Construction Projects

The research study aims to explore and assess the critical success factors (CSFs) that can amplify the integration of building information modeling (BIM) and sustainability practices in construction projects. Delphi survey technique was employed to solicit the perceptions of experts on the 30 identified CSFs by means of a two-round Delphi survey. The expert panel responses were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The key drivers identified in the study are related to people-centric, and data and technology-centric interventions in the built environment. Crucial deductions were formed on the basis of a comparative analysis of the expert groups. The study's findings have provided valuable lessons for local authorities, policymakers, and project stakeholders to strengthen the drive for achieving full adoption of green BIM initiatives. The study has also provided effective recommendations for increasing the uptake of BIM and sustainability practices in the construction industry, and has contributed to the existing body of knowledge about smart urbanization and hands-on practice in the built environment.

The study aims to develop an effective BIM-project information management framework (BIM-PIMF) and associated assessment model for construction projects with a view to enhancing the functional management of project information. An explanatory case study technique and case study evidence from four BIM construction projects form the study's research design. The study identified and established the three sub-criteria of the BIM-PIMF model which are the BIM process level factors, BIM product level factors, and the key indicators for a successful BIM deployment on construction project sites. These criterias were semantically linked to the development of the BIM-PIMF framework on a five-point metric scale. The deliverables of this study include the development of the BIM-PIMF framework, together with its analytical scoring system. The findings of the study will improve the information channels of and ease the integration of technological innovations in construction processes while improving the technical competencies of project staff. The study highlighted a basket of effective recommendations and strategies to enhance the deployment of BIM throughout a project lifecycle. Policymakers and government departments can utilize the model in assessing the level of usage of BIM in a construction project as one of the useful measures in gauging which construction firms to be provided subsidies.

Delays in construction projects are unavoidable and may result in disputes, lawsuits, claims between different parties and adversely affect project success in terms of time, quality and cost. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causes of delays in the completion of construction projects due to the failure of the owner, consultant and contractor during the construction phase. This study presents a framework for the causes of delays in a construction project using Student's T-test and the value proposition (RII) method. To this end, a questionnaire has been compiled after identifying 35 factors of delay, through a detailed book review process and discussions with experts from the construction industry. In this study, the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which is widely used to show internal data consistency. The level of items and groups shown is based on their level of importance in the delay. And finally, some recommendations have been made to reduce and control delays in construction projects.

Construction industry has an adverse impact on environment due to its generation of construction waste. Besides the environment, the waste generated also affect the cost, productivity, time, social and economy of the industry. This waste generation is resulted from various factors at different stage of construction lifecycle. Current study has identified 46 factors of waste generation based on extensive literature review. These factors were classified into 7 groups and clustered according to their occurrence relative to various phases of construction lifecycle. It was found that most of these factors occur during construction phase. The significant factors that occur during construction phase are error ordering and poor workmanship. By identifying the crucial occurrence phase of factors which contribute to waste generation, it will help the construction community to avoid or lessen the construction waste generation.

Risks have a crucial impact on construction comes in terms of its primary objectives. Construction comes that are tortuous in nature, uncertainty and risks within the same will develop from completely different sources. The record of the development trade isn't acceptable in terms of header up with risks incomes. Risk management may be a process which consists of identification of risks, assessment with qualitatively and quantitatively, response with an appropriate method for handling risks, then control the risks by monitoring. This study proposes to use the risk management technique which has well-documented procedures for the one stop resolution all kinds of hazards possibly to occur throughout any construction project.

BIM has existed for more than 20 years across the globe, yet the awareness and benefits of BIM has only been realized in last few years in construction projects. Nevertheless, in Malaysia the lack of details, ambiguity, fragmentations, and poor knowledge in executing BIM technology have hindered the building performance. Although the potential benefits of BIM are well documented, the implementation process is still unsystematic and requires a standardized plan complete with expert hands-on to execute BIM in construction projects. Hence, the objective of this paper is to explore the implementation of BIM in Malaysian construction project life-cycle. The research engaged semi-structured interviews with four respondents from the public and private organisations. Data from the interviews were analysed by using content analysis techniques. The findings revealed that three (3) critical phases contributing to successful BIM implementation in Malaysia are: pre-construction; construction; and post-construction phase. The results of the research could provide an insight into the Malaysia construction projects and will provide a valuable guideline in managing BIM for construction projects.

