning the pronunciation of the [l] sound. The existence of such a long-established tradition implies, in my view, that there must have been in ancient grammatical doctrine a well developed description of the lateral sound with its phonetic realizations (cf. the famous passage of Plinius Dub. Serm. fr. 8 Della Casa transmitted by Priscian, GL 2, 29, 8-12 Keil). Of particular interest is the very difficult testimony of Pompeius (GL 5, 286,34-287, 6 Keil = 14, 13-15, 8 Zago), who explicitly ascribes a defective pronunciation of [l] to Afri, describing the Romans as having the standard pronunciation; the same geographical connotation for the vice is stressed also by Isidorus and Julian of Toledo as well as the later Sedulius Scotus. A very interesting comparison can be made with a passage of Consentius, de barb. 16, 5-21 Niedermann, a writer probably originating from Gaul, who contrasts Greek and Roman pronunciations of the liquid consonant.

Target
Analysis of the five basic syntagmatic phonetic concepts to deduce whether vowels and consonants are independenof the syllable (which means they must be defined previously) or they are its components (so that we define the syllable by defining its components).
Method
This article deals with the two conceptions given by dictionaries. The first one separates vowels and consonants from the syllable. It is an articulatory definition: vowels are voiced and have no noise (produced by an occlusion or a friction); consonants have noise and are optionally voiced. This characterisation of vowels may be applied to liquid and nasal consonants; correlatively, these consonants do not fit the previous definition of consonant. Moreover, the definition of syllable that is provided in these dictionaries (“a syllable is pronounced all at once” and other similar expressions) is not based on objective proprieties.
Those dictionaries that understand vowels and consonants as components of the syllable provide an acoustic definition: in a syllable, the vowel is the most perceptible phoneme. This proposal delimits vowels and consonants and justifies the feeling that the syllable is “pronounced all at once” (“un colp de veu”), as did in 1937 Francesc de B. Moll, the linguist from Menorca.
If we subordinate the articulatory definition to the acoustic one, we can arrange the phonemes of a language in an absolute-perceptiveness scale, from the maximum grade (the phoneme a) to the minimum grade (the three voiceless occlusive phonemes p, t and k). When we combine phonemes to speak, most of them do only function as vowels or consonants. However, there are a few ones (as i and u and liquid phonemes in a part of languages) that may function either as vowels or consonants (ira, ungla versus aire, hiena, caure, quatre).
Result
The concepts vowel and consonant are notions related to that of syllable (a phoneme only is a vowel if it is the most perceptible one in the syllable it is part of). The phonemes i and u may be vowels and consonants (as has been stated by some traditional authors as the French linguist Maurice Grevisse), which involves that notions as semivowel and semiconsonant are useless. Furthermore, the definitions of these latter concepts are usually vague and inapplicable.

Added syllable complexity, whereby a non-targeted consonant is added
next to a targeted consonant in the syllable, has received relatively little
attention in studies of children with speech sound disorders (SSD) and
typically developing children. Despite the scarcity and subtlety of the
pattern, evidence in child and adult data indicates universality. The
present article examines the pattern in a bilingual child’s longitudinal
speech in English from age 2;7 to 4;0, focusing on word-initial consonant
addition. The purpose is to identify phonological and psycholinguistic
processes associated with the pattern. It is suggested that the complexity pattern with both legal and illegal outputs is a systemic developmental behaviour linked to the child’s level of phonological acquisition, facilitating acquisition of the complex CCV rule as well as of non-acquired singleton consonants. Implications of the results for children’s SSD intervention techniques and for adult degenerative speech are discussed.

This paper focuses on the different definitions of the so-called mytacism in Latin grammarians (from the early Imperial period to 12th century treatises), starting from an assessment of the textual basis of their statements. Mytacism is a vitium orationis which affects the phonetic realisation of the final group vowel + [m] when followed by another vowel; mytacism also raises various phonetic and rhetorical issues such as weakening of the sound [m], nasalisation of the preceding vowel, elision and hiatus. Two competing theories in modern scholarship (weak nasal consonant vs. nasalised vowel) try to explain the pronunciation of the final group vowel + [m] followed by another vowel: however, ancient grammar does not possess a theoretical and terminological framework stringent enough to give an accurate phonetic description of this sound. Finally, the paper argues that mytacism is a linguistic mistake associated with the ancient perception of word boundary; its varying definitions allow us to recognize at least an elementary “phonological awareness” in ancient grammatical doctrines.

The main aim of this study is to specify the phonological role of 'Ğ' ([ɣ]) sound in Turkish by approaching it from an acoustic perspective and to confirm whether it has any acoustic difference from long vowels in Turkish. In this way, it aims to contribute to an ongoing discussion on whether the letter ''Ğ'' is really necessary in Turkish alphabet or not. Within the frame of this objective, the study is composed of two parts which are perception and production. In perception task, the participants choose between two options after listening to word pairs repeated by a computerized voice. In production task, they repeat the word pairs reflected on a computer screen. The voice recordings of production task are analyzed through the program PRAAT. According to the results of perception task, native speakers of Turkish have difficulty in differentiating between the words with long vowels and with the sound 'Ğ'. As opposed to our expectations, 'Ğ' happens to be perceived best when it is in coda position in the middle of a word instead of in onset position. As for the results of production task, the spectrogram pattern of 'Ğ' sound differs depending on the pattern of the long vowels preceding it. Although 'Ğ' sound seems to assimilate depending on the properties (e.g. backness or height) of the preceding vowel, it has been confirmed that its formant values differ from those of long vowels, which proves that it stands for a separate sound we cannot ignore in Turkish alphabet.