Debt Service

This paper, Freedom Forum, is based on the pillars of protection of human rights, media freedom, right to information and democracy. Freedom Forum has a strong belief that democracy can flourish only when there is people's participation in every decision making process on the one hand and on the other the leadership of public agency should be transparent and accountable to the people. It holds that if people do not have the right to know and are not empowered to question their government for accountability, democracy will not have real meaning in the true sense. Freedom Forum has the firm conviction that democracy cannot thrive and serve citizen's interests unless people's right to freedom of expression and of press is guaranteed. In addition, it posits that one of the major themes and working areas of Freedom Forum is protection and promotion of human rights. Freedom Forum believes that guarantee of fundamental rights will lead to the flourishing of democracy and improv...

The study draws on detailed reviews of the pay and employment aspects of three of the most durable and successful civil service reforms in Africa, all undertaken in a structural adjustment context: Ghana, the Gambia and Guinea. The institutional components of the three reform programs focus on reorganizing and strengthening the central personnel agency and on strengthening payroll management. Components included the development of improved personnel information systems (all three), the creation of a unified cadre of personnel officers and their training (all three), the establishment or strengthening of manpower planning, budgeting and control capabilities (all three), and the development of management services such as job inspections and management reviews (Ghana and The Gambia). All three programs also included the development of training policies and the strengthening of training delivery capacities throughout the civil service. Efforts to improve payroll management, as well as t...

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin 1994-2005 yıllarını kapsayan on iki yıllık dönem içinde döviz ihtiyacı, bütçe açıkları, dış borç anapara ve faiz ödemeleri vb. sebeplerle almış olduğu "dış borçların" ilgili dönemdeki artış ve azalışlarının analiz edilmesidir. Analiz dönemi kapsamında on iki yıl gibi bir süre ile sınırılandırılmasıyla, özellikle bu dönemde meydana gelen ekonomik ve politik gelişmelerin daha iyi kavranması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan temel yöntem, dış borç stoğunun temel ekonomik büyüklüklere oranlanması, bir diğer deyişle "dış borç rasyo analizleri" olmuştur. Çalışma sonunda elde edilen temel bulgu; ilgili dönemde dış borç miktarının gerçek ve/veya görünüşte artışının tek bir nedeni olmadığı ve ortalama olarak uluslararası kriterlerin üzerinde gerçekleştiğidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dış Borç, Rasyo(Oran) Analizleri, Borç Servisi, Borç Yükü.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to analyze the increases and decreases of the external debt which was borrowed for exchange needs, budget deficits, and principal and interest repayments of external debts of Turkey in the 12 year period, between 1994 and 2005.
A better comprehension of the period's economical and political developments is aimed by limiting the scope of the analysis period to 12 years.
The basic method that is used in the study is rationing the external debt stock to the main economical variables-in the other words, the accepted external debt ratio analysis.
The main verity of the study is that, in the related period, the increase in the amount of the external debt in real and current terms is not depent only one factor and the average was aterialized over the international criterions.
Keywords: External Debt, Rebt Ratio Analysis, Debt Service, Debt Burden

This paper assesses the sustainability of public debt in Egypt in light of recent fiscal trends. It discusses different estimates of the public debt in Egypt, analyzes key fiscal trends underlying recent growth in the public debt, explores whether these trends are structural or cyclical, and simulates debt-output trajectories based on alternative assumptions about key macroeconomic variables. The paper arrives at four main conclusions. First, Egypt presently has a high debt-output ratio relative to its comparators among lower middle-income countries. Second, the debt is being driven by structural factors rather than by cyclical ones. Third, the structural weaknesses of the budget are mainly related to low tax buoyancy and yields as well as to rising wage, subsidy and interest payment expenditures. Finally, simulation results show that both fiscal adjustment and economic growth would help restrain debt growth and achieve sustainability. In this respect, a desirable strategy would be ...

The main purpose of this work is to develop a case study assessing the recent patterns and impacts of ODA (official development assistance) and DAH (development assistance for health) to Liberia on overall government spending and domestic revenue generation as well as domestic government health spending. Specifically, the study will examine the recent flows of ODA and DAH resources into the country and test whether it is possible to determine the degree of fungibility in domestic budgetary expenditures and revenues, overall, as well as in domestic health budgetary spending and receipts (from internal and external sources) as a result of (or due to) ODA and DAH. The study will distinguish between targeted/earmarked aid and general budget support, and will attempt to distinguish commitments from actual disbursements (both for DAH and for government).

Water supply is essential for growth, as well as for social well-being. It is probably the most difficult of all infrastructure services to substitute, and its absence or deficiency represents a particular burden on the poor. In the developing world, 2 out of every 10 people lack access to a safe water supply, and 5 out of 10 have inadequate sanitation. This means that worldwide, more than 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water, and roughly 2.4 billion are without adequate sanitation. Yet even these estimates understate the extent of the access gap. Service is poor, even in many countries that have water supply systems. For many consumers, piped water is often intermittent, and, when available, it is unsafe for drinking. In addition, sanitation facilities are often inadequate, overloaded, in disrepair, or unused. To improve the situation, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 specified the targets of the Millennium Development Goals, which aim to ...

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Water utilities that rely entirely on public funding for capital investment often fall short in mobilizing resources and are, therefore, unable to sustain improvement in service delivery. In addition to sector governance reform and improved financial viability, there is a need for innovative strategies to bridge gaps in financing as highlighted by reports from important recent panels such as those chaired by Michel Camdessus and Angel Gurria. Both these panels have advocated the need to access funds from domestic financial markets. The workshop focused on two finance related obstacles to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on water and sanitation: mobilization of additional funding resources to develop the water sector; and ensuring that these investments result in sustainable service delivery. The workshop's program focused on three themes: a) reforms and practical strategies to improve performance and market access for water utilities based on lessons gleaned fro...