Credit Unions

Recent legislative efforts to protect credit unions against unfavorable legislation reflect the growing importance of credit unions in the U.S. financial services sector. Efforts to address new technologies, combined with deregulation in financial services, have led changes in the field of membership rules governing how credit unions are chartered and how
they may grow. These regulations have clear geographic implications for defining communities and for offering financial services and education to particular segments of the population. This paper briefly reviews the history of credit unions, then examines the Credit Union Membership Access Act of 1998 (CUMAA) and the National Credit Union Administration's (NCUA) interpretation and implementation. A
case study of two Florida locales is used to analyze the changes in credit union charters and their expansion in the rapidly changing market. The results point to the possibility that credit union expansion as currently legislated may be an effective way to insure access to financial services.

Keywords:credit union, financial services, community, fields of membership, regulation

Islam is a practical way of life for humanity with its own systems in every aspect of life whether cultural, social, political or economic. In the economic sphere, Muslim societies around the globe have inherited mostly interest-based feudal, capitalist or socialist economic systems. As there was no working model, Muslim economists and scholars made considerable efforts to develop their own Shari’ah-compliant economic model and financial institutions. Since 1960’s, the Islamic finance industry has grown exponentially to surpass the USD 2.1 tln mark end 2014. The Islamic banking and Sukuk sectors dominate the Islamic finance industry (approximately 80% and 15% respectively) while Islamic microfinance has less than 1% market share. Islamic financial institutions are often criticized of operating or mimicking the capitalist mode and offering nothing more than a modified conventional loan. It is also questioned whether Islamic financial institutions have indeed contributed to achieve the objectives of Islamic economics alongside a healthy and growth-oriented economy where the necessities of life and spiritual peace are available to society at large. The purpose of this paper is to propose an inclusive financial institution model (Islamic Credit Union), based on cooperative and Islamic financial principles, which is a community-based institution. Such a model has so far received only sporadic attention in the market. The paper also presents the status of Islamic Credit Unions worldwide and discusses the legal and operational framework and opportunities of the Islamic Credit Union model.

Keywords: Islamic Credit Union, inclusive model, financial needs, legal and operational framework, opportunities

In this monography the theoretical and practical questions of a world
and Ukrainian cooperative movement are considered, the sight, new, not
traditional for Ukraine, on cooperative societies as the non-profitable form
of managing, form of the self-help, economic and social self-protection of
the population is displayed. On the basis of the analysis of world expcriPnce
the attempt is carried out to solve the important scientific problem -- to
develop the basic rules of the modern theory of cooperation and to crPat P
theoretical base for revival in Ukraine of the most various forms of lhe
cooperative self-help of the urban and rural population.
The fundamental theoretical questions of development of credil
cooperation as the forms of the financial self-help of the population are
investigated, the foreign models of credit cooperative societies, system of
cooperative crediting of the different countries, expansion of credit
cooperation in the countries of the world, theoretical and practical
questions of development of credit cooperation in the world and in Ukraine
are analysed. There are developed and is scientifically proven main
conceptual directions for solving of an important for Ukraine scientific and
applied problem - organization of system of the self-help of the population
in conditions of an economic crisis.
This monography will help political and public figures of Ukraine to
see essentially new direction in solving of social problems of the population,
and will show population a possible solution of a difficult economic
situation.
For scientists, deputies of different levels, farmers, small businessmen
and wide circle of the readers, which are interested in idea of the economic
self-help of the urban and rural population.

"...Consumer Complaint Filed with MA AGO on 07/23/2020 – Filed against the Plaintiff – JEANNE D’ARC CREDIT UNION and their retained counsel of record, SANDRA BOULAY, Esq., Principal of BOULAY LAW FIRM, LLC (9 Central Street, Lowell, MA, 01852), who as a matter of record, continue to make false, deceptive and misleading statements when attempting to collect a debt – evidenced violations to the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act, M.G.L. c. 93A. These violations have continued for nearly a DECADE, as evidenced by the transcripts associated with this Docket – and most recently in an email exchange between both parties that shows the same patterns of
deceptive conduct – only this time with the intention to deceive multiple government offices/agencies..."

