Disorder

Children who have been subject to early neglect or abuse may later develop considerable behaviour problems including depression, emotional instability and a propensity to be violent or aggressive with others. The wearisome behaviours may continue for a lengthy period of time even though the child has been placed in foster care centres, and the neglectful or abusive environment has stopped. Various neurobiological researches have observed that early neglect and abuse may result in distorted physiological response to tense stimuli, which affects the subsequent development of child's socialisation in a catastrophic way. The main focus of the paper would be upon discussing the various consequences of child abuse on behavioural development, and pointing out some behavioural clues which may send a signal that child abuse is still continuing. In the paper, the effects of the child abuse, on the various stages of behavioural developments, would be also analysed. The behaviour of the child is an external manifestation of inner security and stability. It is like a lens by which the family doctor can view the child's development all the way through the child's life. It is impossible to point out that which type of abuse has the most destructive effect on children. The various kinds of abuse can be classified as emotional abuse, psychological abuse and physical abuse, either of these abuses have the ability to affect the mental and behavioural development of the child. Family doctors should be alert and aware of the various clues which might suggest that the child abuse is taking place or that it is still subsisting, so that proper interventions can be taken to advance the interests of the children so affected. The role played by them can be vital in supporting caregivers by helping them understand the altered responses of the neglected or the abused child, mobilising accessible community resources and formulating strategies to cope up with the situation. Therefore, keeping in view that child abuse has very grave consequences for the development of child and family health throughout the whole life cycle, family doctor or physician should be conscious of the various sequelae and presentations of the child abuse, so that necessary interventions can be taken. However, universal screening is not suggested. The author would take recourse to systematic research while reviewing the clinical review articles, websites of child protection agency and relevant research.

Anxiety is an unpleasant state which acts as a signal that things are not right and something must be done. It is also a feeling of uneasiness, tension, fear and sense of imminent danger. The paper examined the underlying causes of anxiety disorder, types, symptoms and diagnosis or anxiety disorders. Counseling approaches or therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, meditation, play and art approaches and family approach for the treatment of anxiety disorders were recommended. Also awareness on how to prevent and work off an individual anxiety state should be intensified by professional therapists, parents, caregiver and administrative heads to help the students in the school system overcome the trauma of anxiety and lead a normal life.

Public confidence in policing has received much attention in recent years, but few studies outside of the US have examined the sociological and social-psychological processes that underpin trust and support. This study, conducted in a rural English location, finds that trust and confidence in the police is shaped not by sentiments about risk and crime, but by evaluations of the values and morals that underpin community life. Furthermore, to garner public confidence the police must be seen first to typify group morals and values and second to treat the public with dignity and fairness. All these findings are consistent with the perspective that people are Durkheimian in their attitudes towards crime, policing and punishment – a perspective developed here in this paper.

I decided to dedicate my story to everyone; everyone who, like me, does not just suffer with bipolar disorder, and the trail of destruction it leaves behind in our own lives and the lives of those around us, but everyone who suffers with mental illness. I don't want any of you to feel as lonely as I have for most of my life. I'm also writing this for the family and friends that suffer with us; those who often carry on supporting us regardless.

Recognizing and taking into consideration multiple forms of disorder constitutes a privileged way to grasp what is at the core of the idea of complexity. From physics and biology to psychology, sociology and anthropology, it seems legitimate to question the role of disorder in the everyday life. Considering phenomena such as chance, hazard, agitation, dispersion, perturbation, accident, noise, error, it seems therefore critical for practitioners and researchers in education to focus their attention on complementary, antagonistic and concurring relationships between order and disorder, and to question the role they play in the processes through which education and learning self-organize themselves. Disorder appears therefore as a key concept that has to be considered in education, in conjunction with the ideas of order, interaction and organization.
Promoting a conception of education that acknowledges and embraces the role played by heterogeneous forms of disorder appears therefore as a critical project. It raises at least three questions, respectively from an epistemological, educational and ethical perspective.

The present piece is aimed at debating critically the contributions and limitations of systems psychology in the treatment of disorders relating to anxiety and phobias. The criticism is based on the book entitled “Fears, Panics and Phobias, A Brief Therapy” authored by G. Nardone (1997, Editorial Herder, Barcelona) because of two main issues: from an epistemological point, systems paradigm does not distinguish experimentalism from linear causality. Secondly, serious ethic involvements are questioned considering the ways in which therapists conduct this kind of programs

Applying in a new setting Robert Sampson’s (2012) work on interdependent spatial patterns, we link structural characteristics of the neighbourhood to public beliefs and worries about neighbourhood violence via two intermediate mechanisms: (a) collective efficacy and (b) neighbourhood disorder. Analysing data from face-to-face interviews of 61,436 individuals living in 4,761 London neighbourhoods, we find that the strength of informal social control mechanisms and the extent of low-level breaches of common standards of behaviour communicates information about the prevalence and threat of violent crime in one’s neighbourhood. Moreover, collective efficacy partially mediates many of the statistical effects of structural characteristics of the neighbourhood – such as concentrated disadvantage – on beliefs and worries about violent crime. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Group comparisons of individuals with psychotic disorder and controls have shown alterations in white matter microstructure. Whether white matter microstructure and network connectivity is altered in adolescents with subclinical psychotic experiences (PE) at the lowest end of the psychosis severity spectrum is less clear. DWI scan were acquired in 48 individuals with PE and 43 healthy controls (HC). Traditional tensor-derived indices: Fractional Anisotropy, Axial Diffusivity, Mean Diffusivity and Radial Diffusivity, as well as network connectivity measures (global/local efficiency and clustering coefficient) were compared between the groups. Subclinical psychopathology was assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) questionnaires and, in order to capture momentary subclinical expression of psychosis, the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) questionnaires. Within the PE-group, interactions between subclinica...

