Coperate Governance

Engagement between Iwi Maori and local government operates within a complex environment of involving multiple expectations within multiple statutory frameworks. Not surprisingly different models of engagement have developed, some of which are more successful than others at achieving meaningful relationships and acknowledging the unique status of indigenous organisations.

Though the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and governance (CG) have
been evolving for decades, no single all-encompassing meaning has as yet been achieved.
This paper seeks to explore the interrelationship between CSR and CG and its Indian context.
The paper argues about the implication of these concepts in Indian businesses. The first part
of the paper states the increased focus of CG in CSR, and its linkage with business practices.
The second part states the recent transformation in the legal norms to be followed by
corporate houses, highlighting the essential of good governance. The third part of the paper
discusses the prospects and challenges drawn by the stakeholders outlining the success of
CSR in 2014.
The methodology used for the research is secondary and the main objective is to outline the
overlapping of CSR and CG and the growing need of the developing nation to understand the
core importance of moving beyond CG conformance towards voluntary CSR performance.
This paper can provide an insight about the current CSR practices being carried out in this
competitive era, especially in Indian corporate scenario.

Abstract
This study aims to determine the Impact of Board Structure on the Performance of listed Commercial
Banks on the Colombo Stock Exchange. This study examines the relationship between Board
Structure and Corporate Financial Performance of listed commercial banks using a sample of 12
banks listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange, based on data from 2015 to 2019. Descriptive,
correlation and regression analyses were performed to achieve the study objectives. This study uses
the company's performance based on the following financial performance measures: return on assets
(ROA) and return on equity (ROE) and board structure consisting of board size, female board
members, non-executive directors, and frequency of board meetings. Bank capital is used as the
control variable in this study. The study's findings suggest that the frequency of board meetings and
non-executive directors have a negative and substantial influence on ROE, while the frequency of
board meetings has a significant and negative impact on ROA. Additionally, bank capital has a
positive and significant impact on ROA. However, the board size, female board members, and bank
capital have no significant impact on ROE while board size, non-executive directors, and female
board members have no significant impact on ROA of CSE-listed commercial banks. This study
contributes to the literature on corporate governance and firm performance by providing the
framework that affects the relationship between board structure and firm performance in the context
of listed commercial banks. The findings of the study are important for policymakers, investors,
regulators, and other bankers of the country. Commercial banks listed in Colombo Stock Exchange
would put more attention on the structure and quality of the board to improve their performance.
Concerning the study's scope, the present study only included CSE-listed commercial banks. Thus,
additional research is needed to study the entire Sri Lankan banking system and 20 business
sectors. Further, this study only looked at accounting-based measures such as ROA and ROE. Tobin's
Q, for example, can be employed as a dependent variable. Future studies should be done by including
cross-border analysis of developing and developed countries.
Keywords: Bank Capital, Board Size, Female Board Members, Frequency of Board Meetings, Non-Executive Directors ROA, ROE

Grass root development is a complex process and involves warm, gradual and considerate efforts. Community participation is a requisite to attaining this form of development. Democratic governance which could have encouraged community participation has hindered it in several measures based on how it is been practiced in Nigeria. The paper explores the perspectives of Modakeke-Ife community elites on threats to community participation in grass root governance and development. Qualitative data from 30 adult elites in the three wards of Modakeke revealed that the people of the community are sidelined in decisions affecting them. There is still suspicion of favouritsim in governments' approach to development of the community. In conclusion, to encourage better community participation there must be more representation of the people, trust and confidence in the government.