La tesis tiene como objeto la indagación acerca de las formass de crédito cooperativo y mutual de crédito como posibles fuentes de financiamiento para microemprendimientos y mipymes del sector cultural y creativo. Adopta una metodología cualitativa mediante el estudio de casos, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Estas fueron realizadas a veinte unidades económicas con diversas características dentro del sector cultural creativo, a tres mutuales de crédito y a tres cooperativas de crédito.
Con el trabajo de campo se buscó establecer en qué condiciones los emprendimientos estudiados podrían aprovechar las fuentes de  financiamiento de nuestro interés, ya sea mediante su incorporación como asociadas a una institución ya existente o mediante la conformación de una institución nueva, sin historia previa.
La primera parte del marco teórico de la tesis consiste en la presentación y definición de los conceptos que serán usados en el resto del trabajo: financiamiento, industria cultural, industria creativa, microemprendimiento y MiPyME. Luego se fundamenta nuestro enfoque y nuestro interés en instituciones que funcionan bajo los principios cooperativos. A continuación se hace una detallada y extensa descripción de los problemas que las unidades económicas pequeñas, tanto de sectores creativos y culturales como de otros, tienen normalmente para acceder a financiamiento en el sector bancario en nuestro país. La tesis sigue con una descripción técnica e histórica de las cooperativas y las mutuales, así como de las instituciones del asociativismo que se dedican al crédito y que son foco de nuestro interés: las cooperativas de
crédito y las mutuales de crédito. Finalmente, se desarrolla toda la información recabada en las más de veinte entrevistas que conformaron el trabajo de campo.
La tesis logra identificar las amplias dificultades que la figura de la cooperativa de crédito muestra actualmente ante las diferentes demandas financieras que el sector cultural y creativo podría llegar a presentarle; mientras que por otra parte, logra identificar en las mutuales de crédito un mecanismo mucho más permeable a las necesidades de pequeñas unidades económicas con una evaluación crediticia desfavorable, como suele suceder en nuestro campo en cuestión.
Por último, se propone la incorporación de las mutuales de crédito a la actividad de los espacios culturales, tal como ya funcionan con mucho éxito en muchos clubes deportivos en diversas provincias de nuestro país, asegurándoles ingresos adicionales, sustentabilidad, solidez económica y financiera, y proporcionando valiosos servicios a sus asociados

This monograph is dedicated to the social and economic nature of credit
unions as cooperative form in finance-credit area and the possibilities of using of
international experience in their activity in Ukraine. It introduces comparative
analysis of organizing and financial mechanisms of credit union activity in the
USA, Canada and Ukraine.
By materials on credit unions of the USA and Canada, and also on base of
materials of World Council of Credit Unions V. Honcharenko has shown the plaсe
of credit unions in socio-economic system and their importance for various strata
of society. Also, he has proposed the mechanism for improving of credit union
activity and cooperative legislation of Ukraine.
For scientists, employees and members of credit unions, teachers, students
and all readers, who are interested in idea of financial self-reliance and economic
self-protection of people.

"...Based on this Pro Se litigant’s interpretation of the law, any judicial officer who consciously decides to rule without jurisdiction has by definition - "Warred against the Constitution of the United States…” Included in the legal communication to the White House is the 02-16-2022 Emergency Motion that was filed to notify the Court of this serious criminal violation, along with supporting documentation that evidences a history of egregious (and uncorrected) judicial abuses dating as far back as 2015 (See attached, below)..."

Дис. д-ра екон. наук: 08.05.01 / Київський нац. ун-т імені Тараса Шевченка. – Київ, 2002. – 492 арк. 

Honcharenko V.V. Formation of the world credit cooperatives’ system: theory, methodology, practice: Dissertation of Doctor of Economic Sciences: 08.05.01 / Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University. - Kyiv, 2002. - 492 p.
Theoretical and practical aspects of cooperatives' activity as a unique non-profitable form of economic self-help of people (including crediting) are researched in the dissertation. Peculiarities of historical models of credit cooperatives, their national modifications, and multilevel national systems have been determined. Various types of credit cooperatives (credit unions, cooperative banks, rural cooperatives, etc.), peculiarities of their origin and regularities of development in different countries and in different historical periods are described. Financial mechanism, specifics of management, tendencies of development in different historical, political and economic conditions are considered in detail. Cooperation between national systems of credit cooperatives at the international level is shown.
Keywords : cooperative, types of cooperatives, cooperative principles, credit union, cooperative bank, cooperative system, international cooperative movement, credit cooperative

La economía social durante el siglo XIX mexicano tuvo ejercicios importantes de solidaridad, cooperativismo y ahorro en consonancia con los sistemas alternos de financiación en Europa. Por ejemplo las cajas de ahorro Raiffeisen, las iniciativas de Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch y la instauración de los Sparkassenbanken o bancos especializados de ahorro. La organización de aquellos trabajos puso atención también en las experiencias italiana, española, irlandesa y estadunidense. Algunas notas sobre el caso mexicano.