Research suggests a two factor structure for negative symptoms in patients with psychotic disorders: social amotivation (SA) and expressive deficits (ED). Applying this two-factor structure in clinical settings may provide valuable information with regard to outcomes and to target treatments. We aimed to investigate 1) whether the factor structure is also supported in chronically ill patients with a psychotic disorder and 2) what the relationship is between these factors and functioning (overall functioning and living situation), depressive symptoms and quality of life. 1157 Patients with a psychotic disorder and a duration of illness of 5 years or more were included in the analysis (data selected from the Pharmacotherapy Monitoring Outcome Survey; PHAMOUS). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed using items of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale that were previously identified to reflect negative symptoms (N1-4, N6, G5, G7, G13, G16). Subsequently, regression analysis wa...

The objectives of this study were to provide estimates of the prevalence and strength of association between major depression and chronic pain in a primary care population and to examine the clinical burden associated with the two conditions, singly and together. A random sample of Kaiser Permanente patients who visited a primary care clinic was mailed a questionnaire assessing major depressive disorder (MDD), chronic pain, pain-related disability, somatic symptom severity, panic disorder, other anxiety, probable alcohol abuse, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Instruments included the Patient Health Questionnaire, SF-8, and Graded Chronic Pain Questionnaire. A total of 5808 patients responded (54% of those eligible to participate). Among those with MDD, a significantly higher proportion reported chronic (i.e., nondisabling or disabling) pain than those without MDD (66% versus 43%, respectively). Disabling chronic pain was present in 41% of those with MDD versus 10% of thos...

This study tested a cross-level integrated model of neighbourhood level disorder and individual level vulnerability, in relation to explaining individual differences in worry about criminal victimization1• The aim of the present study is (I) to establish ifthere is unique neighbourhood level variation in worry about criminal victimization, independent of neighbourhood composition, and (2) to establish the extent to which two proposed mechanisms at the individual level, prior local victimization and perceived disorder, act as mediators of a hypothesised effect of neighbourhood level disorder. Given the hierarchical structure of the research question a series of multilevel analyses based on data from a survey of more than 4,000 residents of a Swedish urban area was performed. Findings by and large indicate that there are significant neighbourhood level differences in worry about criminal victimization and that these differences are not completely due to compositional effects. Neighbou...

Background: Drug craving is a strong and resistant yearn to consume drugs; if not met, his condition would be followed by biopsychological issues, such as fatigue, anxiety, aggression, and depression. This study determined the effects of mindfulness training and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on drug craving and emotion regulation in clients with substance dependence. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and a control group design. The research population included all the clients with drug use disorders, referring to midterm substance-dependence treatment centers in Baghmalek City, Iran, in 2018. Using a convenience sampling method, 60 clients with drug use disorders, willing to participate in the project were selected. Accordingly, they were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (mindfulness training & dialectical behavior therapy), and a control group (n=20/group). The research instruments included the Substance Craving Questionnaire-NOW (SCQ-NOW) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). The first experimental group underwent twelve 45-minute weekly sessions of mindfulness training. Besides, the second experimental group received twelve 45-minute weekly sessions of dialectical behavior therapy. The control group received no treatment. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was applied in SPSS to analyze the obtained data. Results: The Mean±SD post-test scores of drug craving for mindfulness training, dialectical behavior therapy, and control groups were 130.02±8.01, 124.75±7.58, and 212.19±12.32, respectively. The collected results suggested that the provided intervention programs effectively reduced drug craving and improved emotion regulation in the examined clients (P=0.0001). Additionally, there was no significant difference between the effects of mindfulness training and dialectical behavior therapy on drug craving and emotion regulation. Conclusion: In addition to decreasing drug craving, mindfulness training and dialectical behavior therapy can improve emotion regulation in subjects with drug use disorders.

This article examines the sacred groves of ancient Greece and Turkey. It argues that these treed precincts were designed for the specific purpose of making a link between the sacred realm of the gods and the profane world of human lives. The sacred grove is a sanctuary dedicated to a god. Within its carefully delineated spatial arrangement the violent and transgressive ritual of animal sacrifice takes place. The article uses French writer Georges Bataille’s reading of the gift to explain how, by means of a radical declension from nature, the sacred grove signal’s mans control of the world.
In Homer’s Greece the wilderness is turned into productive land by labour. Through sacrifice the products of this labour are turned into a gift. This gift exemplifies what Bataille calls the ‘endless and profitless consumption’ of the divine order. It re-establishes the link with untrammeled nature that has been lost through the work that animal and plant husbandry requires. Sacred groves therefore mediate between two worlds by focusing and aligning the significance of special places through care and propitiation. Trees are planted as an operation that differentiates the site from the natural order. Sacrifice reconnects with that order. By permitting the passage of the sacred, the grove functions as a portal between the sacred and the profane.

Calling upon and assisting police officers are acts of public cooperation that link informal and formal mechanisms of social control. An in-depth study of seven London neighborhoods investigates the relationships between (a) cooperation with the police, (b) public trust in police fairness and effectiveness, and (c) public perceptions of everyday social regulation processes. Cooperation with the police is associated first with high levels of public trust in procedural fairness, second with confidence that local residents will intervene on behalf of the collective good, and third with heightened concerns about disorder and the loss of authority and discipline in society. We conclude with the idea that cooperation is shaped by trust in the police and is reinforced and challenged by a complex set of relational concerns. Moreover, by recognizing and supporting the function of the police to fight crime and administer justice, acts of cooperation both constitute and confer police legitimacy.