Donor

Because, globally, HIV is transmitted mainly by sexual practices and intravenous drug use and because of a long asymptomatic period, healthcare-associated HIV transmission receives little attention even though an estimated 5.4% of global HIV infections result from contaminated injections alone. It is an important personal issue for healthcare workers, especially those who work with unsafe equipment or have insufficient training. They may acquire HIV occupationally or find themselves before courts, facing severe penalties for causing HIV infections. Prevention of blood-borne nosocomial infections such as HIV differs from traditional infection control measures such as hand washing and isolation and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Since there has not been a review of healthcare-associated HIV contrasting circumstances in poor and rich regions of the world, the aim of this article is to review and compare the epidemiology of HIV in healthcare facilities in such settings, followed...

Chronic twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a complication of monochorionic twin gestations and is associated with high perinatal mortality and increased neurological, cardiovascular and renal morbidity. To report the risk of severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) in TTTS and discuss the possible association between severe PPHN and TTTS. All cases of monochorionic twins with severe PPHN at birth admitted to our nursery between June 2002 and July 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. We compared the incidence of severe PPHN in monochorionic twins with and without TTTS. Severe PPHN was diagnosed according to clinical and ultrasound criteria when an infant with a structurally normal heart had (1) severe hypoxemia and (2) evidence of a right-to-left shunt on persistent ductus arteriosus or foramen ovale, requiring treatment with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). In a consecutive series of 73 twin pregnancies with TTTS, 4 of the 135 live-born twins (3%) were affec...

During the last few years, some donor countries (especially the US and the UK) have been increasingly outsourcing services in post-conflict operations to international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and private military and security companies (PMSCs). These states have also adopted ‘integrated approaches’ to their policy interventions, contributing to the emergence of an ‘aid and security market’. The article uses ideas from both development and defence studies and re-problematises the contracting states’ relationship with PMSCs and INGOs. It argues that although INGOs and PMSCs are very different types of non-state actors, there are striking similarities in outsourcing practices. Moreover, it demonstrates that the leading contracting states have poorly managed their contracts with both INGOs and PMSCs, and have not seriously reflected on the unintended consequences of their contracting practices on the recovery of war-affected countries.

Republika Hrvatska spada u jednu od vodećih zemalja po broju transplantacija organa usprkos brojnim preprekama na koje je transplantacijska medicinanaišla tijekom svog razvoja. Kako ovo područje spada u izuzetno osjetljivo,posebice po pitanju etičkih aspekta, nametnula se nužnost donošenja zakona koji reguliraju darivanje organa i transplantaciju, pa su tako  prvi zakoni donijetiveć 1980.godine.Eksplantacijsko-transplantacijski proces započinje detekcijom potencijalnog donora organa. Transplantacija funkcionalnih organa kadaveričnog i živog donora organa zahtjeva razne pristupe upravljanja zdravstvenom njegom kako bi se pospješio ishod transplantacije kod primatelja organa. Dijagnoza moždane smrti u donoraorganasa sobom nosi niz izazova u zdravstvenoj njezi, jer uz primarni komorbiditet dolazi do različitih promjena u lučenju hormona i drugih fizioloških reakcija. Jedna od glavnih odrednica uspješnog ishoda doniranja organa jest primjerena  skrb za donora nakon postavljanja dijagnoze moždane smrti, što podrazumijeva  održavanje vitalnih funkcija i očuvanje organa.Značajna je i neizostavna uloga medicinske sestre na ovom području zdravstvene njege, a očituje se prije svega u intervencijama poput praćenja vitalnih funkcija, očuvanju prohodnosti dišnih puteva i brige za održavanje ispravnih parametara umjetne ventilacije, održavanja funkcije kardiovaskularnog sustava, održavanja balansa tekućine i normalne temperature tijela, prevenciji infekcije te očuvanju normalnih endokrinih funkcija i spinalnih refleksa. Zbog navedene složenosti skrbi za pacijenata – donora organa, nameće se nužnost trajne, vrlo specifične edukacije cijelog multidiscipliniranog tima.