Delay has been one of the most prevalent challenges within church construction projects, especially in the orthodox churches.  Despite construction challenges and project delays within most orthodox churches, there is still a lack of empirical evidence on unearthing the factors that lead to church construction delays.  This quantitative study is aimed at exploring church construction delays within the Presbyterian Church of Ghana.  After extensive literature and theoretical review, a proposed construct was generated with a structured questionnaire and distributed using the online survey tool, MikeCRM.  Out of the 480 questionnaires distributed, 402 were completed and returned, representing a response rate of 84.8%.  The questionnaires were completed by 39.3% Other Positions, 21.9% Resident Pastors/Agents, 18.9% Managers, 9.95%  Project Managers, 5.90% Consultants, 1.99% Site superintendents (foreman), and 1.99%
Electricians.  The sample data were analysed statistically using Exploratory Factor Analysis,
Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, Pearson correlations, and AMOS for reliability and validity and for measuring the suitability of the proposed constructs.  The study confirmed six factors as being responsible for the church construction delay with Material-related being the highest influential factor and Client/Owner-related as the least.  The other four factors include Project-related, Quality-related, External-related, and Church Organizational Structure.  The findings will help academicians, building contractors and church stakeholders with awareness of church construction delays.  Theoretically, the findings will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the research area of church construction delay from the perspective of developing countries.   

Keywords: Construction in Ghana, Construction, Delay Factors, Ghana, Presbyterian Church of
Ghana, Infrastructure, Material delivery

Risk and its management is important for the success of the project, the risk management, which encompassed of planning, identification, analysis, and response has an important phase, which is risk response and it should not be undermined, as its success going to the projects the capability to overcome the uncertainty and thus an effective tool in project risk management, risk response used the collective information in the analysis stage and in order to take decision how to improve the possibility to complete the project within time, cost and performance. This stage work on preparing the response to the main risks and appoint the people who are responsible for each response. When it's needed risk response may be started in quantitative analysis stage and the repetition may be possible between the analysis and risk response stage. The aim of this research is to provide a methodology to make the plane for unexpected events and control uncertain situations and identify the reason for risk response failure and to respond to risk successfully by using the optimization method to select the best strategy. The methodology of this research divided into four parts, the first part main object is to find the projects whose risk response is failed, the second part includes the reasons for risk response Failure, the third part includes finding the most important risks generated from risk response that leads to increasing the cost of construction projects, the fourth part of the management system is selecting the optimal risk response strategy. An optimization model was used to select the optimal strategy to treat the risk by using Serval constraints such as the cost of the project, time of the project, Gravitational Search Algorithm and particle swarm used. The result of the risk response selection shows that The investment (contractor, bank) strategy shows a very good strategy as it saves the cost about 30%, while the Mitigate (pay for advances with interest 0. 1) Strategy show saving the cost 40% and giving land to contractors show saving the cost 40% finally the BIM strategy show saving the cost 25%. The risk response is an important part and should give a great attention and it must be used sophisticated method to select the optimal strategy, the two techniques both show high efficiency in selecting the strategy but Gravitational Search Algorithm show better performance.

Even though recent studies designate that sustainability should be integrated in project management, this integration remains a complex issue. Hence, there is a need to develop a new approach that would assess the organizational sustainability and reveal to what extent sustainable project management practices are effective. The aim of this research is to propose a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis-based method to assess the integration of the sustainability philosophy in large-scale organizations via the utilization of sustainable project management-related indicators. By utilising the proposed approach to compare internal organizational structures, the researchers aim to reveal the sustainability integration level within different business units, in order to allow organizations to make decisions toward sustainable practices. The indicators used in the proposed model are related to key aspects of organizations and they measure how the departments’ staff utilize sustainable project ma...

ABSTRACT
This research work was carried out to investigate the factors affecting the performance of time, cost and quality as well as the effect of poor performances on construction projects in Uyo and Okobo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. To achieve the set objectives of this study, both primary and secondary sources of data collection were employed. The principal form used was a well structured questionnaire which was analysed using index, frequencies and percentages. Analysis of the study reveals that inadequate budget and financial problems, increase in the cost of materials and procurement of low quality materials are the three major factors that affects the performance of time, cost and quality respectively, while abandoning of projects was indicated as the main effect that poor performance has on construction projects. Conflicts and disputes among parties to the contract, professional reputation of the construction team adversely affected and escalation of project cost were also found to be the effect of poor performances on projects. The study concluded by recommending the availability of adequate funds, provision for fluctuations, procurement of specified materials, effective planning and supervision, elimination of politics in construction projects, setting performance targets and adequate communication between clients, consultants and contractors as these will increase the overall performance of construction projects.