Le développement de la coopération en Ukraine est adossé à l'idée nationale, d'où l'essor remarquable du mouvement dès la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle et jusqu'à l'instauration du régime communiste. Le mouvement coopératif, comme le montre cet article, représentait une menace pour le pouvoir communiste, qui n'eut alors de cesse de le détruire, recréant en parallèle de pseudo-coopératives, à l'image des kolkhozes, dépouillées des véritables principes coopératifs. La période de la "perestroïka" ne fit par la suite que jeter un nouveau discrédit sur l'idée coopérative. C'est dans ce contexte que l'Ukraine, état indépendant depuis 1991, tente de restaurer les conditions d'un développement coopératif. A l'aube de l'an 2000, qu'en est-il de la situation dans les différents secteurs ? http://www.recma.org/article/le-mouvement-cooperatif-en-ukraine-histoire-et-renaissance

When organizations use social accounting practices, they are able to measure their performance in terms of benefits accrued to key stakeholders such as their communities, human resources, and those investing in the organization. This innovative change in accounting can lead to a fundamentally different perspective on the value of an organization. Through case studies of organizations that have implemented social accounting in the United States, Canada, India, and Scotland, Accounting for Social Value provides a unique perspective for understanding key issues in this growing field.

Building on two related titles, Researching the Social Economy (2010) and Businesses with a Difference (2012), Accounting for Social Value offers academics, accountants, policy-developers, and members of non-profit, co-operative, and for-profit organizations tools and insights to explore the connections between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The lessons learned are valuable not only for other social economy organizations, but also for organizations in the public and for-profit sectors.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Contributors

Part I: Introduction

1. Social Accounting for the Social Economy
LAURIE MOOK (Arizona State University)

Part II: Developing New Social Accounting Frameworks

2. Developing Techniques for Stewardship: A Scottish Study
MASSIMO CONTRAFATTO (University of Bergamo) and JAN BEBBINGTON (University of St. Andrews)

3. Fair Trade Intermediaries and Social Accounting: The Case of Assisi Organics
DARRYL REED (York University), ANANYA MUKHERJEE (York University), J.J. MCMURTRY (York University) and MANJULA CHERKIL (Indian Institute of Management)

4. Stakeholder Engagement in the Design of Social Accounting and Reporting Tools
LESLIE BROWN (Mount Saint Vincent University) and ELIZABETH HICKS

5. Mixed Methods in Social Accounting: Evaluating the Micro-Loan Program of Alterna Savings Credit Union
EDWARD T. JACKSON (Carleton University) and MICHELE TARSILLA (Western Michigan University)

6. The Demonstrating Value Initiative: Social Accounting for Social Enterprises
BRYN SADOWNIK (Vancity Community Foundation)

7. Measuring the Performance of Convention and Visitors Bureaus
TIMOTHY J. TYRRELL (Arizona State University) and ROBERT J. JOHNSTON (George Perkins Marsh Institute)

PART III: Moving Forward

8. Environmental, Ethical Trade and Fair Trade Purchasing Policies: Some Challenges of Promoting Sustainability in Canadian Universities
J.J. MCMURTRY, JACQUELINE MEDALYE (York University) and DARRYL REED (York University)

9. The Role of Intermediaries in Social Accounting: Insights from Effective Transparency Systems
KATHERINE RUFF (Charity Intelligence Canada)

10. Social Accounting: Lessons Learned for the Road Ahead
LAURIE MOOK and MIKULAS PSTROSS (Arizona State University)"""

When organizations use social accounting practices, they are able to measure their performance in terms of benefits accrued to key stakeholders such as their communities, human resources, and those investing in the organization. This innovative change in accounting can lead to a fundamentally different perspective on the value of an organization. Through case studies of organizations that have implemented social accounting in the United States, Canada, India, and Scotland, Accounting for Social Value provides a unique perspective for understanding key issues in this growing field. Building on two related titles, Researching the Social Economy (2010) and Businesses with a Difference (2012), Accounting for Social Value offers academics, accountants, policy-developers, and members of non-profit, co-operative, and for-profit organizations tools and insights to explore the connections between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The lessons learned are valuable not only for ot...