Setiap pasangan suami istri pasti akan mendamba-dambakan sosok keturunan yang dipercaya sebagai pelengkap kebahagiaan dalam berumah tangga. Hal tersebut merupakan suatu kewajaran karena anak dipercaya sebagai cahaya di dalam keluarga. Apalagi sebagai manusia, sudah sepatutnya untuk melestarikan keturunannya dengan baik supaya tercipta peradaban yang baik. Tetapi di zaman seperti sekarang ini beragam cara yang dilakukan orang Ketika mereka berusaha ingin mendapatkan anak. Salah satunya adalah fenomena jual beli sperma. Fenomena jual beli sperma ini masih disebutkan sebagai isu kontroversi dikalangan ulama. Dengan demikian, pedoman hukum seperti apa yang akan menjadi pegangan terhadap status dibolehkan atau tidaknya hal tersebut, mengingat sperma merupakan anugrah yang diberikan Tuhan secara alamiah bagi manusia khususnya laki-laki.
Kata Kunci: donor sperma, inseminasi, keturunan, hukum

"Can an object be defined as votive solely based upon the presence of an inscription? Does relying upon such a definition restrict a more multivalent analyses of objects thus identified as votive? In this thesis, I examine the most prevalent practice used by scholars to identify votive offerings in the Middle Byzantine period – relying upon an object’s accompanying inscription. This study focuses on those objects inscribed with a particular invocation – one that uses the word boethei. I demonstrate that we cannot rely on this inscription alone to identify an object as votive. It is rather the combination of many elements, including medium, iconography, patron and function that contribute to this identification and which enable us to more clearly understand the multivalent messages conveyed by these objects.

In Chapter One, I turn to the context with which votive is most often associated – sacred. With each object I consider whether it is or is not votive and how the inscription contributes to that identification. In Chapter Two I examine objects inscribed with boethei that were intended for use or display in a secular context. While the objects discussed in Chapter One can be identified as votive, those discussed in this chapter cannot be so labeled. What then does the inscription mean in a secular context? In Chapter Three I present one object as a case study. I examine aspects of its production including inscriptions, patronage, iconography and function to argue that identifying a votive object requires a multivalent analysis of all its components. I show that, in this case, the patrons created a unified program of text, iconography and relics to convey their hope for salvation through perpetual prayer. I demonstrate that when all of these components are considered, we find a more precise message than what is explicitly stated in the inscription itself."

This paper presents a high-end system to bridge
the gap between the blood donors and the people in need for
blood. Application for Blood Bank Management System is a
way to synchronize Blood banks and Hospitals with the help
of Internet. It is a Web Application through which Registered
Hospitals can check the availability of required Blood and
can send Request for blood to the nearest blood bank or
donor matching with blood requirement and can be ordered
online as and when required. Blood bank can also send a
request to another blood bank for unavailable blood. Person
willing to donate blood can find out nearest blood banks
using Blood Bank Management web Application. The
location of the blood bank can also be traced using maps. The
web application can be accessed only by the donors to search
the blood donation centres and the requesting blood banks
and hospitals to search the nearest blood banks and donors.

Since joining the DAC in 2010, Korea has made a great deal of effort to enhance its role in international development cooperation. This paper reviews the evolution of Korea’s ODA policy by discussing how the Korea’s development experience as a recipient and its accession to the DAC have inextricably shaped the ODA policy and strategies. It shows that the different interest and motivation of the Ministry of Strategies and Finance and Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade have been strongly reflected in Korea’s ODA policy. The Korean government has committed to bridge developed and developing countries by proposing “the Korean ODA model”. This paper argues that integration of DAC principles and norms into the Korean ODA model remains a challenge.

Because, globally, HIV is transmitted mainly by sexual practices and intravenous drug use and be-cause of a long asymptomatic period, healthcare-associated HIV transmission receives little attention even though an estimated 5.4% of global HIV infections result from ...

73 У раду се указује на везу између сакралног просто-ра манастира Трескавца на планини и урбаног просто ра средњовековног Прилепа, као и његове аристократије, у подножју на основу поновног ишчитавања трескавачких повеља краља Душана. Разлози даровања поседа, које манастиру Трескавцу прилаже бројна аристократија у Пелагонији и Прилепу, судећи према повељама, упућују на религиозни и фунерарни контекст. Истовремено се скреће пажња на сакралну топографију, то јест на цр-кве у поседу манастира Трескавца, које чине сакралну мрежу територије Прилепа и које су повезане вертикал-но, духовно и економски с манастиром на планини. Кључне речи: манастир Трескавац, култ, град Прилеп, хрисовуље краља Душана, цркве, приложници, визан-тијска аристократија, сакрална топографија Based on a rereading of King Dušan's chrysobulls to the Treskavac Monastery, the paper indicates a link between the sacred space of the Treskavac Monastery on the mountain and the urban space – i.e. the medieval city of Prilep and the nobility – at the foot of the mountain. Judging by these charters, the reasons for bestowing donations on the Treskavac Monastery by the numerous members of the aristocracy in Pelagonia and Prilep seem to suggest a religious and funerary context. At the same time, the paper aims to highlight sacred topography, i.e. the churches in the possession of the Treskavac Monastery which made up a sacred network on the territory of Prilep and were vertically, spiritually and economically tied to the monastery on the mountain.