Building Information Modelling is defined as an integrated system which can integrate different types of functional characteristics in the physical facility model, for the large construction projects. I n , Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, BIM is being adopted a lot in larger construction projects because it enables us to integrate different types of information in the single model. 4D modelling technology,
visually representing the construction schedule time along with the 3D model components, has the potential to aid this learning process by providing a common visual language for students. Thus, BIM provides the tremendous opportunity for the AEC professionals for increasing the overall efficiency of the construction
management process his paper narrates some important facts about the actual Implementation of project management function with the use of BIM concept. BIM enables us to link the virtual three dimensional models with the actual time of the project and actual cost of construction and by synchronizing all this parameter it becomes easy to optimize the overall efficiency of the project.

Esta guía se presenta en un lenguaje informal, mostrando las ideas del autor de una forma clara, lo cual se hace con el fin de que sea un texto de fácil compresión para personas que tengan muy pocos conocimientos sobre la metodología de gestión LEAN.

Se presentarán varias definiciones técnicas y herramientas que intervendrán en el proceso de implementación de una metodología de gestión LEAN y se indicarán los niveles de madurez en los que debe encontrarse una organización para la implementación de las herramientas LEAN.

En esta primera entrega se indicarán los procedimientos para implementar procesos de construcción LEAN a nivel de proyectos u obras de construcción.

Automating the development of construction schedules has been an interesting topic for researchers around the world for almost three decades. Researchers have approached solving scheduling problems with different tools and techniques. Whenever a new artificial intelligence or optimization tool has been introduced, researchers in the construction field have tried to use it to find the answer to one of their key problems – the “better” construction schedule. Each researcher defines this “better” slightly different. This article reviews the research on automation in construction scheduling from 1985 to 2014. It also covers the topic using different approaches, including case-based reasoning, knowledge-based approaches, model-based approaches, Genetic Algorithms, Expert Systems, Neural Networks, and other methods. The synthesis of the results highlights the share of the aforementioned methods in tackling the scheduling challenge, with Genetic Algorithms shown to be the most dominant approach. Although the synthesis reveals the high applicability of Genetic Algorithms to the different aspects of managing a project, including schedule, cost, and quality, it exposed a more limited project management application for the other methods.

Construction projects are a balance between cost, time and quality. It is possible to have high quality and low cost, but at the expense of time, and conversely to have high quality and a fast project, but at a cost. If both time and money are restricted, then quality is likely to suffer. High quality is not always the primary objective for the client; time or cost may be more important. It is only realistic to specify a very high standard of quality if the budget is available to achieve that standard. The need for KPI in construction projects has increased considerably in recent times due to significant changes, advancements in technology and high expectation of the users. The KPI maintain uniformity in construction process and ensure more economical utilization of materials resulting in significant reduction in cost to the users. This type of study has become necessary when the construction industry is encountering a quality issues day by day. Critical parameters or key indicators are necessary to introduce at planning stage when PQP is preparing which divert us to concentrate for quality. This study is carried out by questionnaire and Delphi techniques on quality of certain important activities. This study leads to know critical parameters or key indicators of an activity and their contribution. These indicators can be used for internal qualitative improvement which ultimately improves business, reputation.

This paper explores the benefits and barriers to partnering in quantity-surveying (QS) firms in Nigeria, and suggests projects and professional services best served by this practice. A mixed research design informs the identification of related concepts from extant literature and data collection from 132 registered members of the Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS) which were analyzed using statistical tools. The commitment of top management is found to be a key barrier to QS firm partnering. The facilitation of knowledge exchange and inclusivity is the most significant benefit. In this paper, feasibility studies, expert advice, and lifecycle costing are key services of QS firms that would benefit from partnering, and research findings also favor engineering projects as core projects in which QS firms should utilize partnering. This study presents project stakeholders with practical and efficient strategies to facilitate the implementation of partnering arrangements to execute construction projects and has considerable implications for the quantity-surveying practice because it recommends professional services and projects with greater viability for the partnering arrangement.