Some Canadian provinces have already adopted Basel III rules for the oversight of their administrated credit unions. We analyze the importance of the Basel III additional capital buffer requirements for credit union prudential regulation. Based on a sample of the 100 largest credit unions in Canada from 1996 to 2014, we find that Canadian credit union capital buffers behave countercyclically over the business cycle. Further, credit unions hold a capital buffer bigger than the maximum buffer advocated under Basel III which is 5% of risk-weighted assets (RWA). These results suggest that, unlike commercial banks worldwide, credit unions, by and large, are already in compliance with the new Basel III buffer requirements. However, there is evidence that the capital buffers of low-capitalized credit unions are procyclical. These credit unions increased their RWA during booms but failed to build up additional capital accordingly. Hence, weakly capitalized credit unions are more likely to adjust their capital buffers if they are subject to Basel III capital buffer regulation.

On April 19, 2018, the third Global Findex Database was released by the World Bank at the Bank’s Spring Meetings. According to CGAP, this dataset is “the financial inclusion community’s best demand-side measure of financial inclusion globally.” Launched with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Findex database now has three years of time series data available, for 2011, 2014, and 2017, which can tell a compelling tale on access to financial services over the past 6 years. Conducted in collaboration with Gallup Inc., the research consists of nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults, age 15 and above, in over 140 countries. This article is based on the final dataset that is publicly available on the World Bank Group website. Overall, the dataset points to an increasingly inclusive financial world that is also transitioning to a digital economy. Bangladesh, too, made impressive gains in certain yardsticks for financial inclusion based on this dataset. For instance, the share of people with financial accounts increased from 29 percent to 41 percent, in three years. However, following a critical analysis, the author suggested all stakeholders involved in financial inclusion to prioritize the focus on the usage of accounts. It is only when people are actively using their accounts will we have meaningful financial inclusion, and the impact of ongoing efforts will be fully realized.

Intervento al convegno Confcommercio-Ambrosetti I protagonisti del mercato e gli scenari per gli anni 2000 23 marzo 2019, Villa d'Este, Cernobbio


https://www.centroeuroparicerche.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/20190412Cernobbio_Giacche.pdf

The Great Recession created interest in addressing income and wealth inequality, particularly financial exclusion in “banking deserts.” Given credit unions’ history in effectively combating financial marginalization in asset-challenged communities, member-driven social finance would appear a policy solution. However, using spatial econometrics and visual analysis, this article uses the case of Los Angeles County to see whether credit unions are filling what are formally regarded as “spatial voids” in low-income and Black neighborhoods compared to traditional banks and alternative financial service providers (AFSPs). It posits three findings. First, Black populations and poverty rates do not positively predict credit union locations; in fact, these variables are negatively correlated with banks and AFSPs. Second, socioeconomic factors matter, but not consistently across space and institutional types. Lastly, spatial models are more reliable for both visual and statistical pattern detection than non-spatial models. While limited, these findings suggest where and for whom opportunities lie for equitable asset development.

Financial intermediaries at the center of the financial system have a role in reallocating household unit excess resources to other financial units. The Savers desire a short-term loan, and the Borrowers want a long-term borrowing. From conventional banking, financial intermediaries have developed into more sophisticated intermediaries like investment banks, pension funds, venture capital funds, mutual funds and hedge funds because of market imperfections and information asymmetry. This article explains how financial intermediaries are playing a vital role in the financial Marke

On June 13, 2012, two hundred people participated in a one-day conference at Drexel University that explored what urban areas of Philadelphia and Madison, and rural areas in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, can learn from one another about building cooperatives and cooperative networks, and what cooperatives contribute to cities, regions, and states. The conference included sessions that examined specific cooperatives in detail. This publication is a compilation of 20 case studies of cooperatives presented at the conference.

Purpose – Red flags are mechanisms that can be used by internal auditors for early detection of possible fraud. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify the relevance credit unions’ internal auditors attribute to red flags in assessing fraud risk.