An availability of blood is major issue in today’s life. In case of emergency needs, blood is a saver of all existing lives. The reason behind that is number of accidents as well as major diseases. The possibility of finding the required blood group in nearest blood bank is less. At that time patient may face severe problem. We are designing web based mobile android application to overcome this problem. The system keeps the track and record of the acceptor, donor, and the blood banks and also the application timely updates their information in the database. It also maintains the amount of each available blood groups, if the stock of a particular blood group is lower than the required amount then the system notifies the donor to donate blood. The system uses GPS to track the location of acceptor to find the availability of blood in nearest location of acceptor. The system uses Push Technology with security which provides authenticated and authorized features where private and confidential data can only be viewed by the authorized user. The system also modifies the record before receiving the blood and after donating the blood. The life at threat can be saved by this optimization technique.

The article deals principally with the royal donor images, their interpretation and context, in the Romanesque church of Vä in southern Sweden (Scania). The donor images in the nearby Gualöv Church are also taken into consideration, since they, together with those in Vä, are the only ones preserved from Mediaeval Denmark that represent identifiable persons. On the east wall of the choir are the poorly preserved donor images of the Danish King Niels (1104–34) and his Swedish born queen, Margaret Fredkulla († c. 1130). Most unusually, the queen is presenting a church model and the king a reliquary. The main altar is dated to 1121 on the basis of a parchment found in a reliquary. According to a new interpretation, a rune inscription mentions the Queen’s brother Ragnvald and their sister Kristina († 1122). In Gualöv Church a scroll with an inscription indicates that the donor had the frescoes painted for the salvation of his deceased wife’s soul. Contour drawings of twelve painted donors from different 12th century churches in Mediaeval Denmark are presented together with short descriptions of the iconography, the donor’s status, garments, gender and symbolic gifts, in order to place the royal donors in Vä church in their contemporary context and elucidate the significance of donor images of the time.

In this paper the author introduces an iconographic parallel to the donor portraits of a royal couple in Vä Church, Sweden, dated to 1121 and presented by the author in a previous issue of ICO, Nordic Review of Iconography: “Donor pictures and their iconography in Danish frescos from the 12th century”, nr 4, 2015, pp. 4–48. The case in point is found in Bohemia, in the Rotunda in Znojmo, where the donor portraits of Conrad II of Znojmo and Maria of Serbia, dated to 1134, like those in Vä are painted on the eastern wall of the chancel, on both sides of the apse. Notable parallels between the two monuments are that the construction of the church and the wall paintings are contemporary, that both use the same painting technique (fresco/secco) and that both show Byzantine influence. Furthermore the patrons are represented on the same scale as the saints in their vicinity in the church, men and women are depicted as equals in that they have the same height, both are very finely dressed and both present gifts that are received by the hand of God. However, although the portraits have much in common concerning iconography and placing, there is nothing to suggest a direct connection between the two churches. Perhaps the paintings in Vä and Znojmo are just two randomly preserved remnants of a Byzantine tradition.

In this paper, we examine the key factors inhibiting effective delivery of international donor-aided interventions in the Niger Delta rural communities from the beneficiaries. We review current intervention issues and challenges with a view to recommending deliberate steps towards ensuring effectiveness in implementation. This study captures survey data from 70 randomly selected rural projects located in the Niger Delta region. The simple percentages, Analysis of Variance and Chi-Square were used in the statistical analysis to predict factors challenging intervention effectiveness by measures of: human capacity deficiency, defective delivery framework, corruption, environmental, policy, and funding problems. The research result identifies defective delivery framework as the most inhibiting factor against effective use of aid in rural communities. Other critical factors in their descending order of gravity include funding, corruption, human capacity, policy and environmental problems. Stakeholders should take urgent steps towards dealing with these factors which inhibit effective intervention delivery through beneficiary-based intervention framework, frantic war against corrupt practices, integration of monitoring and evaluation units (MEU) of local governments, alignment of interventions to national development plan, maintenance of intervention databases to reduce duplication of efforts, and establishment of aid management offices (AMOs) at all levels of government. Therefore, this paper is relevant and of interest to international donor agencies, researchers, policy makers, beneficiaries and other stakeholders of sustainable rural development.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a substrate for cytochrome P450 3A and the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1), both abundantly expressed in the kidney. In a long-term follow-up of a cohort of patients who had received kidney transplants between the years 1990 and 2005, we retrospectively investigated the effect of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 polymorphisms in kidney graft donors on recipients' renal function and risk of subsequent graft loss. DNA samples from 227 donors and clinical data from the 259 respective recipients were analyzed. Graft loss was significantly associated with the presence of the ABCB1 variant haplotype 1236T/2677T/3435T in the donor (1236T/2677T/3435T vs. other haplotypes: hazard ratio = 9.346; 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.278-38.461); P = 0.0019) and with previous episodes of acute organ rejection (hazard ratio = 3.077; 95% CI (1.213-7.812); P = 0.0178). The variant haplotype was also associated with a greater decrease in renal function (homozygotes f...