In India most of the construction projects are getting delayed and this has become the most common problem now a days. Most of the construction projects are heavily influenced by causes of delay. For successful completion of any project one must know the factors that affects on delay. There are various reasons for delay in construction project in which formwork also plays an equally important role. Formwork is use to support structures for creating structures. Formwork by name means " The Mold " which means it is the casing into which the casting material, usually concrete, is poured to obtain the desired structural shape. The various formworks are timber, aluminum, plastic formwork etc. The selection of various factors has been decided from various literature review and one to one communication. Questionnaire has been prepared while keeping in mind about different mega projects. Questionnaire is allocated/distributed to various parties like owner, structural consultants, contractors and manufacturer, architects for formwork in various parts of Central Gujarat region. The study by Questionnaire approach will try to reduce inefficiency which will then cumulate into RII (relative importance index)

Project management process starts from the planning stage up to the stage of completion (handover of buildings, preparation of the final accounts and the closing balance). This process is not easy to implement efficiently and effectively. The issue of delays in construction is a major problem for construction projects. These delays have been blamed mainly on inefficient traditional construction practices that continue to dominate the current industry. This is due to several factors, such as environments of construction technology, sophisticated design and customer demand, that are constantly changing and influencing, either directly or indirectly, to the practice of management. Among the identified influences is physical environment, social environment, information environment, political and moral atmosphere. Therefore, this paper is emerged to determine the problem and issues in the final account closing in construction project, establishes the need to embrace Supply Chain Management (SCM) and then elucidates the need and strategies for the development of a delay reduction framework. At the same time, this paper provides effective measures to avoid or at least reduce the delay to the optimum level. Allowing problems in the closure declaration to occur without proper monitoring and control can leave negative impact on the cost and time of delivery to the end user. Besides, it can also affect the reputation or image of the agency/department that manages the implementation of a contract and consequently may reduce customer's confidence towards the agencies/departments. It is anticipated that the finding or outcome reported in this paper could be address root delay contributors and apply SCM tools for their mitigation for the better development of construction project.

Despite recent advances in technologies and equipment for automated progress monitoring, most construction companies worldwide do not utilize them for their projects. This can be due to many reasons, such as the high cost of technologies and equipment, need for skilled staff, and lack of sufficient information about the impact of automated progress monitoring on project performance control. The aim of the present research is to investigate the impact of automated progress monitoring on key project performance indicators: time, cost, and quality. This study prepared based on a survey of contracting and engineering consulting firms in North America, Europe, and the Middle East. In the first part of this study, structural equation modeling is used to identify the relations of different factors of project progress monitoring (both conventional and automated) with project performance control. In the second part of the study, a benefit analysis is evaluated based on the sixteen (16) journal and international conference papers and also twenty-four (24) international construction projects for which automated progress monitoring was employed. The research findings validate the positive impact of real-time, accurate, and cost-effective automated progress monitoring environments and reveal how automated progress monitoring affects construction project success.

Construction Industry has a very important role for the economic development of the country. This industry also contributes for the social development. But in recent time delay in construction project has become major problem to development industry. These delays are most common problem in every type of construction project. Delays are caused by different reasons with different impact on the project. Hence delays can't be avoided thoroughly, but it can be controlled or its effect can be minimized by means of different precautionary steps. The main focus for the study was to find major causes because of which projects are delayed. Almost 48 causes were found by previous studies. The survey was carried by providing questionnaire to different authorities related with construction projects. Such as Owners, Contractors, Project Manager, Consultants etc. The data collected from survey was analyzed by means of RII (Relative Importance Index).According to this information factors were ranked as per their contribution to the delay in project.

The occurrence of a delay in the construction project is a common problem in civil engineering. There is an increase in the number of construction projects experiencing extensive delays leading to exceeding the initial time and cost budget. The delay is a situation where the actual progress of a construction project is slower than the planned schedule. This paper presents a major construction delay caused by rank order retrieved from past literature by analyzing several negative effects. Even though over the years, existing Delay Analysis Techniques (DATs) for aiding this decision-making have been helpful but have not succeeded in curbing the high incidence of disputes associated with delay claims resolutions and a major source of the disputes lies with the limitations and capabilities of the techniques in their practical use. Developing a good knowledge of these aspects of the techniques is of paramount importance in understanding the real problematic issues involved and their improvement needs. So analyzing all the data's over a decade this paper seeks to develop such knowledge and understanding. Thus this paper presents a major construction delay caused by rank order retrieved from past literature. It is followed by collecting a list of factors that cause the delay in a construction project. The collected factors are analyzed categorized into groups with ranking. A scheduling model of the apartment building is developed using MS-Project. To develop delay factors influencing in the model. As a result, the comparison between actual schedule progress and factors influencing the schedule are determined. From the study, the unforced delay is identified, so that that delay can be considered in the developing of any future construction scheduling work.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and prove the effect of project management knowledge (PMBOK5th) in improving manager competence and construction project performance. The location of research data collection was carried out in the city of Surabaya and surrounding areas (Indonesia). The study population consisted of 35 large and medium-sized qualification contractor companies that were carrying out 62 construction projects in the city of Surabaya. Projects currently underway include projects: Apartments, office buildings, roads, bridges, housing and others. While the research respondents were site managers and project manager's as many as 135 respondents who were determined by purposive sampling. Data collection tools use nominal scale questionnaires (Likert 1-5). Data analysis using SPSS and AMOS 22.0. The results of the study concluded that project management knowledge according to PMBOK5th had a positive and significant effect on improving manager competency and construction project performance. There are different levels of importance for the priority implementation of project management knowledge for medium qualification contractors and large qualifications.