Design/methodology/approach – This article is characterized as descriptive concerning its goals, as a survey as to is procedures, and as quantitative in reference to its approach to the problem. The sample consists of 51 internal auditors working in Credit Union Centers in southern Brazil.

Findings – Results indicate that, in the assessment of fraud risk, internal auditors attribute greater importance to red flags referring to operational activities and internal control procedures. In addition, it is suggested that internal auditors are not impartial concerning their perception of relevance of most of the warning signs of the possibility of fraud.

Originality/value – The findings contribute by demonstrating to internal auditors the need for greater attention to the use of red flags as auditing tools.

Banking industry plays an important role in the Armenian and other Post-Soviet Union countries’ economies and MFIs can play an important role in bringing economic growth, in removing indifference of wealth. Nowadays, taking into account the fact that microfinance industry is playing a key role in the poverty reduction rates of the counties, it is important to examine the efficiency of their performance, particularly, the social and financial missions and to find out best financial product which meets to these goals. A mixed methodology of secondary data literature review and quantitative analyses was applied. Overall, 80 respondents participated in quantitative analyses; 40 MFI employees of middle level and 40 MFI clients from Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan. According to the main findings of the research, the best financial service which will balance the ecosystem of MFIs is subsidized loans
and low percentage rate financing of specific projects as MFIs are more
flexible rather than commercial banks which gives them benefit in implementing targeted financing and small projects implementation. This will also certainly provide less risky environment for MFIs. Micro insurance can play also positive role in attraction of less risky clients and provision of best financial services.

The purpose of this work is to identify features and develop new theoretical and methodological approaches to the implementation of fnancial management in credit unions of Ukraine.
Целью статьи является выявление особенностей и разработка новых теоретико-методологических подходов по осуществлению финансового менеджмента вкредитных союзах Украины.

"...As of today - Thursday, May 6, 2021 and despite numerous legal updates delivered over the past ten (10) months to both you - and also to Assistant AG and Chief of the AG’s Insurance and Financial Services Division - Glenn Kaplan, there still has been no response from the MA AGO - including the Consumer's request for MEDIATION assistance...
As a respectful reminder, the MA AGO has also been included in email communications that evidenced JDCU & Boulay Law Firm LLC's efforts to purposefully DECEIVE Federal/State Prosecutors and other Gov. offices/agencies (See below to view attached email from 07-22-2020). It remains unclear as to why thus far, the MA AGO has yet to legally address these evidenced criminal violations of record..."

BREAKING 08/07/2020: HARIHAR's Proposal to correct HOMESTEAD Protection issues will (in part) resolve legal issues in the Lowell District Court w/ the Plaintiff - Jeanne D'Arc Credit Union; and separately, will go a long way as a sign of GOOD FAITH in the US District Court by the Defendant - Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Ref. the $42B Federal Lawsuit - HARIHAR v US BANK, et al, Docket No. 15-cv-11880).

Despite the legislative gains made by the women’s movement in the 1960s and 1970s, economic discrimination persisted. One of the obstacles women faced was access to credit, which, in a capitalist system – as many feminists realized – meant access to power. Toward that end, feminists on the left founded their own credit unions, and not long after, mainstream feminists launched women’s banks. This paper explores how, in unique ways, feminist credit unions and women’s banks sought to use the tools of capitalism to thwart economic discrimination, educate and empower women, and help fund the growth of the women’s movement. For years, feminists had increasingly launched businesses to enable women to make a living while promoting economic equality and the growth of the feminist movement. But feminist financial institutions went one step further. Banks and credit unions drew back the curtain on the gendered nature of money and, at the same time, sought to re-gender it. Feminist credit unions did so by seeking to create new anti-capitalist and separatist institutions, whereas the more mainstream women’s banks embraced capitalism but wanted to give women equal access to everything within it. While gender inspired the advent of both feminist credit unions and women’s banks, gender – and gender politics – would also prove to be their undoing as both struggled to thwart bias and to balance economic realities with loftier political, social, and cultural goals. While both institutions were short-lived, they offer a window onto the links feminists made between activism and entrepreneurship.