Background Most tissue banks recover and irradiate tibialis tendon allografts from donors aged up to 65 years. It is unknown whether donor age and low-dose gamma irradiation affect the initial biomechanical properties of tibialis allografts. Hypothesis Donor age up to 65 years and low-dose gamma irradiation do not significantly affect the initial biomechanical properties of tibialis allografts. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods One hundred twenty-six tibialis tendon allografts (63 pairs, 37 human donors) were divided into 3 age groups: young (<45 years), middle (46-55 years), and old (56-65 years). Within each age group, half of the paired tendons underwent tensile testing as single-strand grafts and the other half as double-strand grafts. One tendon from each donor pair was randomly assigned to undergo terminal sterilization with an absorbed dose of 1.46 to 1.80 Mrad (14.6-18.0 kGy) gamma irradiation, whereas the other tendon received no irradiation. All tendon g...

Smallholder commercialization is central to international development policy and practice. As a result, several arrangements to foster market linkages are being implemented. Especially popular are farmers’ organizations, which are believed to be owned, controlled, and financed by smallholders. As such, their design is considered inclusive given every household in a community is theoretically allowed to become a member, and the governance and management structure encourage participatory decision-making. However, even in the context in which farmers’ organizations are actively promoted, a notable proportion of smallholders may not be able to engage in market-oriented production or may opt for the existing alternative marketing arrangements, as dictated by individual households’ socioeconomic characteristics. Focusing on the case of smallholder farming in Olenguruone, Nakuru county, Kenya, where a donor funded dairy farmers’ cooperative marketing arrangement is promoted alongside exist...

The life span of donor red blood cells (RBCs) is reduced in the fetus with Rh hemolytic disease. This may have resulted from donor or recipient factors. Studied in vitro was the effect of gamma irradiation on hemolysis, methemo-globin (metHb), and lipid peroxidation of donor RBCs and the ability of fetal and adult plasma to protect irradiated RBCs from induced lipid peroxidation. Also studied in vivo were the effects after the time that donor RBCs reside in the fetus by measuring its lipid peroxidation, cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratios, and deformability of RBCs. Irradiation barely increased hemolysis and metHb formation and did not increase lipid peroxidation. Plasma samples of D+ fetuses inhibited induced oxidative stress less than plasma samples of adults. Nevertheless, in vivo lipid peroxidation of the donor RBC membrane had not increased, whereas the molar cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio increased from 1.08 +/- 0.11 to 1.38 +/- 0.12. It became identical to that of the fetal RBCs (1.44 +/- 0.12). Before transfusion, the deformability of the adult RBCs (elongation index, 0.578 +/- 0.013) was better than that of the fetal cells (elongation index, 0.494 +/- 0.027), but decreased to fetal levels after transfusion (elongation index, 0.518 +/- 0.039). Irradiation of the RBCs and a reduced fetal antioxidant capacity do not lead to in vivo lipid peroxidation. The shorter life span of donor cells in the fetus probably results from a decreased deformability of the RBCs after transfusion, most likely owing to an increased cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio.

Mobility is an important factor to determine the speed of an electronic device. Devices composed of
electronic materials with higher mobility are able to achieve higher speed. It is therefore favourable to
maximize the mobility. In this paper, we have chosen GaN and GaP as semiconductor material and Lowfield
electron mobility has been calculated in bulk and wurzite phase GaN and GaP. The dependency of
mobility upon temperature is shown. Beside this, dependency of mobility upon acceptor concentration and
donor concentration are also shown.

Livers with moderate (30-60%) macrovesicular steatosis have been associated with poor outcome after transplantation. Aim of this study was to examine the outcome after transplantation of livers with moderate macrovesicular steatosis when the cold ischemia time (CIT) is kept very short. Postoperative outcome of 19 recipients of a moderate steatotic liver were compared with a matched control group of 95 recipients of a nonsteatotic liver graft (1:5 ratio). We studied graft/patient survival rates, incidences of primary nonfunction, postoperative complications (classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification), first-week postoperative hepatic injury serum markers (AST/ALT), and liver function tests (PT time/bilirubin/lactate). In addition, we studied reversal of graft steatosis in follow-up biopsies. Median CIT in livers with moderate steatosis and in controls was below 8 h in both groups. Although short- and long-term patient/graft survival rates and results of liver function ...