Estimating of the overhead costs of building construction
projects is an important task in the management of these
projects. The quality of construction management depends
heavily on their accurate cost estimation. Construction
costs prediction is a very difficult and sophisticated task
especially when using manual calculation methods. This
paper uses Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to
develop a parametric cost-estimating model for site
overhead cost in Egypt. Fifty-two actual real-life cases of
building projects constructed in Egypt during the seven
year period 2002-2009 were used as training materials.
The neural network architecture is presented for the
estimation of the site overhead costs as a percentage from
the total project price.

The main objective of this paper is to identify the challenges in implementing digital transformation in construction projects. Digital transformation is vital for construction projects due to its many benefits including increased productivity and an improved collaborative environment. A literature review was conducted to study the existing publications on digital transformation to identify the possible challenges and barriers that affect the construction industry transformation. Papers published from 2019 to 2021 were studied for this literature review with the objective of finding the latest knowledge on this topic. This paper identifies challenges and barriers in the construction sector as well as solutions to overcome the possible challenges. Digital transformation phases, processes and resources are discussed in this paper. This study also identified gaps and future research areas to obtain more accurate data regarding the challenges in digital transformation in construction projects.

The construction industry is widely associated with a high risk and uncertainty due to the nature of its operating environment. This study aims to identify and evaluate key risk factors and their frequency and severity and then their impact in different types of construction projects in India. A questionnaire survey was conducted and a total of thirty nine critical factors were identified and categorized into five groups. These are: Administrative Aspect, Financial Aspect, Manpower Aspect, Technical Aspect. The results are presented on the basis of Relative index method and Z-Test.

Construction project is a continuous activity that link to one another. If there is a delay in one activity it can make delay to the other activity. One of the factors that affect the project completion time is the productivity of each activity. Research of Contractor point of view on the productivity of construction project is expected to give more actual description of Contractor point of view on work productivity and identifying factors that strongly affect productivity so that it can be used as guidance to take steps to improve productivity in construction project. The method that this research use is questionnaire distribution. This method is chosen because it makes easier for researcher to collect data, saving time, and shorten research time. The research result shows that according to contractor, productivity needs to be increase so that construction project quality also improve. According to contractor poit of view, technology can be used as a solution to increase productivity in construction project.

Delay in project execution is one of the outmost problems that lead to delay to operation and subsequently, early structural erosion or financial supply disturbance, etc. Delay is fallen into several categories and each category has its own specific origin. However, in the present paper, environmental factors causing delay to projects are investigated. Delay to Construction Projects operation can be prevented by embedding environmental studies, namely environmental impact assessment (EIA) in initial studies. Given that environmental events cannot be predicted and we can only rely on statistic reports of previous periods, the effect of embedding such assessment in projects is so useful that every manger is convinced to make use of this assessment in study phase. The research results revealed that it is necessary to present EIA in initial studies to prevent delay to Construction Projects operation. In the following, given to the necessity of checklist, the quality of the designed checklist was investigated. Finally, the checklist was implemented and checked. In this study, each of the research questions was separately tested.

During 2007 one-fifth of the world’s GDP was made up of project based work (Bredillet 2007: 3). Even functional organisations are experiencing a shift towards project-based management due to the fact that many repetitive activities
are being replaced by processes such as automation. On the other hand organisations are flatter in their structure with wider spans of control where teamwork is more prominent (Burke & Barron, 2007: 223).