This study explores the perceptions of members and non-members of credit unions concerning the benefits offered by credit unions and analyses the reasons why individuals decided to join (or not join) credit unions. Using structured interviews, the authors collected data from members and non-members of credit unions in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. While economic benefits (accesses to loans and deposits, simpler procedures of loans, higher interest rates of deposits and lower interest rates of loans) were dominant, findings show the existence of non-economic benefits (the value of credit unions’ social purpose and financial education and training) that also became the drivers of membership. Interestingly, the majority of respondents joined credit
unions because they were invited by their friends, family members, and community leaders, showing the importance of recruitment efforts by recruiting agents known by potential members. This study suggests that credit unions need to deliberately promote their non-economic benefits (i.e. credit unions as organization pursuing social goals, facilitating member to help others and acquire financial education, training, and organizational experiences) through both, conventional media promotions and informal networks such as friends, family, and local communities. Moreover, credit unions need to create strategies for recruitment that structurally involve existing members as recruit agents.

Artikel ini merupakan Pengantar Majalah Basis Edisi Khusus Keuangan Mikro dan Credit Union (Nomor 03-04, Maret - April 2009). Edisi ini dapat dibaca sebagai bagian dari perayaan keberhasilan Microcredit Summit Campaign dalam menjangkau juataan orang miskin dengan kredit.

"... Parties were respectfully instructed to provide a documented response, confirming delivery to their respective policy carriers no later than October 16, 2020, as required by law. However, as of today, October 22, 2020, no response has been received by either party. Therefore, based upon my interpretation of the law, this failure(s) to report is considered as a breach of contract with EACH second party insurer and changes the nature of the Defendant's claim amounts to include punitive damages..."

This submission responds to a request for public submissions issued  by the Commission on Credit Unions established by the Department of Finance in Ireland. The submission seeks to influence the development of public policy with respect to Credit Unions and the process by which occurs. It also seeks to frame the operating model of credit unions in a manner which allows it to be analysed and critiqued. It adopts a systemic view of credit unions, placing them within the wider financial system and with interactions with other actors within that system. It recognises the social role that credit unions play, in addition to their economic role which is the primary focus of regulatory authorities. It seeks to achieve a series of checks and balances between the exercise of power by governance, regulatory, policy, legislative and parliamentary authorities in order to increase the achievability of desired public goals.

On April 19, 2018, the third Global Findex Database was released by the World Bank at the Bank’s Spring Meetings. According to CGAP, this dataset is “the financial inclusion community’s best demand-side measure of financial inclusion globally.” Overall, the dataset points to an increasingly inclusive financial world that is also transitioning to a digital economy. Bangladesh, too, made impressive gains in certain yardsticks for financial inclusion based on this dataset. For instance, the share of people with financial accounts increased from 29 percent to 41 percent, in three years. However, financial inclusion yardsticks should go beyond opening of bank and financial accounts and also encompass usage of accounts. It is only when people are actively using their accounts will we have meaningful financial inclusion.

ABSTRACTThis mixed methods study examines whether the rural/urban distribution of credit union/caisse populaire branches differs significantly from the general urban/rural demographic pattern in Canada. It also explores whether their distribution is different from that of banks, looking at the cases of Québec and Atlantic Canada. The study finds a rural tilt among financial cooperatives in Canada, and seven key informants present their views on the results. Their responses are categorized in two main themes: why financial cooperatives are overrepresented in rural and small town areas, and why they are under-represented in urban ones. A discussion follows, and directions for further study are provided.RÉSUMÉCette étude utilisant des méthodes combinées examine si la distribution des succursales de coopératives d’épargne et de crédit / caisses populaires en milieu rural et urbain diffère de façon importante de la tendance démographique générale des milieux urbains et ruraux au Canada. ...

"...On Monday, May 24, 2021, multiple offices within the DOJ and MA AGO were copied (along with other government offices/agencies) on a legal communication delivered in good faith to named Defendants in the Federal Complaint - HARIHAR v JEANNE D'ARC CREDIT UNION (Docket No. 20-cv-12293, US District Court, Boston, MA). In the attached email (Below), the legal communication stated that the Plaintiff was willing to consider the Court's Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Programs, as described under Fed. R. Civ. P. 16.4(c) - in an effort to resolve all existing legal issues and in the interest of judicial economy. However, the timeline for a response from the Defendants has since expired - and no response was received from either Defendant party. Therefore, it becomes necessary to move forward with the above-referenced civil complaint and the related criminal complaints filed with the FBI, DOJ and MA AGO..."