There is in other words an overall shift towards project-based work around the globe which emphasises the need for proper project management and project leadership competencies to ensure project success (Thomas & Bendoly 2009:70).

This shift is altering the job requirements of management and leadership. As an example, instead of supervising repetitive activities, management in these organisations now often make use of projects to improve production or quality aspects which in the past would have been part of routine tasks. Managing
these projects demands a completely different skill set (Dinsmore 1999: 12; Wills 2010: 98).

Project management is especially prominent in the property development and construction industry and is also often influenced by this industry (Han, Yusof, Ismail & Aun 2011: 90). Property development projects are complex endeavours
as it involves numerous stakeholders and span over long periods of time, leaving it susceptible to the fast changing environment during the span of the project life cycle (Chan, Scott & Chan 2004: 153; Bauer 2006: 13).

Most professionals now agree that different projects require different managerial and leadership approaches and that the human factor related to these projects, influenced through leadership, is especially critical in the success of property
development and construction projects (Chan, Scott & Chan, 2004: 154; Muller & Turner 2007: 298; Han, Yusof, Ismail & Aun 2012: 91).

Several studies suggest that different leadership competency profiles better suit certain project types or even project phases and result thus in higher efficiency and successful outcomes if matched accordingly (Crawford, Hobbs & Turner 2005, as cited by Muller & Turner 2006: 21; Dulewicz & Higgs 2005: 106; Randeree & Chaudhry 2007: 220; Geoghegan & Dulewicz 2008: 58; Muller & Turner 2010: 85). These findings corresponds with literature on general management within an organisational context (Turner and Muller 2005: 49; Muller & Turner 2006: 21).

Efficiency, the process where lowest amount of input creates the highest level of output, is a necessity in this industry to render projects feasible and successful. Budget, time and cost constraints, which are known as the iron triangle of project management, are not the only criteria for project success, especially when it comes to the sustainability of the development company. Project leadership also focus on aspects such as self-leadership and stakeholder relationships (Burke & Barron 2007: 20) which is required for a sustainable existence of any development company.

Thus, to be an efficient leader in project environments certain competencies are required throughout the lifespan of a project.

The supply chain (SC) is a new term that emphasizes the interaction between marketing, logistics, and production. With the adoption of the SC comes the opportunity primarily related to the management of procurement of logistics materials across corporate borders, such as between firms and their suppliers. This paper presents the issues and the lifting process for supply chain management in construction projects. Discussions on issues faced by contractors relating to material procurement process have also been captured and enhancement strategies related to management, human relations, and information and communication technology have been brought forward to improve the performance of SCM materials. This study suggests that the management of material supply chains can be enhanced through management integration, human relations, and information and communication technology. This paper also considers the potential of implementing SCM to integrate the construction process in Malaysia, and therefore addressing important issues including the vague definition of what is needed from the client, lack of communication between parties involved in the material supply chain, ambiguity between plans and quantity bills, and low cost associated with the traditional process of material procurement.

The construction industries are wide related to a high risk and uncertainty because of the character of its operational
surroundings. This study aims to spot and value key risk factors and their frequency and severity than their impact in several styles of
construction. A survey was conducted and a complete of sixty five important factors were known and categorised into eight teams.
These are: Financial risk, Legal risk, Management risk, Market risk, Political and Technical risk, Environmental risk, and
Social risk.

In Gujarat, the growth of construction industry development is comparatively higher than any other industries. But the safety level of construction industry is quite lower than any other industries. As the construction industry is highly labor intensive, employees around 10 million people and the rate of workplace fatal accidents in construction sector is four to five times than that of the manufacturing sector so the issue of safety assumes importance. Construction project sites are often full with probable h azards that lead towards serious injury or death. Occupational safety in the construction industry is very poor in developing countries. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the safety performance level of construction projects. For this a compr ehensive literature from concerning various literatures was deployed to find the factors affecting on project performance. The founded factors was categorized in eight categorized like self-protection, housekeeping, scaffolding, access to height, organizational, first aid, fire protection and general category. Questionnaire survey was held in three cities of Gujarat and total 197 questionnaire was distributed to various project stakeholders like developer, contractor and project managers. Out of the total distributed questionnaire 153 questionnaire was useful. During the site visits it was noticed that due to awareness, lack of safety training, lack of safety training, lack of safety promotion, and lack of documented and organized safety managemen t systems the performance level is very lower then developed countries a project level. The outcome of questionnaire survey and site visits describes that most of projects running between extremely unsafe to unsafe level.